织物疵点图像边缘检测算法研究

阐述了一阶、二阶微分，Canny和基于小波等多种图像边缘检测方法，并对织物疵点图像进行了边缘检测，分析了各种方法在图像边缘检测应用中的优势和缺陷，结果表明，Canny和小波检测算法对织物疵点图像的边缘检测能够得到满意的效果，提供了较好的织物疵点边缘检测的途径。     

致病性弧菌检测新技术研究进展

随着人们对水产品需求的增加及致病性弧菌引发的食源性疾病的流行，致病性弧菌对水产养殖业及人类健康造成了巨大威胁，基于此，致病性弧菌检测新技术的开发变得尤为迫切。本文介绍了包括免疫学方法、核酸检测方法、基于生物芯片的检测方法、基于核酸适配体的检测方法、基于肽质量指纹图谱技术的检测方法、基于生物传感器技术的检测方法在内的六项检测技术，分析了其优缺点及其在致病性弧菌中的应用。最后，总结了致病性弧菌检测新技术的研究现状，结合新兴技术指出未来研究方向，为致病性弧菌的快速检测提供参考。     

提高检测禁用偶氮染料的准确度

对我国有关纺织品禁用偶氮染料检测方法的国家标准与欧盟检测方法标准，在技术条件和操作程序上进行了比较，分析了我国现行方法在适用范围、样品预处理、定性／定量检测方法的选择等方面与欧盟方法存在的差异，以及我国国家标准方法中影响检测准确度的因素，并提出提高禁用偶氮染料检测准确度的措施。     

进出口含脂毛试验洗净率快速测试方法

介绍了进出口含脂毛试验洗净率快速检测方法的原理，分析了采用快速检测方法与常规检测方法之间的差异，研究结果表明，快速检测方法既能缩短检测时间又可减少试剂消耗，节约成本，并且其检测数据结果完全符合相关标准要求。     

基于核酸适配体检测动物性食品中卡那霉素残留研究进展

综述了动物性食品中卡那霉素适配体检测方法的研究进展，概述了比色法、荧光法、电化学法、表面增强拉曼散射法等检测方法的试验原理，总结分析了不同方法中所使用的适配体序列及不同检测方法的优缺点，并对卡那霉素适配体检测方法的未来发展方向进行了展望。     

防水纺织品防水工艺及检测评价标准概述

防水纺织品加工工艺不同，防水效果也不尽相同。为了了解不同防水检测方法的差异，尽快制定防水评价标准，概述了防水纺织品的加工工艺，分析了国内外常用的检测方法和评价指标，提出了制定防水评价标准和选择防水工艺与检测方法的建议。     

荧光碳点在食品安全合成色素物质检测中的研究进展

色素物质作为着色剂常被用于食品加工，食品中合成色素物质检测是保证食品安全的重要环节，但在食品加工中仍存在违规添加色素的情况。色素的检测方法主要为色谱法、光谱法、质谱法以及电极法等方法。本文从碳点合成的方法以及优化，碳点检测的基本原理，碳点对合成色素的检测应用，以及合成色素检测传感器的发展现状等方面综述了荧光碳点在食品安全色素物质检测中的研究进展。统计了不同的碳源、合成方法以及修饰方法所得的碳点对合成色素检测的影响和优劣，阐述了碳点在绿色无污染道路上的发展并以此为基础结合有机化合物合成的碳点的优越性。除此之外，还详细介绍了以光电倍增管、伏安法为核心的电化学传感器，以碳点为墨水的可视化传感器以及光致发光传感器，对以碳点为检测机制的传感器在色素检测领域的发展方向进行了总结和展望。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法检测茶叶中真菌毒素的研究进展

茶叶由于富含多酚类、儿茶素和多种矿物质等，具有降血脂、抗氧化、减肥、抗菌等多重保健功效而备受欢迎，其质量安全一直广受关注。茶叶在其生产加工和保存过程中有可能被真菌毒素污染，真菌毒素由于对人和动物具有严重的危害（致癌性）更是备受关注。茶叶中毒素残留的高效、高通量检测方法，成为了研究的重点。本文参考国内外大量文献，综述了茶叶中真菌毒素的检测方法，比较了不同检测方法的局限性和优越性，重点综述了检出限低、灵敏度高的液相色谱-串联质谱法(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS)用于茶叶真菌毒素的研究。对不同前处理提取试剂、净化小柱和检测仪器条件的优劣进行了比较；对该方法用于检测不同品种茶叶时，其基质效应对结果的影响进行了分析；总结了茶叶中真菌毒素的检测结果。对该方法用于茶叶真菌毒素检测的发展进行了展望，为检测茶叶中真菌毒素检测标准和限量标准的建立提供理论依据     

