华南重要金属矿床的若干成矿规律——时代爆发性,空间分带性,基底继承性和热隆起成矿

尽管华南热液矿床分布广大,类型多样,组合复杂,但却显示出若干公认的成矿特征和共同的分布规律.以这些基本事实为出发点,并结合新的研究资料和认识加以重新思考,可能对华南热液矿床成因乃至华南大陆地壳演化的进一步深入理解提供重要线索.     

华南热隆起成矿及其机制探讨

华南热液矿床至少在3方面表现出明显的热隆起成矿特征，即：它们主要集中在后加里东隆起区和海西-印支凹陷中的岛状复背斜带，常与花岗岩穹隆，前寒武纪基底中的块断隆起，以及沉积盆地中的局部隆起或背斜构造有关；与成矿有关的花岗岩类往往呈现早期早阶段斑状-似斑状中-粗粒到晚期晚阶段中-细粒的结构演化，且成矿主要与后者有关；与中酸性火成岩有关的热液成矿流体在早期以岩浆水来源为主，晚期大气降水增多。流体温度和浓度变化制约的浮力驱动机制是造成热隆起成矿的主要因素。除了花岗岩类侵入之外，快速隆起造成的地温异常也是热隆起成矿的重要机制。     

桂东北钨锡稀有金属矿床的成矿类型、成矿时代及其地质背景

在大地构造位置上,桂东北地区位于江南造山带与华南褶皱带的过渡部位,具有独特的构造地理位置。在精细测试一系列典型矿床及其有关的花岗岩年代学的基础上,本文根据矿床类型、成矿元素组合,把该地区矿床分为6个成矿系统:①与志留纪花岗岩有关W-Mo矿;②与二叠世花岗岩有关Pb-Zn矿床;③与晚三叠世花岗岩有关W-Mo和Sn-Nb-Ta矿床;④与中—晚侏罗世花岗岩有关的W-Sn矿床;⑤与白垩世花岗岩有关的W-Sn矿床;⑥与花岗岩有关的铀矿。这些矿床的形成与不同时期构造-岩浆演化密切相关,主要形成于同碰撞挤压环境或者碰撞后伸展环境。     

华南花岗岩的特征与三稀金属成矿

华南地区位于中生代欧亚大陆板块构造岩浆活动带的华南陆块中部,横跨扬子板块和华夏板块,是我国有色金属、稀有金属、稀土金属和贵金属等资源的重要矿产区(蔡锦辉和韦昌山等.2009)。由于板块俯冲造成强烈的地壳构造运动,华南地区形成了非常丰富的花岗岩(张岳桥等,2009;南京大学地质学系,1981)。三稀金属     

华南石英脉型钨矿床扇状成矿的规律及其找矿意义

钨是中国、美国、英国、欧盟等国家的战略性关键矿产,如何在已知矿区外围寻找新的钨矿资源是当前找矿工作面临的一大难题.本文通过广泛调研钨矿床野外地质事实及基础地质资料,指出江西茅坪、东坪、淘锡坑,广西社垌,广东梅子窝等石英脉型钨矿床具有扇状成矿的规律,即于花岗岩体顶部形成两组相向倾斜的"双胞胎"矿脉,横剖面呈扇状.扇状容矿...     

云南沧源拱丁金多金属矿床的成矿特征及成因

云南沧源拱丁金多金属矿床产于耿马花岗岩西接触带内带的构造破碎带中,矿体呈脉状,形态单一。矿石和脉石矿物的S、Pb同位素、流体包裹体的均一温度和成矿流体成分的分析结果表明,成矿流体来源于天水和岩浆流体的混合,成矿组分主要是从元古界地层中萃取的,但也包含有岩浆热液携带的深部成矿物质。成矿温度为217~353 ℃,属于中高温热液矿床。根据矿床的空间分布、围岩蚀变类型以及成矿时代分析,提出燕山晚期中酸性岩脉发育地段,特别是闪长玢岩岩脉群分布地段以及耿马花岗岩体与元古界西盟群王雅组接触带内带的构造破碎带,是重要的找矿标志和找矿方向。     

区域成矿规律对华南大地构造属性的联系

关于华南大地构造属性,长期存在古陆或克拉通与地槽褶皱带或造山带两种观点。根据华南很少出露早前寒武纪地质体,广泛发育1．0Ga以后的巨厚地槽相沉积物,经历了1．0Ga以后的多旋回构造运动,发育多期次花岗岩类等事实,笔者认为华南是造山带,而非古陆。考虑到世界著名地台或古陆均不产钨矿,而华南是世界最重要的钨矿省,本文通过分析钨等元素成矿地球化学原理,结合介绍华南含钨花岗岩类的地球化学特点及其形成构造背景,从区域成矿规律角度论证了华南是造山带。     

