磁提针刺激内关穴对耐力运动员和普通大学生运动中血浆心钠素的影响

为探讨磁提针对运动负荷下心脏内分泌功能的影响,采用血浆放射免疫法对逐级递增负荷运动中普通大学生和耐力运动员血浆心钠素含量进行动态测定.结果表明:普通大学生和优秀耐力运动员血浆心钠素水平随运动强度的增加,均呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势;磁提针刺激内关穴可引起血浆心钠素水平降低,但影响效果有一定的范围;磁提针对两组血浆心钠素水平的影响基本一致.     

耐力训练对力竭运动诱导的大鼠淋巴细胞凋亡的影响

目的:研究耐力训练对大鼠力竭运动后淋巴细胞凋亡的影响,并分析其机制.方法:将SD大鼠随机分为安静组、力竭运动组、训练 力竭运动组.训练 力竭运动组进行3周游泳耐力训练后,除安静组外,全部大鼠负重4%进行力竭游泳,比较运动后即刻大鼠脾细胞、胸腺细胞及外周血液淋巴细胞凋亡率,细胞内Ca2 浓度及血清皮质醇(C)浓度.结果:训练 力竭运动组大鼠力竭游泳时间明显长于力竭运动组(P＜0.05);训练 力竭运动组大鼠外周血淋巴细胞凋亡率较安静组有升高趋势,但较力竭运动组有下降趋势,脾细胞凋亡率与力竭运动组相近,胸腺细胞凋亡率显著高于安静组和力竭运动组(P＜0.05);训练 力竭运动组脾细胞、外周血淋巴细胞内Ca2 浓度及血清皮质醇浓度显著高于安静组(P＜0.05);力竭运动组血清皮质醇浓度亦显著高于安静组.结论:耐力训练对力竭运动所诱导的血淋巴细胞凋亡有一定的抑制作用,对脾细胞凋亡无明显影响,还有增加胸腺细胞凋亡率的作用.耐力训练对力竭运动所诱导的血淋巴细胞及脾细胞凋亡的影响可能与阻断了细胞内Ca2 浓度及血清C水平升高所介导的细胞凋亡信号转导有关.     

有氧运动对大鼠中枢神经系统HSP70表达的影响

目的:探讨有氧运动对大鼠中枢神经系统(CNS)细胞热休克蛋白70(HSP70)表达的影响.方法:40只SD大鼠分成5组,分别为对照组、中等强度耐力训练组、中等强度耐力训练 大强度力竭运动组、大强度耐力训练组和大强度耐力训练 大强度力竭运动组,耐力训练持续6周,力竭运动在最后1次耐力训练后次日进行,各组取材后采用免疫组化和图像分析方法观察运动对CNS脑和脊髓6个部位HSP70表达的影响.结果:中等、大强度耐力训练组CNS各部位HSP70表达水平与对照组相比显著增加;力竭运动组CNS各部位HSP70表达水平均高于相应的耐力训练组,其中中等强度耐力训练 大强度力竭运动组表达增加最显著.结论:耐力训练是CNS各部位HSP70表达水平增加的重要诱导因素,运动强度的适应性改变是决定耐力训练后CNS各部位HSP70表达量的主要因素.     