三种检测酒精度方法的比较

研究了蒸馏法、Anton Paar、SCABA三种方法检测酒精度的原理，分析了三种方法的检测数据，确定了SCABA是酒精度检测的最佳方法。     

甘蔗白叶病植原体PCR检测方法的建立与应用

为建立简便、快速、特异性的甘蔗白叶病植原体检测方法，本研究根据甘蔗白叶病植原体sec A基因设计特异引物secA-F/secA-R，建立了甘蔗白叶病植原体PCR检测方法。使用该方法可以从含有甘蔗白叶病植原体的甘蔗样品中稳定扩增出目标基因片段，片段长度为350bp。本方法的最低检测浓度为50 fg/μL。应用该方法对云南耿马蔗区采集的7份甘蔗白叶病样品进行了检测鉴定，结果表明，所有样品均为阳性。以上结果表明，本研究建立的甘蔗白叶病植原体PCR检测方法特异性和敏感性好，操作简便，适用于甘蔗白叶病植原体的快速检测。     

山羊奶与牛奶和人奶营养成分的比较

对山羊奶、牛奶和人奶中蛋白质、脂肪、维生素、矿物质等主要营养成分进行了比较,分析了3种奶中主要营养成分的差别。通过比较发现,山羊奶在总体营养成分方面优于牛奶,更接近人奶。但山羊奶存在铁、叶酸和维生素B12含量较低以及羊奶膻味的问题,应在营养上对这方面加以重视。     

牛羊乳酪蛋白制备及电泳分析比较

采采用新鲜和复原的牛羊乳为原料,等电点沉淀,通过洗涤、干燥等步骤分别制得牛乳和羊乳酪蛋白,用凯氏定氮法对其进行定量检测,应用十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS—PAGE）分析比较牛羊乳酪蛋白组分差异。结果表明：牛乳酪蛋白得率为86．75％,羊乳酪蛋白得率为90．55％,高含量的酪蛋白主要集中在电泳图谱的中分子量组,可分为ds,CN、as2-CN、β-CN和K—CN,牛羊乳as2-CN分子量羊乳大于牛乳,牛乳a-CN含量比较多,羊乳β—CN含量比较多,鲜乳与复原乳全蛋白主要组分在电泳图谱中除酪蛋白差别外,上端的高分子量组清蛋白区羊乳IgG重链的分子量比牛乳小。应用蛋白质电泳分析技术可以区分羊乳和牛乳的蛋白质组分,等电点沉淀法制备酪蛋白的方法简单,易于操作。     

Nitrogen fractions of Andalusian goat milk compared to similar types of commercial milk

In this paper, part of a wider study on goat milk in Andalusia, the total nitrogen and the main protein fractions in commercial brands of Andalusian semi-skimmed cow milk and goat milk were measured and compared to the results for raw goat milk from the farms of a major Andalusian goat milk cooperative.     

Changes in texture,composition and sensory characteristics of Camembert cheese made from a mixture of goat milk and cow milk during ripening

The study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional, textural and sensory characteristics of Camembert cheese made from goat milk, cow milk and their blends. The type of milk used affected yield, physicochemical properties and fatty acid profile of the cheeses. The percentages of C6:0, C8:0 and C10:0 acids were higher in the cheeses containing ≥ 75% goat milk. The sensory evaluation results showed differences in texture, colour, aroma and flavour among the cheeses. Cheeses made with the mixture of cow and goat milk particularly 50% goat milk mixed with 50% cow milk (50G:50C) maintained particular positive nutritional characteristics especially with respect to the mineral contents, fatty acids and consumer acceptability.     

Mineral retention in three-week-old piglets fed goat and cow milk infant formulas

Goat milk and cow milk are commonly used in infant formula preparations and, as such, understanding the nutritional characteristics of infant formulas made from these milks is important. In this study, a goat milk infant formula was compared with an adapted (whey-enhanced) cow milk infant formula with respect to mineral absorption and deposition using the 3-wk-old piglet as a model for the 3-mo-old infant. Equal numbers of piglets (n = 8) were fed either the goat milk formula or the cow milk formula. The mineral composition of the prepared goat milk formula was higher than that of the prepared cow milk formula for most minerals, including calcium (75.1 vs. 56.7 mg/100 mL) but excluding iron, which was higher in the prepared cow milk formula (0.92 vs. 0.74 mg/100 mL). The amounts of calcium, phosphorus, and manganese absorbed by the piglets were significantly higher for the goat milk formula, whereas the amounts of zinc, iron, and magnesium absorbed were significantly higher for the cow milk formula. Apparent mineral absorption, relative to intake, was statistically higher in the cow milk formula for calcium and phosphorus, although the actual differences were very small (less than 1.3%). For copper, zinc, iron, and magnesium there was no significant difference between treatments in apparent mineral absorption, whereas for manganese, absorption was higher for the goat milk infant formula. The absolute mineral deposition was higher in piglets fed the goat milk formula for calcium, phosphorus, and manganese, whereas iron deposition was higher in the piglets fed cow milk formula. For all other minerals tested, there were no significant differences between treatments. The goat milk infant formula provided a pattern of mineral retention in the 3-wk-old piglet very similar to that of the adapted cow milk infant formula. The minor differences observed between the 2 appeared to be due to the different mineral contents of the 2 formulas.     

