基于风洞试验的对称截面高层建筑三维等效静力风荷载研究

基于刚性模型表面测压风洞试验建立高层建筑三维风荷载模型,进而运用振型加速度法求解风振响应动力方程,得到了包含拟静力项和惯性力项的弹性力响应解,并推导了对称截面高层建筑顺风向、横风向和扭转向风致随机内力响应。在此基础上提出了基于内力响应等效的可考虑高阶振型贡献的对称截面高层建筑顺风向、横风向和扭转向等效静力风荷载计算方法。结合某一对称截面高层建筑工程实例,对采用上述方法计算得到的结构三维等效静力风荷载进行分析并与我国规范方法顺风向等效静力风荷载计算结果进行比较。结果表明,高层建筑结构抗风设计应该考虑三维等效静力风荷载,且二阶振型对高层建筑等效静力风荷载的贡献不可忽视。     

高层建筑风荷载相干性研究

利用高层建筑刚性模型测压风洞试验结果,对顺风向风荷载竖向、水平相干性,迎背风面相干性以及横风向、扭转方向风荷载相干性的主要特征进行研究。利用算例说明了迎背风面相干性以及横-扭风荷载相干函数对于风振响应的影响。从计算结果来看,迎背风面全相干假定将使顺风向风振响应计算结果偏于保守;当结构刚心和质心偏离时,假定横扭风荷载相干性等于零会低估横风向和扭转方向风振响应。     

CAARC高层建筑标准模型层风荷载谱数学模型研究

用风洞试验方法在B、D两种地貌下研究了CAARC高层建筑标准模型在不同高度处的顺风向和横风向风荷载的功率谱特性和相干特性。结果显示:不同高度的无因次风荷载功率谱密度具有较好的一致性;在顺风向,不同高度风荷载间的相干特性显示出指数式的衰减规律;在横风向,风荷载在漩涡脱落频率附近有很强的相关性,相干函数值接近于1。根据风荷载沿结构高度变化的特征,进一步采用拟合方法确定了各层风荷载的功率谱密度和层间荷载相干函数的经验公式,建立了层风荷载谱数学模型,并给出了以此为基础计算标准模型风振响应的计算流程。将按照本文模型计算得到的广义力功率谱与高频底座力天平试验的结果作比较,结果吻合较好,证明了本文所提出模型的正确性。     

X形超高层建筑层风激励谱计算模型研究

通过X形超高层建筑刚性模型多点同步测压风洞试验,研究高层建筑风荷载阻力系数和升力系数平均值、均方根值沿高度的变化规律,并与矩形高层建筑均方根升力系数进行比较.提出X形高层建筑顺风向与横风向动力风荷载功率谱密度函数、相干函数的计算模型,并根据风洞试验数据进行拟合计算,结果表明该计算模型与风洞试验结果吻合较好,可以以此为基础进行类似高层建筑顺风向与横风向动力响应的频域计算.     

高层建筑顺风向脉动荷载相干性研究

在确定高层建筑顺风向风致响应及等效静力风荷载时,顺风向荷载的竖向相干函数是非常重要的因素之一。目前的大多数研究均是以风速的相干函数来代替风压的相干函数,导致计算结果的误差较大。根据多个高层建筑模型表面测压风洞试验结果,详细分析高层建筑脉动阻力在B、D两类风场中的竖向相干特性,给出顺风向阻力竖向相干函数衰减指数CDz的公式,并与有关文献中提出的Davenport、Shiotani、ECCS等三种风速相干函数的表达公式进行比较,指出阻力相干性要明显大于风速相干性。结合准定常理论,计算一栋实际高层建筑的顺风向风致响应。结果表明:利用给出的阻力竖向相干函数得到的结果与根据风洞试验数据计算的结果相吻合,而其他几种表达公式导致的响应误差则较大,最大可达30%。     

