Clinical and radiologic evaluation of medial epicondylar osteotomy for varus total knee arthroplasty

Background

In varus total knee arthroplasty (TKA), a pathologic contracture of the medial soft tissue should be released for ligament balancing. A medial epicondylar osteotomy has been performed as an alternative method for this. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the clinical and radiologic results of medial epicondylar osteotomy for varus TKA, focusing on the union type of osteotomy site.

开放楔形胫骨高位截骨联合关节镜清理术治疗内侧间室膝骨关节炎的疗效分析

[摘要]目的 探讨开放楔形胫骨高位截骨（OWHTO）联合关节镜清理术治疗内侧间室膝骨关节炎的近期疗效及其手术前后的步态变化。方法 选择河北省沧州中西医结合医院2017年6月至2019年12月期间收治的内侧单间室膝骨关节炎患者80例（80膝）为研究对象,均采用OWHTO联合关节镜清理术治疗。对患者进行为期12个月的随访,采用视觉模拟疼痛评分（VAS）、美国特种外科医院膝关节评分（HSS）、美国西安大略与麦克马斯特大学骨关节炎指数评分（WOMAC）进行疗效分析;对比手术前后股骨胫骨角（FTA）、胫骨平台后倾角（PTS）、Insall-Salvati指数（IS）、下肢力线通过平台Fujisawa点等影像学指标;三维步态分析系统采集患者不同时间点膝关节运动数据,并以1∶4个体匹配原则选取20名健康志愿者正常步态与之进行对比。结果 患者均获得随访,2例术后2周时出现切口浅表感染,予对症处理后好转。末次随访时,患者VAS评分与WOMAC评分降低,HSS评分升高,与术前比较均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;FTA、PTS、IS指数、下肢力线通过平台Fujisawa点较术前均有明显改善（P<0.05）;患者术前站立及摆动时屈伸角、内外翻角、内外旋角均与正常膝关节存在显著差异（P<0.05）,术后12个月与正常膝比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 关节镜下清理术联合OWHTO治疗内侧间室膝骨关节炎可有效缓解患者膝关节疼痛,促进膝关节活动及功能恢复,疗效显著。随着康复时间的推移,患者患肢膝关节逐步趋于稳定,在术后12个月时患者膝关节屈伸、内外翻、内外旋等步态运动与正常膝比较无明显差异。     

Clinical efficacy of adductor canal block in medial open wedge high tibial osteotomy

BackgroundTo evaluate the effect of adductor canal block (ACB) on short-term postoperative outcomes in patients who underwent medial open-wedge high tibial osteotomy (MOWHTO) compared to that of a placebo.Methods35 patients who underwent unilateral MOWHTO between 2017 and 2019 were prospectively reviewed and randomly divided into two groups: 19 patients who received a single-shot ACB and 16 patients who received a saline injection (a placebo group). Primary outcomes were (1) pain measured using the visual analog scale and range of motion, (2) patient satisfaction, (3) postoperative need for additional opioids, (3) quadriceps strength (the time to straight leg raising [SLR]), (4) clinical outcomes, and (5) complications.ResultsThe pain score was lower in the ACB group than in the placebo group in the first 12 h (p = 0.04). ACB did not exhibit significantly less quadriceps strength weakness postoperatively. There was no statistical difference in the time to SLR (23.5 ± 17.7 h in ACB vs. 27.6 ± 11.4 in placebo, p = 0.520). The opioid consumption rate within postoperative 12 h was significantly decreased after ACB (16.7% in ACB, 70% in placebo, p = 0.017). The proportion of patients with more than 5 opioid injections within 72 h postoperatively was lower in the ACB group (8.3% in ACB, 50% in placebo, p = 0.043). Both groups did not show any localized and systemic complications.ConclusionACB following MOWHTO exhibited better outcomes than a placebo with respect to opioid consumption with no changes in the quadriceps strength and complications.Level of EvidenceII, Prospectively comparative study     

Distal tuberosity osteotomy in open wedge high tibial osteotomy can prevent patella infera: a new technique

To prevent patella infera in open wedge high tibial osteotomy, a new operation technique was developed. Instead of a proximal tibial tuberosity osteotomy, a distal osteotomy was performed and the tuberosity was fixed with one screw to the tibia. Initial experience in 17 patients was evaluated and compared with results of 20 patients with open wedge high tibial osteotomy with proximal tuberosity osteotomy. Distal tuberosity osteotomy in open wedge high tibial osteotomy appears effective in preventing patella infera.     