广西南丹大厂超大型锡多金属矿床的成矿时代

通过对广西南丹大厂用多金属矿床91号和100号矿体中透长石和石英的常规快中子活化和激光原位~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar法同位素年代学的研究,获得91号矿体块状锡石硫化物矿石中石英的~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar坪年龄为94.52±0.33 Ma,等时线年龄为 95.37±0.45 Ma,反等时线年龄为 94.89±0.16 Ma,透长石的激光~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar等时线年龄为91.4±2.9 Ma;100号矿体石英的坪年龄为 94.56±0.45 Ma,等时线年龄为 93.5±1.2 Ma,反等时线年龄为 93.29±0.16 Ma。这些资料有助于表明大厂锡矿形成于燕山期,在成因上证实后生成因的看法,并且表明产出特征不同的91号矿体与100号矿体是基本同时形成的。结合100号矿体规模巨大但围岩蚀变欠发育的特点,提出了含矿流体进入古溶洞后,由于突然的减压降温而导致成矿物质超常聚集的“失压沸腾”成矿机制。     

桂东北地区金属矿床主要类型、成矿时代及其地质意义

桂东北地区位于南岭成矿带的西段,扬子地块与华南褶皱带的衔接部位,跨越桂中-桂东台陷、桂东早-中海西台陷和大瑶山台隆等3个构造单元。桂北地区在晚太古宙-早元古宙的深变质基底的基础上,叠加了加里东褶皱基底,其后进入了滨太平洋大陆边缘构造发展阶段。伴随着地质构造演化,在桂北地区形成了不同时期     

华南泥盆纪古地理环境对宁乡式铁矿床时空分布、矿石特征的制约

泥盆纪宁乡式铁矿床是我国分布最广、储量最多的沉积型铁矿床,广泛分布于我国华南的鄂、湘、赣、川、滇、黔、桂等省(区)及甘南等地,矿床的时空展布和矿石组合受控于沉积盆地的古地理环境.根据宁乡式铁矿床的分布情况划分出8个成矿区,根据华南地区泥盆纪构造格局划分出8种盆地类型.在详细分析各盆地内矿床特征的基础上,总结出陆内凹陷盆地对成矿最为有利,晚泥盆世铁矿床相对集中,规模较大,矿化强度高;在同一盆地内,盆地边缘矿床的矿石为碱性矿石,多为贫矿,磷含量较低,靠近盆地中心的矿床规模巨大,矿石为酸性矿石,品位较高,富矿所占比重较大,磷含量较高.最后,针对不同类型矿石提出了其不同的可利用性和不同的矿物加工利用技术.     

Gold Deposits in Beishan Mountain, Northwestern China

Abstract. The Beishan Mountain spans three provinces ‐ Gansu, Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia, having an area of 120,000 km² Tectonically, it transverses three different tectonic units, i.e. Siberia, Kazakhstan and Tarim plates, and is composed of nine ter‐rains with widely exposed Precambrian and Paleozoic strata, complex structures, intensive magmatic activities and widespread ore deposits. It is not only a main part of Tianshan‐Yinshan‐Great Hinggan metallogenic belt in China, but also a key to under‐stand the evolution of central‐Asian orogenic system. At present, more than 100 gold deposits and prospects have been discovered, explored and mined, among which Nanjinshan, Mazhuangshan, Liushashan, Jinwozi, Zhaobishan and Xiaoxigong are the most important ones. Based on the host rocks and the geological features, all these gold occurrences can be subdivided into three groups (or types): (1) hosted by Carboniferous or Permian volcanic or subvolcanic rocks; (2) hosted by or related to plutonic intrusions; and (3) hosted by Precambrian metamorphic rocks. The first group includes the Mazhuangshan gold deposit, which occurs in Hercynian quartz por‐phyry and rhyolite porphyry as gold‐bearing quartz veins. The second group is composed of the Liushashan, Nanjinshan Zhaobishan and Jinwozi gold deposits. Gold mineralization at these four deposits occurs within Hercynian granitoids intrusion: or late Paleozoic sedimentary rocks as quartz veins, veinlets and altered rocks. The Xiaoxigong gold deposit belongs to the third group, and is hosted by Precambrian schist, amphibolite and migmatite as quartz veins and altered rocks. Isotopic age dating data, geological and geochemical evidence suggest that most of the groups 1 and 2 gold deposits were generated during the emplacement of the Hercynian or partly Indosinian intrusions. These intrusions may provide both heat and metals for groups 1 and 2 deposits. In contrast, although the formation is closely related to the Hercynian magma‐tism, the ore‐forming materials of the group 3 deposits may not only come from the intrusions, but also from the Precambrian metamorphic rocks.     