利用人工模拟脉动风压计算高层建筑横风向风振动力反应时程

根据日本规范中提出的横风向脉动风力谱系数函数,利用人工模拟横风向脉动风压时程的方法,提出了一个矩形平面高层建筑横风向风振反应时程的计算方法.在计算过程由横风向脉动风压谱系数公式模拟了建筑结构横风向脉动风压过程,采用N ewm ark法计算了两幢建筑物顶部的横风向风振反应.计算结果表明:在横风向脉动风压的作用下,结构的风振反应以共振响应为主,非共振响应仅为次要的部分,这与谱分析法得出的结论是一致的,从而说明了计算结果的正确性.这对于正确估算结构的风振反应值,为高层建筑风振控制措施设计提供参考依据具有一定的意义.     

均匀风场中矩形单体高层建筑风致响应的阻塞效应

在闭口回流式风洞TJ-2中分别对阻塞度为4.1%,6.1%,8.4%,10.1%的单体高层建筑刚性模型进行了测压试验,根据风洞试验结果,选取3种典型结构进行响应计算,以研究阻塞效应对不同结构风致响应的影响。对结构顶部位移和加速度、基底剪力、等效静力风荷载进行了细致分析。结果表明:各结构顺风向顶部位移和基底剪力平均值的阻塞效应较为接近,但顺风向、横风向顶部位移、加速度和基底剪力均方根的阻塞效应较为显著,且差别较大。随着阻塞度的增大,结构质量越轻、刚度越柔,横风向顶部位移、加速度和基底剪力的均方根的阻塞效应均有所降低。各结构顺风向等效静力风荷载峰值在顶部和底部处的阻塞效应较为明显。结构质量越轻,刚度越柔,建筑顶部附近的顺风向等效静力风荷载峰值的阻塞效应增强,而横风向等效静力风荷载峰值的阻塞效应减弱。     

浅析高层建筑的横风效应

高层建筑的横风向荷载及响应问题非常复杂,来流紊流、尾流和气动反馈的激励与其息息相关,风荷载是高层建筑所承受的主要侧向荷载之一。在沿海地带和非地震区,风荷载又常常成为结构设计的控制荷载,而高层建筑结构设计中的重要部分是包括内力、风荷载、位移、加速度等结构抗风分析。目前,高层建筑横风向风效应研究的内容主要包括以下三个方面:确定横风向气动力、识别横风向气动的阻尼和计算横风向等效静力风荷载的方法,同时确定高层建筑横风向风效应的主要手段有风洞试验、数据拟合和参数识别技术。本文主要讲了横风向气动力的确定、横风向气动阻尼的识别以及横风向等效静力风荷载的计算方法三个方面的内容。     

利用人工模拟脉动风压计算高层建筑横风向风振动力反应时程

根据日本规范中提出的横风向脉动风力谱系数函数，利用人工模拟横风向脉动风压时程的方法，提出了一个矩形高层建筑横风向风振反应时程的计算方法供参考。采用Newmark法与Wilson-θ法计算了2栋建筑物顶部的横风向风振反应。计算结果表明，在横风向脉动风压的作用下，结构的风振反应以共振响应为主，非共振响应仅为次要的部分；这与谱分析法得出的结论是一致的；从而说明了计算结果的正确性。这对于正确估算结构的风振反应值，为高层建筑风振控制措施设计提供参考依据是有一定意义的。     

高层建筑顺风向荷载气动导纳研究

高层建筑顺风向的脉动风荷载通常是基于准定常假设,由来流风速的功率谱密度函数和相干函数求得,其中风荷载和风速功率谱密度对气动导纳函数影响较大。依据10个典型高层建筑模型的同步测压风洞试验数据,对高层建筑各层高度处顺风向荷载的功率谱密度函数和气动导纳函数的特性进行分析,提出了顺风向荷载气动导纳函数的表达式,并针对公式中的具体参数进行了拟合。采用该表达式对一栋实际高层建筑的顺风向风致动态响应进行计算,并与其模型的试验结果进行对比。结果表明:高层建筑顺风向荷载的气动导纳曲线沿高度变化不大,但与其截面形状关系较大,曲线整体呈指数分布,当折减频率小于0.1时,气动导纳数值均接近于1.0。算例结果表明,采用所建议的气动导纳拟合式计算出的风致响应结果与风洞试验计算结果较为吻合,误差在10%以内。     