Factors affecting stability after medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy using locking plate: A cadaveric study

ObjectivesTo investigate the effect of screw length, lateral hinge fracture, and gap filling on stability after medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy (MOW HTO) using a locking plate.MethodsForty tibiae from fresh-frozen cadavers were randomly allocated into five groups. Group A was bicortically fixated, while Group B and Group C were unicortically fixated: 90% and 55% of drilled tunnel length, respectively. Group D was fixated using 90% length screws with a fractured lateral hinge. Group E was fixated using 90% length screws with gap filling using a bone substitute. Operated tibiae were tested under axial compressive load using a material testing machine. The medial gap changes under the serial axial load of 100–600 N and ultimate failure load were measured.ResultsGroup D showed the biggest medial gap change and lowest failure load, while Group E presented the smallest gap change and highest failure load. The medial gap changes tended to increase with shorter screw length, but the difference was not significant between Groups A, B, and C. Group C and Group D showed greater medial gap change and lower failure load compared with Group E, while not differing from Group A and Group B.ConclusionsUnicortical fixation in proximal screw holes of a locking plate was not inferior to bicortical fixation regarding axial stability in MOW HTO, although proximal screws that are too short should be avoided. Lateral hinge fracture decreased, while gap filling with bone substitute increased axial stability.     

The mean anatomical shape of the tibial plateau at the knee arthroplasty resection level: An investigation using MRI

Clinical assessments after Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) show persisting pain after implantation in over 20% of patients. Impingement of soft tissue around the knee, due to imprecise geometry of the tibial implant, can be one reason for persisting ailment. Two hundred and thirty seven MRI scans were evaluated using an active contour detection algorithm (snake) to obtain a high-resolution mean anatomical shape of the tibial plateau. Differences between female and male, older and younger (≤ 40/> 40) and left and right averaged shapes were determined. The shapes obtained were asymmetric throughout. Absolute differences between the subgroups fell short of inter-individual variations represented by calculated one-σ confidence intervals. Our results indicate that a differentiation in TKA tibial plateau design by gender, age, or side is of minor relevance.     

A mid-term clinical outcome study of the Advance Medial Pivot knee arthroplasty

The Advance Medial Pivot Total Knee Arthroplasty (Wright Medical Technology, Arlington, Tennessee, USA) has been designed to reproduce modern ideas of knee kinematics. We report a prospective clinical outcome study of 284 arthroplasties in 225 consecutive patients with a mean follow-up of 6.7 years (range 4 to 9 years). For evaluation, both objective and subjective clinical rating systems and serial radiographs were used. At final follow-up, 10 (4.4%) patients (10 knees) only were lost from follow-up and four (1.8%) patients (five knees) had died for reasons unrelated to the surgery with their knees performing well. There was an 82% compliance in the intervals of follow-up evaluation. All patients showed a statistically significant improvement (p = 0.01) in the Knee Society clinical rating system, WOMAC questionnaire, SF-12 questionnaire, and Oxford knee score. The majority of patients (92%) were able to perform age-appropriate activities with a mean knee flexion of 117° (range 85° to 135°) at final follow-up. Survival analysis showed a cumulative success rate of 99.1% at 5 years. Two (0.7%) arthoplasties, in which patient selection and surgical errors were identified, were revised due to aseptic loosening, one due to infection and one due to a traumatic dislocation. This study demonstrates satisfactory mid-term clinical results for this knee design.     