耐力训练对力竭运动诱导的大鼠肾实质细胞凋亡的影响

目的:探讨耐力训练对大鼠力竭运动后肾实质细胞凋亡的影响。方法:将雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组、力竭运动组、耐力训练+力竭运动组。耐力训练+力竭运动组经5周以上耐力训练后与力竭运动组均进行一次性力竭运动,24h后取材。采用电镜观察和TUNEL法检测肾实质凋亡细胞;免疫组织化学法检测肾细胞Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达;硝酸还原酶法检测肾组织NO含量,测定单位重量的组织蛋白质在单位时间内生成NO的nmol数,以反映NOS活性;双缩脲法测定尿蛋白含量。结果:两力竭运动组肾实质细胞凋亡指数均显著高于对照组(P<0.01),耐力训练+力竭运动组显著低于力竭运动组(P<0.01);耐力训练组的其它检测结果与对照组相比差异不显著(P>0.05);力竭运动组肾细胞Bax蛋白表达显著高于对照组和耐力训练+力竭运动组(P<0.05),尿蛋白含量高于对照组(P<0.05),肾组织NOS活性显著低于对照组和耐力训练+力竭运动组(P<0.05)、NO含量低于耐力训练+力竭运动组(P<0.05)。结论:耐力训练对力竭运动诱导的肾实质细胞凋亡有抑制作用,有利于减少和消除运动后尿蛋白,其机制可能与降低力竭运动导致的肾细胞Bax蛋白高表达和调节肾组织NO含量有关。     

优秀女子足球运动员安静、力竭运动后和恢复期心缩间期的变化

目的:探讨女子足球运动员心脏功能及耐力水平。方法:利用MCA-3C心脏功能信息综合检测仪对女子足球运动员(女足组,n=10)、体育学院体育教育专业(体教组,n=10)和普通院系(对照组,n=10)女大学生进行安静时、力竭运动后和恢复期心缩间期(STI)测试并比较相关指标。结果:女足组无论在安静状态下还是力竭运动后和恢复期,左室射血时间(LVET)、心脏机械收缩时间(MST)均显著高于体教组和对照组(P<0.01);射血前期/左室射血时间(PEP/LVET)、等容收缩期(ICT)、等容收缩期/左室射血时间(ICT/LVET)均低于体教组和对照组;达到力竭的时间和强度也高于体教组和对照组。结果表明,女子足球运动员的心脏功能和耐力素质均优于体育教育专业和普通院系大学生。     

补锌对耐力训练、力竭运动大鼠腓肠肌超氧化物岐化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、总抗氧化能力以及Bax、Bcl-2 mRNA的影响

目的:探讨补锌对耐力训练、力竭运动大鼠腓肠肌超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px,简称GPX)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、细胞凋亡诱导和阻遏分子(Bax,Bcl-2)mRNA的影响。方法:将32只雄性SD大鼠随机分成对照组、耐力训练组、耐力训练补锌组和一次性力竭运动补锌组4组,每组8只。补锌方法为在饮用水中溶入ZnSO4.7H2O,[Zn]=227 mg/L。耐力训练组和耐力训练补锌组进行6周游泳耐力训练,每周6天。6周训练结束24小时后取材。一次性力竭运动组取材当日在同一泳池每隔15 min被放入2只大鼠,进行无负重游泳至力竭后取材。测定大鼠腓肠肌SOD、GPX、T-AOC活性,Bax、Bcl-2 mRNA表达。结果:耐力训练补锌组大鼠腓肠肌SOD活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),GPX活性显著高于对照组和耐力训练组(P<0.05)。力竭运动补锌组大鼠腓肠肌GPX和T-AOC活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。耐力训练补锌组大鼠腓肠肌Bax mRNA表达显著低于对照组和耐力训练组(P<0.05),Bcl-2 mRNA表达显著高于对照组和耐力训练组(P<0.05)。力竭运动补锌组大鼠腓肠肌Bax,Bcl-2 mRNA表达均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:耐力训练提高大鼠腓肠肌GPX活性,增加Bcl-2 mRNA表达,降低大鼠腓肠肌Bax mRNA表达,补锌效果更明显。一次性力竭运动补锌提高大鼠腓肠肌GPX活性和T-AOC活性,增加腓肠肌Bcl-2 mRNA表达,但对Bax mRNA表达影响不明显。     

赛艇运动员最大负荷运动后血浆心钠素的变化及其与心血管功能的关系

通过观察赛艇运动员最大负荷运动后血浆心钠素与心血管功能的变化,探讨赛艇运动对心脏内分泌功能的影响。结果提示,最大负荷运动时,血浆心钠素水平有训练者显著高于无训练者,训练水平高者显著高于训练水平低者,且与良好心血管功能和运动应激能力相关。     