Improved combination method of background component and resonant component of wind loads on high‐rise buildings

High frequency force balance (HFFB) technique is one of the most widely used approaches for estimating wind effects on super‐tall buildings. The traditional method for computing the equivalent static wind load (ESWL) of HFFB wind tunnel tests usually separately calculates the background ESWL and resonant ESWL and then combines them by using the square root of the sum of the squares method. This method neglects the correlation between the background response and resonant response and consequently provides inaccurate ESWL results. By analyzing the mechanism of the correlation, this paper proposed an improved method by adding an item to the traditional equation to represent such correlation. Two super‐tall building cases, the Guangzhou East Tower (530 m) and the Guangzhou West Tower (432 m), were investigated to examine the validity of the proposed method. Compared with the traditional method, the proposed method provides much more accurate results. The simple but effective method is helpful to researchers and engineering in investigating the wind effects on super‐tall buildings based on HFFB wind tunnel tests.     

Mode shape linearization and correction in coupled dynamic analysis of wind‐excited tall buildings

The three‐dimensional mode shapes found in modern tall buildings complicate the use of the high‐frequency base balance (HFBB) technique in wind tunnel testing for predicting their wind‐induced loads and effects. The linearized‐mode‐shape (LMS) method was recently proposed to address some of the complications in the calculation of the generalized wind forces, which serve as the input to modal analysis for predicting wind‐induced dynamic responses of tall buildings. An improved LMS method, called the advanced linearized‐mode‐shape (ALMS) method, is developed in this paper by introducing torsional mode shape corrections to account for the partial correlation of torques over building height. The ALMS method has been incorporated into the accurate complete quadratic combination method in the coupled dynamic analysis to form a comprehensive procedure for the determination of equivalent static wind loads (ESWLs) for structural design of complex tall buildings. The improved accuracy in the prediction of generalized forces by the ALMS method has been validated by a 60‐storey benchmark building with multiple‐point simultaneous pressure measurements. A practical 40‐storey residential building with significant swaying and torsional effects is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed wind load and response analysis procedure based on the HFBB data. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Simplified formulas for evaluation of wind-induced interference effects among three tall buildings

The base-bending moment (BBM) response and the mean BBM of grouped high-rise buildings are studied by a series of wind tunnel tests on typical tall building models using the high-frequency force balance technique. Interference excitations of two upwind buildings with various heights in different upwind terrains are considered. An effective method is proposed to represent the distribution of the envelope interference factor (EIF) among three tall buildings. The results show that two upstream buildings cause more adverse dynamic effects on the downstream building than a single upstream building does. Significant correlations are found in the distributions of the interference factors of different configurations and upwind terrains. Relevant regression equations are proposed to simplify the complexity of the multi-parameter wind-induced mean and dynamic interference effects among three tall buildings. Finally, an example of how to use the data provided in this paper and the proposed methodology is presented.     

Alongwind static equivalent wind loads and responses of tall buildings. Part I: Unfavorable distributions of static equivalent wind loads

Although on the same theoretical basis, the current standards of major countries have set out two evidently different distributions of alongwind static equivalent wind loads, one being the same as the mean wind force and the other the same as the first mode shape on tall buildings. In this paper, the fluctuating static equivalent wind load is evaluated as mean, background and resonant components, and the unfavorable distribution of each component is separately addressed. Meanwhile, the wind loads by the above two code methods are derived. The effects of the wind loads by the two code methods on tall buildings are then examined to identify whether or not they are equivalent with regard to the actual wind induced responses. The results show that the wind loads by the two code methods can only ensure an equivalent first mode displacement response, and they may lead to some considerably unfavorable load effects, for example, the base shear force estimation. Finally a numerical example demonstrating the main results is given.     

