双相不锈钢管道全位置焊接残余应力三维有限元数值模拟

以热弹塑理论为基础，利用ANSYS非线性分析有限元程序，对双相不锈钢管道接头环焊缝残余应力进行三维数值模拟。建立了管道全位置焊接瞬态温度场和应力场三维移动热源模型，获得了环焊缝焊接接头轴向和环向残余应力的分布规律：在管道接头内表面的焊缝及近缝区的轴向和环向残余应力均为拉应力，随着离开焊缝距离的增加，由拉应力逐渐过渡为压应力。在管道接头外表面焊缝中心处的轴向残余应力为压应力，而环向残余应力为拉应力。从环向位置上的应力变化规律可以看出正半周和负半周的应力分布具有明显的对称性。研究结果为优化生产工艺，控制残余应力提供了理论依据。     

数值计算模拟工艺参数对管道环焊缝残余应力的影响

以热——弹塑性理论为基础,建立了厚壁管环焊缝残余应力的二维轴对称有限元模型,利用ANSYS有限元程序分析了三种焊接工艺参数对管道环焊缝残余应力的影响,计算中考虑了材料热物理性能参数和力学性能参数的温度相关性.结果表明,管道内表面焊缝和近缝区的轴向和环向残余应力均为拉应力,而管道外表面焊缝和近缝区的轴向残余应力和环向残余应力均为压应力;接头内表面应力水平高于外表面;残余应力的最大值均位于距管道外表面一定距离处,其数值接近于材料的屈服应力;随着焊接热输入的增加,残余应力峰值变化不大,塑性变形区宽度增加.     

Internal residual stress measurement on inertia friction welding of nickel-based superalloy

The internal residual stress in the narrow inertia friction welding (IFW) welds of FGH96 nickel-based superalloy was measured with the contour method (CM). The as-welded internal hoop and axial residual stresses were obtained after two cuts and the detailed steps of the CM measurement were described. In addition, the hole-drilling method was used to obtain the surface stress. Furthermore, the internal hoop residual stress of a FGH96 superalloy IFW specimen after post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) was also measured with the CM after a single cut. The measured results show that the peak hoop residual stress is not symmetrical about the weld centreline. Axial residual stress on the outer surface at the weld centreline is compressive stress, while tensile stress appears on the inner surface, and it varies linearly along the thickness. The peak values of hoop tensile and compressive stresses decrease dramatically after PWHT.     

基于轮廓法测试镍基高温合金惯性摩擦焊接头内部残余应力

采用轮廓法(contour method)测试小直径FGH96镍基高温合金惯性摩擦焊接接头的内部环向应力。详细介绍了轮廓法测试步骤,包括试样切割、切割面轮廓测试、数据处理和有限元分析;获得了FGH96镍基高温合金惯性摩擦焊接接头内部环向应力分布全貌并分析其分布特征。测试结果表明:镍基高温合金惯性摩擦焊接接头的焊缝中心位置环向应力为非常大的拉应力,峰值拉应力为1200 MPa,达到材料室温时的屈服强度;焊缝区域(距焊缝中心±5 mm区域)近内壁区域的环向应力大于外壁区域环向应力,垂直焊缝方向的环向应力变化梯度非常大;远离焊缝区域,焊缝两侧的环向应力不对称。     

基于轮廓法测试惯性摩擦焊接头内部残余应力

采用轮廓法测试小尺寸镍基高温合金惯性摩擦焊接头的内部环向应力、中等尺寸惯性摩擦焊接头内部环向和轴向应力;分析惯性摩擦焊接头内部环向和轴向残余应力分布特征. 结果表明,轮廓法能测试小尺寸及窄小焊缝试件的内部残余应力,能反映出窄小焊缝内部的大梯度焊接残余应力全貌;惯性摩擦焊接头的环向应力沿轴向变化剧烈,沿环向分布均匀,沿厚度分布不均匀;焊缝中心位置外表层区域环向应力小于内表层区域环向应力;焊缝中心外表面轴向应力为压应力,而内表面轴向应力为拉应力,且轴向应力沿厚度呈线性变化.     