不同类型膝关节后稳定型假体髁间截骨量的对比

背景：后稳定型膝关节假体股骨侧需要额外的髁间截骨来容纳胫骨柱和股骨窝结构,髁间窝两侧与股骨体相连处应力集中是骨折好发部位。不同品牌假体不同型号间截骨量的差异并没有具体数据,不便于临床医生在选择假体时参考。 目的：比较临床上常用的后稳定型膝关节假体(进口、国产的6个品牌)髁间截骨数据的不同,为临床假体选择和应用提供依据。 方法：选择目前国内常用的(进口、国产的6个品牌)后稳定型人工膝关节假体,包括Zimmer NexGen LPS、Stryker Scrorpio NRG Knee-Flexed、Depuy PFC Sigma、Smith&nephew Genesis-2 PS、United-U1及威高GKPS。根据截骨模板确定截骨面包括股骨髁前截面、后截部、股骨髁远端截面、后斜截面;对应股骨假体径线包括髁内外径宽、髁前后径宽、股骨髁间窝截骨宽度及深度,对上述数据进行对比测量。 结果与结论：6种膝关节股骨髁假体的前后径/内外径、髁间窝截骨量及形态均存在差异,国外品牌股骨远端前后截骨面间径线较短,对后髁的截骨程度较大。随着应用假体尺寸的增大,所用品牌髁间截骨宽度所致骨量丢失比例均呈下降趋势,无论是小尺寸假体还是大尺寸假体,Stryker Scrorpio NRG Knee-Flexed假体髁间截骨宽度均较小。 6个品牌的膝关节假体截骨尺寸有所不同,以上结果并不足以评价不同假体之间的优劣,但就保留髁间骨储量而言,髁间截骨量少的设计较具优势。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程     

A preference-based single-item measure of quality of life following medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy: Large improvements similar to arthroplasty

BackgroundImprovements in generic and disease specific scores have been reported with medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy (MOW HTO). However, meaningful comparisons between competing surgical interventions have been hampered by the lack of a preference based single index of health related quality of life (HRQoL). The primary aim of this study was to derive and report a single index measure of HRQoL for patients undergoing MOW HTO, preoperatively and at 12 and 24  postoperatively. Secondary aims were to evaluate changes in various additional measures of quality of life at these time points.MethodsThe impact of MOW HTO was evaluated using generic and disease specific instruments. One hundred thirty eight patients completed the Medical Outcomes Study short form health survey (SF-12) and Knee Osteoarthritis Outcomes Score (KOOS) before, 12 and 24 months after surgery. A preference-based single index measure of HRQoL was calculated and changes were evaluated.ResultsThe mean change in the HRQoL suggested large, clinically significant improvements from 0.69 preoperatively to 0.82 (p < 0.001) and 0.8 at 12 and 24 months postoperatively respectively. All dimensions of the SF-12, except role mental health, and all dimensions of the KOOS also demonstrated statistically significant improvements between pre and postoperative measurements.ConclusionsThe preoperative HRQoL of young patients with mechanical varus alignment and medial compartment knee osteoarthritis is similar to older patients with knee osteoarthritis. Medial opening wedge high tibial osteomoty results in significant improvements in HRQoL, the magnitude of which is comparable to other surgical interventions for knee osteoarthristis.     

The early radiological follow-up of a medial rotational design of total knee arthroplasty

The objective of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that the increased constraint of a medial rotational knee promotes earlier loosening of the prosthesis. All patients with a Freeman-Samuelson 1000 knee arthroplasty (medial pivot design), (group 1), or a Freeman-Samuelson Modular knee arthroplasty, (group 2), with a minimum follow-up of 2 years (mean follow-up 4 years) were identified from our unit's arthroplasty database, and matched as closely as possible for age, length of follow-up and pre-operative diagnosis. Standardised anteroposterior and lateral radiographs were analysed for component migration and radiolucent lines as recommended by the Knee Society.