Beneficial effect of goat milk on nutritive utilization of iron and copper in malabsorption syndrome

The search for diets that improve the digestive and metabolic use of iron and copper in malabsorption syndrome led us to study goat milk for particular nutritional characteristics and compare it with cow milk, which is usually supplied. We studied the metabolism of iron and copper in transected rats (control) and in resected rats (resection of 50% of the distal small intestine). The diets used were the standard diet recommended by the American Institute of Nutrition and diets based on goat or cow milk. Intestinal resection reduced the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of iron in the three diets tested. In the transected and resected rats, the ADC of iron was highest with the goat milk diet, followed by the standard diet and lowest with the cow milk diet. The ADC of copper was not affected by intestinal resection in the animals fed the goat milk diet, and was higher than that in the two groups of animals fed the other diets. Intestinal resection reduced the ADC of copper with the standard diet and the cow milk diet. When both groups of animals were fed the goat milk diet, the deposit of iron in the organs was greater than with those fed the cow milk diet and similar to that in those animals given the standard diet. The copper content in the kidneys was lower in the resected than in the transected animals, except in the case of those fed the goat milk diet, in which it was similar to that of the control (transected) rats. This study shows the beneficial effect of goat milk, with respect to cow milk, on the metabolism of iron and copper in control rats, especially those with malabsorption syndrome.     

羊乳与牛乳理化特性比较

以莎能奶山羊羊乳为样品,利用乳样自动分析仪,氨基酸自动分析仪、等离子发射光谱、色谱分析对其基本成分、氨基酸组成及含量进行了分析和检测,并与牛乳理化特性进行比较,为科学合理地利用羊乳,生产具有独特功能的羊乳制品提供了理论依据。     

A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomic approach for the characterization of goat milk compared with cow milk

In this work, the polar metabolite pool of commercial caprine milk was studied by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and multivariate statistical data analysis. Experimental data were compared with those of cow milk and the discriminant analysis correctly classified milk. By the same means, differences due to heat treatments (UHT or pasteurization) on milk samples were also investigated. Results of the 2 discriminant analyses were combined, with the aim of finding the discriminant metabolites unique for each class and shared by 2 classes. Valine and glycine were specific to goat milk, talose and malic acid to cow milk, and hydroxyglutaric acid to pasteurized samples. Glucose and fructose were shared by cow milk and UHT-treated samples, whereas ribose was shared by pasteurized and goat milk. Other discriminant variables were not attributed to specific metabolites. Furthermore, with the aim to reduce food fraud, the issue of adulteration of caprine milk by addition of cheaper bovine milk has been also addressed. To this goal, mixtures of goat and cow milk were prepared by adding the latter in a range from 0 to 100% (vol/vol) and studied by multivariate regression analysis. The error in the level of cow milk detectable was approximately 5%. These overall results demonstrated that, through the combined approach of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and multivariate statistical data analysis, we were able to discriminate between milk typologies on the basis of their polar metabolite profiles and to propose a new analytical method to easily discover food fraud and to protect goat milk uniqueness. The use of appropriate visualization tools improved the interpretation of multivariate model results.     

保加利亚乳杆菌在牛羊乳基质中发酵性能差异的比较

探讨了德氏保加利亚乳杆菌(L.Bulgaricus)在牛、羊乳基质中的增菌规律及产酸、产香性能,并对其差异性进行了比较。结果表明:以羊乳为基质42℃发酵8 h活菌数最高可达2.10×109mL-1,pH值降至4.16±0.07,滴定酸度(128.00±3.61)oT,丁二酮质量浓度(11.72±0.25)mg/L,乙醛质量浓度(6.09±0.22)mg/L;以牛乳为基质相同条件发酵活菌数最高可达1.25×109mL-1,pH值降至4.45±0.08,滴定酸度(114.80±1.31)oT,丁二酮质量浓度(11.56±0.11)mg/L,乙醛质量浓度(5.12±0.38)mg/L。结论:L.Bulgaricus以牛、羊乳为基质42℃发酵8 h,其产丁二酮能力差异不显著;而增菌效率、产酸及产乙醛能力差异极显著,L.Bulgaricus在羊乳基质中发酵性能优于牛乳。     

True ileal amino acid digestibility of goat and cow milk infant formulas

Goat milk is used as an alternative to cow milk for the production of infant formulas. However, little is known about the protein quality and, specifically, about the digestible AA pattern of goat milk formulas compared with their cow milk counterparts. In this study, the true ileal AA digestibility of a goat milk infant formula was compared with a premium cow milk infant formula. The 3-wk-old piglet was used as a model for the 3-mo-old infant. Both milk formulas were prepared as described by the manufacturer, with titanium dioxide added as an indigestible marker. The formulas were fed to the piglets over a 2-wk trial period. Digesta from the terminal ileum were collected post euthanasia and analyzed for AA content, along with samples of the formulas. True AA digestibility was determined after correcting for endogenous AA loss at the terminal ileum of pigs fed an enzyme-hydrolyzed casein-based diet, followed by ultrafiltration (5,000 Da) of the digesta. Total urine and feces collection was also undertaken to determine the nitrogen retention from the diets. The true ileal AA digestibility was similar between the goat and cow milk infant formulas for all AA except Gly and Trp. There was no significant difference in the nitrogen retention of piglets fed the two different formulas. The goat milk infant formula and the premium cow milk infant formula were similar in terms of protein quality.