Numerical analysis of residual stress distribution generated by welding after surface machining based on hardness variation in surface machined layer due to welding thermal cycle

Recently, stress corrosion cracking (SCC) has been observed near the welded zone of the primary loop recirculation pipes made of low-carbon austenitic stainless steel type 316L in boiling water reactors. SCC is initiated by superposition effect of three factors. They are material, environmental and mechanical factors. For non-sensitized material such as type 316L, residual stress as a mechanical factor of SCC is comparatively important. In the joining processes of pipes, butt welding is conducted after surface machining. Surface machining is performed in order to match the inside diameter and smooth surface finish of pipes. Residual stress is generated by both processes. Moreover, residual stress distribution generated by surface machining is varied by subsequent welding processes, and it has the maximum residual stress around 900 MPa near the weld metal. The variation of metallographic structure, such as recovery and recrystallization, in the surface machined layer due to the welding thermal cycle is an important factor for this residual stress distribution. In this study, thermal ageing tests were performed in order to evaluate hardness variation due to the thermal cycle in the surface machined layer. Results of thermal ageing tests were applied to the finite-element method as the additivity rule of the hardness variation. Varied hardness was converted into equivalent plastic strain. Then, thermo-elastic-plastic analysis was performed under residual stress fields generated by surface machining. As a result, analytical results of surface residual stress distribution generated by bead-on-plate welding after surface machining show good agreement with measured results by the X-ray diffraction method. The maximum residual stress near the weld metal is generated by the same mechanism as in the both-ends-fixed bar model in the surface machined layer that has high yield stress.     

耐热钢厚壁管环焊残余应力的有限元分析

以热-弹塑性理论为基础，建立了厚壁管环焊残余应力的二维轴对称有限元模型，利用ANSYS有限元分析软件，模拟了耐热钢厚壁管环焊对接的应力分布。结果表明，焊缝内表面及其附近处的轴向应力和环向应力均是拉应力，而外表面是压应力，接头处内表面应力水平高于外表面；径向应力数值远低于环向应力和轴向应力；各方向残余应力的最大值均位于距管道外表层一定距离处，其数值大小接近于材料的屈服点应力。     

低碳钢管道焊接残余应力有限元分析

利用ＡＤＩＮＡ非线性分析有限元程序,对低碳钢管道环焊缝接头焊接残余应力进行有限元分析。在热弹塑性分析中考虑了材料热物理和力学性能依赖于温度变化。结果表明：在管道接头内表面焊缝中心及近缝区轴向和环向残余应力均为拉应力,随离开焊缝距离的增加,逐渐过渡为压应力。在管道接头外表面焊缝中心处的轴向残余力为压应力,而环向残余应力为拉应力。计算预测值和实侧值基本一致,表明有限元法能够经济而有效地预测管道环焊缝接头的焊接残余应力。     

Study on residual stress in socket weld by numerical simulation and experiment

In this paper, welding residual stress in socket weld of 304L stainless steel pipe was investigated using numerical simulation and validated by X-ray stress measurement. From the simulation results, the maximum tensile residual stresses were located at weld root and weld toe on both sides of the weld along pipe, which led to the fatigue failure. Pre-bevelling and low transformation temperature (LTT) dressing could decrease tensile residual stress both in hoop and axial direction at weld root and weld toe. After LTT dressing, compressive residual stress was generated throughout weld toe. Compressive stress can delay fatigue crack initiation and propagation. Therefore, pre-bevelling and LTT dressing can improve the fatigue life of socket weld.     