耐力运动和力竭运动对大鼠心脏降钙素基因相关肽及其受体样受体表达的影响

目的:探讨耐力运动和力竭运动对降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)及其受体样受体(CRLR)在大鼠心脏组织中表达的影响及其作用机制。方法:健康雄性SD大鼠60只,随机分为对照组、耐力运动组和力竭运动组。耐力运动组和力竭运动组进行10周的跑台耐力训练,力竭运动组在最后一次训练后48h进行连续3天的力竭运动。采用放射免疫法、免疫组化SABC法、免疫荧光法和计算机图像分析技术检测心肌组织CGRP含量和CRLR表达。结果:耐力运动组心肌组织CGRP含量和CRLR表达明显高于对照组(P<0.05);力竭运动组心肌组织CGRP含量和CRLR表达明显低于耐力运动组(P<0.05)。结论:长期耐力运动使心脏CGRP含量增加,CRLR表达上调,增强了CGRP对心脏的作用;力竭运动导致心脏CGRP含量下降,CRLR表达下调,使CGRP对心脏的保护作用减弱。     

运动对血浆心钠素影响的初步探讨

本文通过观察中长跑运动员极限运动下血浆心钠素的变化,探索运动对心脏内分泌的影响。实验结果提示了运动时由于血液动力学和神经生化变化引起血浆心钠素增加,有训练运动员极限运动后心钠素明显增加,与良好的心脏功能和运动能力有关。     

牛初乳对优秀赛艇运动员强化耐力训练期免疫功能的影响

目的:探讨牛初乳对长时间强化耐力训练后运动员免疫功能抑制的调节作用。方法:将15名国家健将级赛艇男运动员随机分为运动对照组和牛初乳组。两组运动员同时进行30天内容相同的运动训练,训练期间牛初乳组以15g/d的剂量补充牛初乳。训练期前及训练期后分别测定各组运动员的各项免疫指标。结果:强化耐力训练期后,牛初乳组淋巴细胞数量明显增加,并显著高于运动对照组(P<0.001);CD3+T细胞和CD4+/CD8+比值维持在训练前正常水平,但均显著高于对照组(P<0.01);训练期后,牛初乳组血清球蛋白水平显著高于运动对照组(P<0.01),血清白蛋白及A/G比值却明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。强化耐力训练期后,牛初乳组与运动对照组中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞、IgA和IgG均无显著性差异。结论:强化耐力训练期补充牛初乳能有效防止强化耐力训练期后CD4+/CD8+比值的下降、淋巴细胞数量的减少及血清球蛋白含量的降低。提示牛初乳具有良好的维持机体免疫功能自稳态的作用,有助于防止长时间大强度耐力训练后运动员机体免疫功能的下降。     

Strength/endurance training versus endurance training in congestive heart failure

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of endurance training alone (ET) with combined endurance and strength training (CT) on hemodynamic and strength parameters in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). METHODS: Twenty male patients with CHF were randomized into one of two training regimens consisting of endurance training or a combination of endurance and resistance training. Group ET had 40-min interval cycle ergometer endurance training three times per week. Group CT combined endurance and strength training with the same interval endurance training for 20 min, followed by 20 min of strength training. Left ventricular function was assessed at baseline and after 40 training sessions by echocardiography and radionuclide ventriculography. Work capacity was measured with cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPX) and lactate determination. Strength was measured with an isokinetic dynamometer. RESULTS: After 40 sessions, the ET group improved functional class, work capacity, peak torque, and muscular endurance. However, peak O2 remained unchanged. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and fractional shortening (FS) decreased, whereas left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVED) increased. The CT group improved NYHA score, working capacity, peak O2, and peak lactate; peak torque and muscular endurance, LVEF, and FS increased, whereas LVED decreased. Compared with ET, CT was significantly (P < 0.05) better in improving LV function.CONCLUSION: Combined endurance/strength training was superior to endurance training alone concerning improvement of LV function, peak VO2, and strength parameters. It appears that for stable CHF patients, a greater benefit can be derived from this training modality.     