There were 48 knees in each group. There were no failures in group 2. There was one failure requiring revision of the tibial component in group 1. There was no significant difference in overall radiolucent line scores between the two groups (p = 0.66, at 5 years). Progressive radiolucent lines were detected in similar numbers of patients in both groups (FS1000 8/48, FSM 7/48, p = 0.84). Our early radiological survey suggests that the increased constraint of the medial pivot knee prosthesis does not result in an increased incidence of radiographic loosening.     

Bilateral non-union of high tibial osteotomies treated by total knee arthroplasty: a case report

Non-union following high tibial osteotomy (HTO) is very uncommon. We present a case of bilateral non-union of HTOs with end-stage knee arthritis treated with staged, bilateral, posterior stabilized knee replacements. A 77-year-old female presented to our clinic with complaints of debilitating knee pain. She used a frame to get about in her home, she was unable to get up stairs, and she rarely went outside. Simple radiographs revealed bilateral non-unions of her osteotomies, subluxation of the tibial plateauxs and severe knee osteoarthritis. At the time of surgery, the non-unions were found to be fibrous stable. We took a minimal tibial plateaux resection and used long stem tibial stems with offset couplers to bypass the non-unions. At minimum 1 year follow-up, she was walking pain free with full knee range of motion. We found that primary total knee replacement (TKR) using tibial stems and without treating the tibial non-union gave satisfactory results.     

Early complications of medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy using autologous tricortical iliac bone graft and T-plate fixation

Despite several advantages of medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy, this procedure has been noted to have a high rate of complications especially with the use of a spacer plate for fixation. We retrospectively evaluated the early complications of 138 medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomies done using autologous tricortical iliac bone graft and T-plate fixation(AO locking compression T-plate, Ti/3H 4.5-5.0 mm, Synthes, Switzerland, Model No. 440.131 in 30 and low-profile locking T-plate and low-profile locking T-plate in 128 patients.At a mean follow-up of 36.8 months (13 to 78), 26 knees (18.8%) developed complications. Complications varied from osteotomy site infection, loss of correction, broken screws and lateral tibial plateau fracture to joint fluid leakage, pseudoaneurysm and iliac bone fractures. Using the “safe zone” technique and penetrating the lateral cortex with Steinmann pins may help to avoid complications such as loss of correction and lateral tibial plateau fractures.The results of this study indicate that medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy using autologous tricortical iliac bone graft and T-plate fixation may be a technically demanding procedure associated with a moderate rate of complications. However, these complications could be minimized with proper planning, adequate intra-operative precautions and few modifications to avoid technical error.     

人工全膝关节置换修复晚期膝关节病变的短期随访

背景：在最近的数十年,人工全膝关节置换被广泛地应用于晚期膝关节病变,如骨关节炎、类风湿关节炎和创伤性骨关节炎等疾病的治疗。全膝关节置换过程中的截骨方法、软组织平衡以及假体旋转定位一直是争论和探讨的问题。 目的：探讨晚期膝关节病变行全膝关节置换的修复效果。 方法：采用人工全膝关节置换修复31例(31膝)晚期膝关节病变,其中骨关节炎26例26膝,类风湿关节炎5例5膝。所有病例均伴有不同程度屈曲挛缩畸形,最大屈曲畸形角度均小于25°。分别对患者在置换前和置换后进行膝关节美国特种外科医院评分,所有31膝均使用固定平台后稳定型人工全膝关节假体。 结果与结论：置换后无早期感染,无假体脱位并发症发生。置换后关节疼痛症状明显缓解、屈曲和内翻畸形均得到明显改善。置换后X射线片显示假体位置良好,下肢力线良好。所有患者均获随访,随访时间6-12个月。膝关节美国特种外科医院评分置换前为(46.4±5.3)分,置换后6个月为(84.6±10.5)分,优良率为84%。提示人工全膝关节置换修复晚期膝关节病变效果确切,但操作较复杂,技术要求精确。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程     

A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials comparing the clinical and radiological outcomes following minimally invasive to conventional exposure for total knee arthroplasty