对华南花岗岩研究的若干思考

论述了华南地质历史上四个时期花岗岩特点、成因模式与大地构造框架,从中折射出一些值得进一步思考的问题。晋宁期花岗岩是扬子周边环形岛孤型造山带的组成部分,加里东期、印支期和燕山期花岗岩的形成,分别与早古生代板内压扭性断裂熔融、早中生代板内伸展减压熔融和晚中生代活动陆缘伸展增生造山作用有关。华南四个地质时期的花岗岩的成因各异,模式不同,主导的地球动力学机制也不同。建立能解释多数地质事实的模式,是当前认知的需要。希望在不远的将来,沿着历史长河完整地描述19亿年以来的华南花岗岩地质演变与地壳演化,将华南地质的故事以三维图像形式演示于众。     

皖南两花岗岩体的岩石学特征及成矿专属性判别

皖南花岗岩体约２０余个，分同熔型及改造型两种，前者主要受印支褶皱带控制，常呈北东向展布；后者受燕山期深断裂制约，呈东西或南北向延伸。本文对区内有代表性的榔桥岩体（同熔型）和姚村岩体（改造型）两个岩体，分别从分布的地质背景、岩石矿物学、岩石化学、微量元素及稀土元素地球化学、铅同位素及岩浆演化等方面进行了研究和对比，并按花岗岩类成矿专属性模型法作了判别：前者主要与Ｆｅ、Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｏ等多金属矿化有关；后者与ｓｎ、Ｗ及ＴＲ矿种有关，判别结果与迄今的找矿实际基本吻合。     

华南某些含钨花岗岩的K-Ar年龄

测定了华南某些与钨矿床有关的花岗岩和钨矿脉样品的K—Ar年龄,共37件。这些花岗岩的表观年龄自183Ma至99.5Ma(年龄值为715Ma的岩体与钨矿无关),其中68％以上样品值域在150Ma左右。~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar—40K/~(36)Ar等时线图解给出的等时年龄为132.1Ma,说明这些花岗岩在形成时代上属中侏罗到早白垩世。我们发现在华南钨矿成矿域内,有一个从中心带向外年龄逐渐变青的趋势。用矿脉中和矿脉侧云英岩中云母类矿物所做的K—Ar定年得到的矿化作用的年龄,与各自相关的花岗岩的年龄非常接近,以至于很难用K—Ar定年法加以区别。即成矿作用和成岩作用有一种准同期性。等时线对应的~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar初始比高于现今大气Ar的比值,表明花岗岩在固结时有继承Ar存在。     

Geochemical Characteristics of Sinian Manganese Deposits in China

Sinian is one of the main periods of the formation of manganese deposits in China. Sinian manganesedeposits are mainly hosted in carbon-rich black shale and siliceous shale formed during the Sinian interglacial period. The composition of manganese ore is simple. The main ore mineral is manganiferous carbonates. The grade of manganese ore is about 16-25%, with Mn/Fe>5 and P/Mn=0.006-0.14. Based on the tectonic setting and geological and geochemical characteristics of manganese deposits, this paper discusses the process of migration and concentration of manganese and ore-forming conditions of Sinian manganese deposits in China.     

华南地幔柱构造与成矿

文章应用地幔柱构造理论,对华南多金属成矿省铀、钨等矿种的成矿作用与地幔柱构造的内在联系进行了分析与探讨,提出华南的核心地段存在以桂东幔凹大型构造网结-浆源活动中心的同位套环（内环Ⅰ、中环Ⅱ、外环Ⅲ）的亚地幔柱构造。初步厘定准幔柱（热点）构造20余处,总体上它们控制了华南核心地带的钨、铀等金属矿种的空间展布。指出应以华南亚幔柱内环为重点,兼顾中环和外环准幔枝（热点）构造成矿有利地段进行深部探索的择靶方向。     

新编华南花岗岩分布图及其说明

展示了新编的《华南花岗岩分布图（1：250万）》,并作了简要说明。该图在前人相关图件的基础上,收集了近15年来华南花岗岩研究的新的主量元素和年代学资料修编而成。此外,该图反映了华南不同时代花岗岩的富铝程度。     

华南热点铀成矿作用

文章阐述了地幔柱和热点活动的基本概念，并划分热点活动为大陆型和大洋型；扼要阐述了热点活动与成矿作用的关系，提出了热点铀成矿作用理论。华南中新生代（220～50Ma）的地质构造作用、岩浆活动、沉积和变质作用、成矿作用与深部地幔柱构造作用有着密切关系。从地质、地球物理和地球化学等方面论证了贵东东部为中生代大陆型热点活动地区及其与铀成矿作用的关系，指出了华南热液型铀矿找矿远景。     

The Metallogenetic Regularities of Lithium Deposits in China

Lithium resources support the development of high-technology industries. China has abundant lithium resources which are mainly distributed in Tibet,Qinghai,Sichuan and Jiangxi. Salt lakes in China have significant lithium reserves,but lithium is mainly produced from hard rock lithium deposits because the extraction from salt lakes requires further improvements. The hard rock lithium deposits mainly occur in granitic pegmatite in the Altay region of Xinjiang and the Jiajika deposit in western Sichuan Province; they mainly formed in the Mesozoic and occurred in a relatively stable stage during orogenic processes. On the basis of the information from 151 lithium deposits or spots,14 lithium metallogenic series were identified,and granitic pegmatite,granite,and sedimentary types were considered to be the main prediction types of lithium resources. Twelve lithium mineralization belts were divided and a series of maps showing the lithium metallogenetic regularity in China were drawn. We conclude that the hard rock and brine type of lithium resources possibly have a similar lithium source related to magmatism. The metallogenic features of the lithium in China were related with the distinct history of tectonic-magmatic activity in China. This study benefits the assessment of,and prospecting for,lithium resources in China.