Is strength training the more efficient training modality in chronic heart failure?

PURPOSE: An open, randomized, controlled study was designed to study the effects of exclusive strength training (ST) in patients with severe chronic heart failure (CHF) in comparison with conventional endurance (ET) and combined ET-ST training (CT). The hypothesis was that ST would at least be equal to ET or CT, because peripheral muscle atrophy and weakness play a key role in exercise limitation in CHF patients. METHODS: Three groups of 15 patients underwent ST, ET, or CT during 40 sessions, three times a week, for 45 min. Fifteen patients served as control group. Before and after intervention, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), peak workload, thigh muscle volume, knee extensor strength, endurance, and quality of life (QoL) were assessed. RESULTS: All measured parameters improved significantly in the three training groups, except for knee extensor strength in ET. Training outcome was superior in all three training groups compared with the control group, but statistical significance was only reached for VO2peak and peak workload, thigh muscle volume, and knee extensor endurance. In contrast, knee extensor strength, LVEF, and QoL did not reach statistical significance. None of the training modalities proved to be superior to any other, although small differences between the three groups were observed. CONCLUSION: Independently of the training modality, intensive exercise training is efficient in increasing cardiac function, exercise capacity, peripheral muscle function, and QoL in CHF patients.     

Postexercise heart rate recovery accelerates in strength-trained athletes

The left ventricle morphologically adapts to endurance exercise training (eccentric cardiac remodeling) and strength exercise training (concentric remodeling). In addition, the acceleration of vagally mediated heart rate (HR) recovery after exercise is one of the functional adaptations of the heart in endurance-trained humans. However, the effect of strength training on HR recovery is unclear. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether postexercise HR recovery accelerates in strength-trained athletes. METHODS: Subjects were young strength-trained athletes (ST; N = 12), endurance-trained athletes (ET; N = 12), and age-matched sedentary control men (C; N = 12). HR and oxygen uptake were measured during submaximal exercise (cycling exercise, 40% maximal oxygen uptake for 8 min) and 30 s after the exercise (the postexercise period). RESULTS: Left ventricular end-diastolic dimension was higher in both types of athletes compared with C, but greater in ET than in ST (C, 4.3 +/- 0.1 cm; ET, 5.0 +/- 0.1 cm; ST, 4.8 +/- 0.1 cm). Left ventricular average wall thickness was greater in ST in comparison with ET, although it was higher in both trained men compared with C (C, 0.85 +/- 0.02 cm; ET, 0.90 +/- 0.02 cm; ST, 1.00 +/- 0.02 cm). The time constant of postexercise HR decay, an index of vagally mediated postexercise HR recovery, was lower in ST and ET compared with C (C, 94.4 +/- 9.2 s; ET, 65.9 +/- 4.3 s; ST, 69.1 +/- 4.0 s). Oxygen pulse was greater in ST and ET than in C (C, 9.4 +/- 0.6 mL per beat; ET, 13.0 +/- 0.9 mL per beat; ST, 12.8 +/- 0.4 mL per beat), and it results in increased oxygen debt for both types of athletes (C, 0.257 +/- 0.024 L; ET, 0.343 +/- 0.030 L; ST, 0.331 +/- 0.017 L). We did not find significant differences in these indices between ST and ET. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the HR recovery immediately after exercise is accelerated in both strength- and endurance-trained athletes.     

耐力、力量、速度性项目优秀运动员和无训练青年左心形态功能之对比研究

应用超声心动图方法对耐力、力量、速度三组84名优秀运动员及常人对照组的心脏作了对比研究。结果提示:三类运动员心脏结构功能的特点不同;耐力运动员心脏结构功能变化最为明显。     