Proponents of minimally invasive total knee arthroplasty (TKA) state accelerated patient recovery and increased patient satisfaction as advantages. However, retractors state a greater incidence of iatrogenic nerve injury, implant mal-positioning and increased rates of revision. This study compares the clinical and radiological outcomes of minimally invasive and conventional exposure TKA using a meta-analysis. A search of published and unpublished literature was performed. Eighteen studies including 1582 TKAs were reviewed: 822 minimally invasive versus 760 conventional exposure TKAs. The findings of this study suggest that whilst incision length was significantly smaller in MIS (p = 0.001), and flexion range of motion was significantly greater following MIS (p = 0.01), there was no statistically significant differences in all other clinical or radiological outcomes between MIS or conventional approach TKA surgery (p>0.05).     

Numbness after medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty: Prevalence and effect on functional outcome

BackgroundThe prevalence of skin sensation alteration after total knee arthroplasty is well established but less so in medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (MUKA). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, extent of numbness and its effect on mid-term functional outcomes after MUKA.MethodsA level 2 prospective cohort study was conducted. Twenty patients (21 knees) were recruited. Demographics, length of surgical incision and the thigh-to-calf ratio was recorded. At the 1-year postoperative period, the extent of numbness was measured using a quantifiable grid-based system for both pinprick and fine touch. Preoperative, 3 months and 1 year postoperative Knee Society Scores (KSS) and 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) scores were recorded.ResultsAt the 1-year postoperative period, the prevalence of numbness to both fine touch and pin prick was 58% and 66%, respectively. The mean area of numbness to fine touch and pin prick was 336 mm² and 521 mm²_, respectively. The prevalence and extent of numbness was not significantly associated with surgical factors such as incision length and thigh-to-calf ratio. Prevalence and extent of numbness was not significantly associated with SF-36 scores and KSS at the 1-year postoperative period.ConclusionsThere is a high prevalence of numbness around the knee 1 year after MUKA. Surgical incision length and thigh-to-calf ratio was not associated with the extent of numbness. The presence and extent of numbness did not affect functional outcomes scores at the 1-year postoperative period. This study finding allows for accurate preoperative counselling with regards to numbness and its effects for patients undergoing MUKA.     

Anterolateral proximal tibial opening wedge osteotomy for biplanar correction in genu valgum recurvatum using patient specific instrumentation (PSI). A technical note

BackgroundBiplanar anterolateral proximal tibial opening wedge osteotomy has been described as successful for patients with combined recurvatum and valgus alignment. As it is a correction in two planes, it is a technically demanding procedure. We report the use of a novel technique with patient specific instrumentation (PSI) guides for different steps, aiming to reduce the complexity of this procedure.MethodsOne patient was treated for genu valgum recurvatum. A virtual surgical plan was made. A two-step PSI approach was used, consisting of an osteotomy guide and a repositioning guide and a custom trial wedges.ResultsFollow-up showed full function and improved VAS and KOOS scores. A neutral alignment was achieved. There was 2.76 degrees less varus compared to pre-operative planning, 1.24 degrees of excess slope and a rotational difference of 0.10 degrees. Saw plane accuracy was within 1 mm.ConclusionsPSI is a recent technical addition to HTOs as a modality to improve accuracy and reduce surgical complexity. Pre-planning and PSI use in an anterolateral opening wedge PTO allowed for an accurate and reproducible biplanar correction in genu valgum recurvatum. Accuracy was comparable to PSI use in lateral open wedge high tibial osteotomies.     

胫骨高位截骨治疗膝关节骨性关节炎13例报告

目的总结外侧闭合楔形胫骨高位截骨技术治疗膝关节单间室骨性关节炎临床应用结果。方法2000年以来,应用该方法治疗13例(男4例,女9例)伴内翻畸形膝关节单间室骨性关节炎。年龄51～58岁,平均55岁。术中显露胫腓关节近侧,切开前侧关节囊,用骨锯或骨刀去除外铡楔形骨块,闭合截骨处缺损后用"U"形钉固定。结果术后过程顺利,没有发生手术并发症,取得了满意效果。减轻了术前疼痛,纠正了膝内翻畸形,恢复了功能。术后经1～5.5年(平均3.5年)随访,其中9例优,3例良好,1例尚可。结论HTO技术是是治疗膝关节单间室骨性关节炎很有价值的手术方法。正确的术前评估和手术的精确性,严格掌握手术适应证对手术的成功较重要,病人相对年青、术前关节活功能好、单髁性骨性关节炎且伴有膝内翻畸形是最佳的手术适应证。病人选择适当、截骨角度准确和不发生手术并发症是手术成功的重要因素。     