胀形对TC4合金环锻件残余应力及分布的影响

对TC4合金辗轧环锻件残余应力进行了测试,分析了胀形技术对TC4合金辗轧环锻件残余应力及分布的影响。结果表明,采用绘制雷达图的方式可对环形件残余应力大小和分布均匀性进行有效表征和分析,采用胀形技术可实现辗轧环件的残余应力调控。现有辗轧及胀形工艺下,TC4合金环件表面残余应力均为残余压应力,且在-50~-150MPa范围内波动;残余应力分布雷达图存在“尖角”,胀形后“尖角”趋于平缓;经胀形处理后环件残余应力均值略有降低,周向应力较轴/径向应力的降幅更加显著,内环面与上端面周向应力经胀形后应力均值降幅分别达24.8%与20.2%;经胀形处理后环件残余应力均匀性整体有所提高;仅下端面周向应力大小及分布均匀性改善效果不明显。     

铍环激光束钎焊过程的数值模拟

采用MARC软件对铍环激光束钎焊过程的温度场和应力场进行有限元分析，温度场分析得到与铍环实际激光束钎焊基本一致的焊缝形状，应力场分析表明，焊接后轴向应力和环向应力在焊缝中心的钎料上为压应力，在铍玻外表面热影响区的内表面均为拉应力，径向应力为压应力，焊接残余应力主要分布在离焊缝2mm的范围内，焊接后铍环内外表面发生径向收缩，将有限元分析得以的铍坏外形面的轴向残余应力结果与实测结果进行了比较，二者所反映的应力变化趋势基本一致。     

GH4169疲劳试样加工残余应力的表征及其对低周疲劳寿命的影响

为了探究GH4169合金低周疲劳试样加工过程中表面残余应力的变化及残余应力对低周疲劳性能的影响,采用X射线衍射法对“车 磨 抛”不同加工工艺的试样表面残余应力进行表征及对成品试样进行残余应力层深度测试,通过中子衍射法对试样内部进行残余应力测试。采用电液伺服万能试验机进行了低周疲劳试验。结果表明：GH4169合金低周疲劳试样加工表面残余应力随着切削量的增加由表面残余压应力变为残余拉应力。根据残余应力层深度测试,机加工对试样表面造成残余应力层深度小于0.01 mm,内部残余拉应力减小;根据疲劳试验结果,GH4169合金疲劳寿命与表面轴向残余压应力呈正相关关系。     

钢管混凝土拱桥大管径拱肋环焊缝焊接数值模拟

为了研究大管径拱肋环焊缝焊接接头残余应力分布规律,用ANSYS软件对直径1 400 mm,厚度26 mm的拱肋环焊缝进行了焊接温度场及应力场数值模拟. 分析了焊接过程的温度分布云图及应力分布云图,获取了特征节点的热循环曲线,分析了焊后内外表面各残余应力分布情况及内表面残余应力形成过程. 结果表明,等效残余拉应力峰值出现在钢管内表面焊缝底部. 焊后径向和环向残余应力在内、外表面大部分区域形成压应力,轴向残余应力在内、外表面形成拉-压相间的应力分布,等效残余应力在内、外表面均为拉应力. 残余应力形成过程中,第2 ~ 7层的径向、环向、轴向及等效残余应力曲线与第1层径向、环向、轴向及等效残余应力曲线相比,除在波峰及波谷处有较小变化外,其它区域残余应力几乎不变.     

基于工作温度8Cr4Mo4V钢制轴承外套圈尺寸及应力变化特征分析

测定了8Cr4Mo4V钢制直壁圆筒形轴承外套圈在不同工作温度下内外径尺寸及表面残余应力的变化特征,分析了引起轴承外套圈尺寸变化和表面残余应力变化的因素,并对轴承外套圈进行了微观组织观察。结果表明,在不同工作温度下,保温300 h后轴承外套圈的尺寸均增加1~2 μm,轴承外套圈外径的尺寸变化量大于内径尺寸变化量;工作温度下残留奥氏体转变为马氏体,马氏体深度回火,均会使轴承外套圈内径表面残余压应力增加。工作温度为150 ℃时,内、外径表面残余压应力绝对值增加幅度最大,随着工作温度的提高,表面残余压应力绝对值增加幅度降低。轴承外套圈内外径表面残余压应力的增大是由于轴承钢中残留奥氏体转变为马氏体,发生体积膨胀引起的。马氏体发生深度回火导致体积收缩,外套圈内外径收缩尺寸量不同将引起内外径表面的残余压应力值变化不同,尺寸收缩将导致内径残余压应力增大,而外径残余压应力减小。     

典型封闭环焊缝多道焊焊接残余应力的模拟分析

针对两种典型的封闭环焊缝焊接--圆盘镶块和平板垂直接管的多道焊焊接进行了三维数值模拟,分析采用子程序来实现高斯分布表征的热源移动,得到了焊接的热循环过程及焊后残余应力分布.分析表明,封闭环焊缝在起焊/收焊区域的残余应力状况复杂,存在较大的环向残余拉应力,往往会诱使焊缝开裂失效.相比而言,接管环焊缝的应力状况更应引起足够的重视.     