Specific inspiratory muscle training in well-trained endurance athletes

PURPOSE: It has been reported that arterial O2 desaturation occurs during maximal aerobic exercise in elite endurance athletes and that it might be associated with respiratory muscle fatigue and relative hypoventilation. We hypothesized that specific inspiratory muscle training (SIMT) will result in improvement in respiratory muscle function and thereupon in aerobic capacity in well-trained endurance athletes. METHODS: Twenty well-trained endurance athletes volunteered to the study and were randomized into two groups: 10 athletes comprised the training group and received SIMT, and 10 athletes were assigned to a control group and received sham training. Inspiratory training was performed using a threshold inspiratory muscle trainer, for 0.5 h x d(-1) six times a week for 10 wk. Subjects in the control group received sham training with the same device, but with no resistance. RESULTS: Inspiratory muscle strength (PImax) increased significantly from 142.2 +/- 24.8 to 177.2 +/- 32.9 cm H2O (P < 0.005) in the training but remained unchanged in the control group. Inspiratory muscle endurance (PmPeak) also increased significantly, from 121.6 +/- 13.7 to 154.4 +/- 22.1 cm H2O (P < 0.005), in the training group, but not in the control group. The improvement in the inspiratory muscle performance in the training group was not associated with improvement in peak VEmax, VO2max breathing reserve (BR). or arterial O2 saturation (%SaO2), measured during or at the peak of the exercise test. CONCLUSIONS: It may be concluded that 10 wk of SIMT can increase the inspiratory muscle performance in well-trained athletes. However, this increase was not associated with improvement in aerobic capacity, as determined by VO2max, or in arterial O2 desaturation during maximal graded exercise challenge. The significance of such results is uncertain and further studies are needed to elucidate the role of respiratory muscle training in the improvement of aerobic-type exercise capacity.     

不同运动负荷对大鼠cNOS和iNOS活性的影响及其机理探讨

方法：４０只ＳＤ大鼠，随机分为对照组、４５ｍｉｎ训练组、９０ｍｉｎ训练组、１５０ｍｉｎ训练组和急性力竭组，进行无负重游泳训练８周，每周６次。测定大鼠胸主动脉构建型一氧化氮合酶（ｃＮＯＳ）、诱导型一氧化氮合酶（ｉＮＯＳ）及腹腔巨噬细胞ｉＮＯＳ的活性和血液中ＮＯ、ＣＤ４＋／ＣＤ８＋的变化。结果：９０ｍｉｎ训练组、１５０ｍｉｎ训练组胸主动脉ｃＮＯＳ活性显著上升，与之相对应的血浆ＮＯ的水平也显著上升（Ｐ＜０．０５）。急性力竭组胸主动脉ｉＮＯＳ水平显著上升（Ｐ＜０．０５）。１５０ｍｉｎ训练组及力竭运动组腹腔巨噬细胞ｉＮＯＳ与对照组相比显著上升（Ｐ＜０．０５）。血液ＣＤ４＋／ＣＤ８＋的比值在９０ｍｉｎ训练组、１５０ｍｉｎ训练组均显著上升（Ｐ＜０．０５），而在急性力竭组则显著下降。结论：（１）适量的运动训练可引起胸主动脉ｃＮＯＳ活性增强，可能是适量运动改善心血管功能的机制之一。（２）适量的运动训练可以引起腹腔巨噬细胞ｉＮＯＳ活性适度增加，增强机体的非特异性免疫力。而力竭运动引起的腹腔巨噬细胞ｉＮＯＳ的活性的过度增强，则可能与大强度运动引起的细胞免疫抑制有关。     

Effect of endurance training on lung function: a one year study

Objective: To identify in a follow up study airway changes occurring during the course of a sport season in healthy endurance athletes training in a Mediterranean region. Methods: Respiratory pattern and function were analysed in 13 healthy endurance trained athletes, either during a maximal exercise test, or at rest and during recovery through respiratory manoeuvres (spirometry and closing volume tests). The exercise test was conducted on three different occasions: during basic endurance training and then during the precompetition and competitive periods. Results: During the competitive period, a slight but non-clinically significant decrease was found in forced vital capacity (–3.5%, p = 0.0001) and an increase in slope of phase III (+25%, p = 0.0029), both at rest and after exercise. No concomitant reduction in expiratory flow rates was noticed. During maximal exercise there was a tachypnoeic shift over the course of the year (mean (SEM) breathing frequency and tidal volume were respectively 50 (2) cycles/min and 3.13 (0.09) litres during basic endurance training v 55 (3) cycles/min and 2.98 (0.10) litres during the competitive period; p<0.05). Conclusions: This study does not provide significant evidence of lung function impairment in healthy Mediterranean athletes after one year of endurance training.     