全膝关节置换术中膝关节内侧副韧带损伤的处理

目的 探讨全膝关节置换术（TKA）中膝关节内侧副韧带（MCL）损伤的处理方法。方法 回顾性分析2013年6月-2014年6月上海交通大学附属第六人民医院骨科687例（714膝）行初次TKA术中10例（10膝）MCL损伤患者的病例资料,其中1例为MCL股骨侧止点撕脱,另9例为MCL体部断裂。MCL股骨侧止点撕脱患者采用带缝线锚钉方法进行止点重建,体部损伤患者均采用断端直接缝合方法进行修复。除2例体部断裂的患者因修复后仍无法恢复内侧稳定性而使用限制性衬垫之外,其余8例患者均使用非限制性后稳定型膝关节假体。术后康复过程中有5例患者使用膝关节支具进行保护。观察患者手术前后美国膝关节协会评分（KSS）和膝关节活动度。结果 10例患者随访3—15个月（平均9个月）。患者均无膝关节不稳定的主诉,末次随访时,膝关节伸直位及屈膝30°位外翻应力试验未发现内侧松弛。患者KSS由术前平均76．8分（37—100分）改善到153．3分（126～170分）,膝关节平均活动度由术前的92°（70°～110°）改善到108°（90°-120°）。结论 对TKA中的MCL损伤应当进行积极的手术修复。在采用正确的方法进行MCL修复、重建并且获得良好下肢力线的前提下,非限制性膝关节假体能够获得理想的治疗结果。     

Addressing large tibial osseous defects in primary total knee arthroplasty using porous tantalum cones

Background

Tibial osseous defects can present a serious challenge in primary total knee arthroplasty. We describe a technique of using porous tantalum cones along with primary arthroplasty implants to address large tibial osseous defects in primary total knee arthroplasty and present the short-term results.

Differences in impact on adjacent compartments in medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty versus high tibial osteotomy with identical valgus alignment

BackgroundIt is unclear why medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) with postoperative valgus alignment causes adjacent compartment osteoarthritis more often than high tibial osteotomy (HTO) for moderate medial osteoarthritis of the knee with varus deformity. This study used a computer simulation to evaluate differences in knee conditions between UKA and HTO with identical valgus alignment.MethodsDynamic musculoskeletal computer analyses of gait were performed. The hip–knee–ankle angle in fixed-bearing UKA was changed from neutral to 7° valgus by changing the tibial insert thickness. The hip–knee–ankle angle in open-wedge HTO was also changed from neutral to 7° valgus by opening the osteotomy gap.ResultsThe lateral tibiofemoral contact forces in HTO were larger than those in UKA until moderate valgus alignments. However, the impact of valgus alignment on increasing lateral forces was more pronounced in UKA, which ultimately demonstrated a larger lateral force than HTO. Valgus alignment in UKA caused progressive ligamentous tightness, including that of the anterior cruciate ligament, resulting in compression of the lateral tibiofemoral compartment. Simultaneously, patellofemoral shear forces were slightly increased and excessive external femoral rotation against the tibia occurred due to the flat medial tibial insert surface and decreased lateral compartment congruency. By contrast, only lateral femoral slide against the tibia occurred in excessively valgus-aligned HTO.ConclusionsIn contrast to extra-articular correction in HTO, which results from opening the osteotomy gap, intra-articular valgus correction in UKA with thicker tibial inserts caused progressive ligamentous tightness and kinematic abnormalities, resulting in early osteoarthritis progression into adjacent compartments.