拉剪载荷下超高强度钢点焊残余应力试验

点焊后焊接残余应力叠加工作载荷后,内部应力会重新分配.文中选用B1500HS超高强度钢薄板,制备焊接构件,并通过X射线衍射法测量焊核区、热影响区及母材区的表面残余应力.在施加拉剪载荷的情况下,分别从电极端面直径、焊接电流两方面考察点焊构件在施加拉剪载荷前后残余应力的分布情况.结果表明,点焊时电流变化对试件的残余应力有一定影响;电极端面直径增加使得焊核区的残余应力增大.施加拉剪载荷后,残余应力在焊核与热影响区有所释放,远离焊核区的释放较小.     

Residual stresses in face finish turning of high strength nickel-based superalloy

This paper investigates the residual stresses distributions introduced in a new generation nickel-based superalloy RR1000 by surface finish turning. The residual stresses introduced as a function of depth have been analysed for a series of machining trials with round and rhombic inserts, coated and uncoated inserts, new and worn tools, and chipped tool. The residual stress depth profiles obtained by X-ray diffraction, and layer removal show that the tool type, tool coating, tool wear and tool breakage influence the residual stress. The extent of plastic deformation for different cutting conditions has been inferred from the different peak width. Overall, residual stresses tend to have a tensile character at all depths in the hoop direction, but exhibit a significant compressively stressed zone in the radial direction.     

环形构件激光束钎焊过程的有限元模拟

对铍环激光束钎焊过程的温度场和应力场进行了有限元模拟。分析采用轴对称模型和热力耦合的有限元方法，并假定沉积到钎缝表面的激光束能量满足Gauss分布。结果表明，焊接温度场分析得到的熔池大小与金相分析得到的焊缝几何尺寸比较一致；在离钎缝2．5mm以内的区域，焊接残余应力非常大，材料发生塑性屈服，环向应力大于轴向应力，从而使得铍环容易发生轴向开裂；远离钎缝区域，铍环内外表面同时发生向内的径向收缩，离钎缝1mm范围内，铍环外表面向外膨胀，内表面继续向内收缩；焊接残余应力主要分布在离钎缝15mm以内的区域。     

冷径向精锻钛合金管残余应力测试

介绍了用X射线衍射法与剥层法对小口径钛合金（Ti6Al4V）管开展的残余应力测试研究,用冷径向精锻制备的钛合金管锻件内径为φ20mm,外径为φ40mm,将外径机加至φ25,φ24,φ23mm,分别测试φ40,φ25,φ24,φ23mm外表面的轴向、周向残余应力,结果表明：φ40mm外表面的残余应力主要是拉应力,其他直径外表面的残余应力为压应力,研究对该类产品的工艺与产品设计具有重要参考价值。     

GH4169疲劳试样加工残余应力的表征及其对低周疲劳寿命的影响

为了探究GH4169合金低周疲劳试样加工过程中表面残余应力的变化及残余应力对低周疲劳性能的影响，采用X射线衍射法对“车 磨 抛”不同加工工艺的试样表面残余应力进行表征及对成品试样进行残余应力层深度测试，通过中子衍射法对试样内部进行残余应力测试。采用电液伺服万能试验机进行了低周疲劳试验。结果表明：GH4169合金低周疲劳试样加工表面残余应力随着切削量的增加由表面残余压应力变为残余拉应力。根据残余应力层深度测试，机加工对试样表面造成残余应力层深度小于0.01 mm，内部残余拉应力减小；根据疲劳试验结果，GH4169合金疲劳寿命与表面轴向残余压应力呈正相关关系。