Spectral characteristics and correlation of dynamic wind forces on a super‐tall building

The 88‐storey Jin Mao Building located in Shanghai has a height of 420·5m and is the highest building in mainland China. Dynamic wind force components on the super‐tall building were measured by high‐frequency force balance technique in a boundary layer wind tunnel for the cases of an isolated Jin Mao Building and the existing surrounding condition under suburban and urban boundary layer flow configurations. Spectral characteristics of along‐wind and across‐wind components and, in particular, the cross‐correlation and coherence among various wind loading components are presented and discussed in detail. Furthermore, the effects of upstream terrain conditions and surrounding buildings on the spectra, cross‐correlation and coherence are investigated. The experimental results show that such effects are significant. Finally, an empirical formula for estimation of the across‐wind overturning moment spectrum for the super‐tall building is presented. Comparisons of the spectra determined by the proposed formula and those obtained from wind tunnel tests are made to examine the applicability of the proposed formula. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高层建筑静风荷载的干扰效应研究

在相邻建筑物的干扰下,受扰高层建筑的风荷载与其在孤立状态下相比会有较大的变化。本文采用测力天平模型风洞试验研究了两个高层建筑间的静力干扰效应,得到了两个相同的方形截面建筑在不同相对位置时的静力干扰因子IFm。并且首次引入了正交试验法设计试验方案,研究了施扰建筑高度、截面尺寸和外形对顺风向静力干扰因子IFm的影响。应用人工神经网络方法对试验结果进行了模拟和推广,给出了IFm的等值线图,可供规范应用和参考。     

五种被动动力减振器对高层建筑脉动风振反应控制的实用设计方法

本文在建立了五种被动的动力减振器 (TMD, TLCD, LCVA, C TLD, R TLD)对高层建筑结构脉动风振反应控制的统一方程的基础上,导出了被动动力减振器对高层建筑脉动风振反应控制效果的等效结构阻尼比的统一计算公式和被动动力减振器优化参数的设计方法。在此基础上,文中依据我国《建筑结构荷载规范》,对设置被动动力减振器的高层建筑提出了抗风设计的荷载风振系数和脉动增大系数的修正公式,从而使被动动力减振器对高层建筑脉动风振反应控制的设计计算可采用常规的规范方法进行,大大方便了广大结构工程师的应用。     

A novel approach to evaluate the equivalent dynamic stiffness of guy clusters in telecommunication masts under ground excitation

Telecommunication structures are essential components of communication and post-disaster networks and critically important facilities require reliable earthquake-resistant design procedures in seismically active regions. Calculation of the nonlinear seismic response of tall guyed masts using detailed time-step finite element methods is far more complex than linear response spectrum analysis that is routinely used in structural engineering practice. It is recognized that detailed computational procedures are not always necessary, in particular when the goal of the analysis is to provide a global earthquake-resistant design check on a regular structure with predictable response: this is when rational simplified methods are called upon to calculate the seismic demand. However, up until now, no such method exists for tall guyed masts that can account for the dynamic cable-mast interactions which dominate seismic effects in these structures. In the study reported here, the writers explore the dynamic behavior of guy cables under harmonic and seismic support ground motion through detailed computational modeling and propose a novel frequency-dependent method to evaluate the equivalent dynamic stiffness of guy clusters. This development will contribute efficiently towards a new robust rational model of general applicability for simplified seismic analysis of tall guyed telecommunication masts.Detailed numerical simulations involving 57 guy cables from eight existing towers with varying heights of 150-607 m were used in the study. A mathematical procedure was developed to replace the nonlinear time-variant cable stiffness with an equivalent linear frequency-dependent spring/mass system, based on the response spectrum of individual guy cables and the frequency content of the seismic excitation. Comparison of the main response indicators of these equivalent models and the detailed nonlinear finite element analysis results confirmed the reasonable and consistent engineering accuracy of the proposed simplified method with considerable savings in analysis effort.