Monitoring 6 weeks of progressive endurance training with plasma glutamine

The distinction between positive and negative training adaptation is an important prerequisite in the identification of any marker for monitoring training in athletes. To investigate the glutamine responses to progressive endurance training, twenty healthy males were randomly assigned to a training group or a non-exercising control group. The training group performed a progressive (3 to 6 x 90 minute sessions per week at 70 % V.O (2max)) six-week endurance training programme on a cycle ergometer, while the control group did not participate in any exercise during this period. Performance assessments (V.O (2max) and time to exhaustion) and resting blood samples (for haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, cortisol, ferritin, creatine kinase, glutamine, uric acid and urea analysis) were obtained prior to the commencement of training (Pre) and at the end of week 2, week 4 and week 6. The training group showed significant improvements in time to exhaustion (p < 0.01), and V.O (2max) (p < 0.05) at all time points (except week 2 for V.O (2max)), while the control group performance measures did not change. In the training group, haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit were significantly lower (p < 0.01) than pretraining values at week 2 and 4, as percentage changes in plasma volume indicated a significant (p < 0.01) haemodilution (+ 6 - 9 %) was present at week 2, 4 and 6. No changes were seen in the control group. In the training group, plasma glutamine (week 2, 4 and 6), creatine kinase (week 2 and 4), uric acid (week 2 and 4) and urea (week 2 and 4) all increased significantly from pretraining levels. No changes in cortisol or ferritin were found in the training group and no changes in any blood variables were present in the control group. Plasma glutamine was the only blood variable to remain significantly above pretraining (966 +/- 32 micromol . 1 (-1)) levels at week 6 (1176 +/- 24 micromol . 1 (-1); p < 0.05) The elevation seen here in glutamine levels, after 6 weeks of progressive endurance training, is in contrast to previous reports of decreased glutamine concentrations in overtrained athletes. In conclusion, 6 weeks of progressive endurance training steadily increased plasma glutamine levels, which may prove useful in the monitoring of training responses.     

Clinical significance of cardiac damage and changes in function after exercise

Acute bouts of ultraendurance exercise may result in the appearance of biomarkers of cardiac cell damage and a transient reduction in left ventricular function. The clinical significance of these changes is not fully understood. There seems to be two competing issues to be resolved. First, could prolonged endurance exercise produce a degree of cardiac stress and/or damage that results, during the short or long term, in deleterious consequences for cardiac health. Second, there is a clear need to educate those responsible for the medical care of endurance athletes about the possibility of a transient reduction in cardiac function and the appearance of cTnT/cTnI after an exercise. Minor elevations in cardiac troponins are commonplace after an endurance exercise in elite and recreational athletes and may occur alongside exercise-associated collapse. Misdiagnosis of myocardial injury and subsequent mismanagement can be unnecessarily expensive and psychologically damaging to the athlete. Diagnosis of myocardial injury after prolonged exercise should be made on the basis of all available information and not blood tests alone. The clinical significance of chronic exposure to endurance exercise is unknown. The development of myocardial fibrosis has been suggested as a long-term outcome to chronic exposure to repetitive bouts of endurance exercise and has been linked to an exercise-induced inflammatory process observed in an animal model. This hypothesis is supported by a limited number of studies reporting postmortem studies in athletes and an increased prevalence of complex arrhythmia in veteran athletes. Care is warranted in promoting this hypothesis without further detailed work, given the unequivocal link between exercise and mortality and morbidity. It would seem erroneous, however, to assume that a linear relationship exists between exercise volume and cardiac health.