精英交叉二进制蝙蝠算法求解0-1背包问题*

针对基本蝙蝠算法收敛速度慢,易早熟的问题,提出了一种精英交叉二进制蝙蝠算法。该算法借鉴精英策略和遗传算法中的交叉机制,按照一定比例选择蝙蝠群中的精英个体进行交叉,将得到子蝙蝠群和父蝙蝠群进行混合择优,保证蝙蝠群的多样性和优秀性,提高了全局搜索能力;为提高局部搜索能力,算法在对每个个体计算适应度值时加入贪心策略;另外,通过对蝙蝠群最优解进行动态监测,适时对种群进行柯西变异,使算法具有跳出局部极值的能力。通过对5个实例的仿真计算比较表明,该算法与改进贪心遗传算法,贪心二进制蝙蝠算法和病毒协同蝙蝠算法相比,无论是收敛速度还是寻优能力都表现优异,为求解0-1背包问题提供了一个实用的算法。     

基于SDN的卫星网络多控制器部署方法研究

针对传统卫星网络协议的异构性、网络配置不灵活、不能提供细粒度服务等问题,本文基于SDN的卫星网络架构,提出了一种改进的NSGA-II的多目标控制器初始化部署算法,以实现卫星网络的灵活控制。该方法在SDN卫星网络的架构基础上以低时延和负载均衡为优化目标,通过矩阵的形式对个体进行编码,同时提出行交叉和列交叉以及行变异和列变异操作,通过不断迭代进化,得出最优的控制器部署方案。实验证明,与传统的贪心算法以及随机算法相比,所提出的算法能够降低控制器和交换机之间的网络时延,同时使各控制器的负载保持均衡。     

求解0-1背包问题的二进制蝙蝠算法

为了求解离散空间中的最优化问题,提出了一种二进制蝙蝠算法,并引入时变惯性因子来提高算法的全局收敛速度;在此基础上,为提高求解0-1背包问题时找到最优解的机率,利用贪心优化策略对无效的蝙蝠个体进行优化,从而给出了贪心二进制蝙蝠算法（GBBA）。仿真计算结果表明,GBBA算法在寻优能力和收敛性能方面比已有的GMBA算法都更优越。     

面向多核系统的蚁群最优化能耗调度算法

主要研究多核系统的能耗最优化问题。首先,根据多核系统的特点,建立关于多核系统的任务、能耗模型;接着,设计和实现一种基于蚁群最优化能耗调度算法。本文算法以蚁群算法的概率状态转移规则为核心,通过全局信息激素更新的策略,避免了陷入局部最优的情况,从而获得全局最优解。通过实验比对,分别与贪心算法、穷举算法比较后发现：本校提出的调度算法,在最佳情况下,仅比最优能耗高0.7%,而该算法复杂度低,可以应用于任务输入集较大的场景。      

Multi-Radio无线传感器网络中基于缓存和信道切换的数据查询算法的研究

针对Multi-Radio Multi-Channel传感器网络中链路服务质量和信道冲突等问题,提出并证明了基于缓存和信道切换的数据查询问题是一个NP完全问题.根据数据流守恒和链路-信道等约束条件,建立线性规划方程,得到该问题的最优解模型,并提出了一个多项式时间的近似算法——贪心新覆盖数据算法.该算法采用动态规划策略最小化缓存节点将单位数据包传输到查询节点所需要的路径时延,再贪心选择其具有最小路径时延的缓存节点,收集其新覆盖数据.理论分析和实验结果表明,提出的方案能有效地减少数据收集时延,提高数据查询效率.     

面向低能耗的虚拟机部署和迁移策略

为提高数据中心的资源利用率并降低能耗,提出了面向低能耗的虚拟机部署和迁移策略,包括虚拟机初始部署算法BT-MPA和虚拟机动态迁移算法MMT-MMA。BT-MPA算法基于回溯法实现虚拟机集合和主机集合的最优初始映射,MMT-MMA算法基于最小迁移时间策略实现虚拟机动态迁移。仿真验证了所提出策略能够在降低数据中心总能耗的同时避免了不必要的迁移开销。     

面向数据中心的虚拟机部署及优化算法

虚拟机动态配置是解决数据中心能耗低效的有效方法。针对动态配置过程中的虚拟机部署及优化问题展开研究,提出一种新的面向系统能耗的虚拟机部署算法以及基于主动迁移的优化策略。为了降低系统能耗,新算法采用基于服务器利用率的最佳适配降序算法求解虚拟机部署方案;同时为了适应应用负载的动态变化,新算法启动主动迁移策略对部署方案进行优化,即通过启发式算法在当前部署的基础上搜索使系统能耗更低的优化方案,并根据新部署对虚拟机执行主动迁移。考虑到迁移会导致应用服务质量降级和额外能耗,新算法通过在优化策略中设置基于服务器利用率的启动门限,对虚拟机主动迁移频率进行控制。仿真实验表明,所提算法在系统能耗、虚拟机迁移频率、服务器状态切换频率以及服务质量等多项性能指标上均有显著提高     

求解0-1背包问题的混沌二进制乌鸦算法

针对离散空间的最优化问题,提出了二进制乌鸦算法,并在初始解中利用Chebyshev映射产生两种混沌序列优化乌鸦的初始解,保证个体的初始位置在整个搜索空间均匀分布;然后,为快速有效地求解0-1背包问题,引入贪心修复与优化策略处理非正常编码个体,得到基于混沌理论的二进制乌鸦算法（chaotic binary crow search algorithm,CBCSA）。仿真实验表明,CBCSA具有良好的全局寻优能力和收敛速度,能快速求得最优解,且混沌序列的第一映射方式比第二映射方式性能更佳。     

基于冗余任务消减的边缘应用性能优化

在增强现实应用中，距离较近的多个用户请求很可能是相似或者相同的，从而导致同样的计算任务被重复执行。针对该问题，设计基于冗余任务消减的计算任务缓存系统。通过在边缘节点设计任务缓存，使边缘服务器以自组织方式维护全局缓存。对客户端请求时延、用户轨迹、节点部署和总时延进行建模，基于此研究基站上边缘服务器的计算资源部署问题，在给定总的部署代价下优化平均请求时延，并将该问题转化为整数非线性规划问题，设计针对中小规模场景的IDM算法和针对大规模场景的LDM算法。实验结果表明：IDM算法的平均时延与参考最优解仅相差5.85%，对最优解具有较好的逼近效果；LDM算法在牺牲9.20%平均时延的情况下，相比于IDM算法运行时间缩短98.15%，大幅减少了运行开销。     

基于粒子群优化算法的虚拟机部署策略

针对云计算基础设施即服务(IaaS)中的虚拟机部署问题,提出一种基于粒子群优化(PSO)算法的部署策略。由于PSO算法在处理虚拟机部署这类大规模复杂问题时,具有收敛速度慢且容易陷入局部最优的缺点,首先,引入多种群进化模式提高算法收敛速度,并在此基础上加入高斯学习策略避免局部最优,提出了一种多种群高斯学习粒子群优化(MGL-PSO)算法;然后,根据部署模型,使用轮询(RR)算法对MGL-PSO进行初始化,进而提出了一种以负载均衡为目标的虚拟机部署策略。通过在CloudSim中进行仿真实验,验证了在解决虚拟机部署问题时,MGL-PSO相比PSO算法,具有更快的收敛速度,并且负载不均衡度降低了13.1%。在两种实验场景下,所提算法相比随机负载均衡(OLB)算法,其负载不均衡度分别平均降低了25%和15%;相比贪婪算法(GA),使负载不均衡度分别平均降低了19%和7%。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).