安全稳定控制系统在新疆南部电网的应用

新疆南部电网安全稳定控制系统由安装在30个厂站的稳定控制装置组成，覆盖巴州、阿克苏、喀什、和田地区。当新疆南部区域电网联络线或主力机组发生故障时，采取解列、切负荷措施，防止大面积停电，保证新疆南部电网的安全稳定运行。文中通过对新疆南部电网安全稳定控制系统的研究，提出了适合于该类型电网的稳定控制系统结构、实现方式、新原理、新判据。该系统多次在电网故障中正确动作，确保了电网的稳定运行。     

高压直流极控系统与安全稳定控制装置接口方案

安全稳定控制系统是电网安全稳定运行的重要保证。随着高压直流输电系统在“西电东送、全国联网”格局中的广泛应用，其调制功能必将成为一种重要的稳定控制措施。文中根据在南方电网及三峡电网中的工程经验，总结、介绍了安全稳定控制系统与直流极控系统之间相互交换信号内容和要求，以及接口方案。该方案对其他电网的安全稳定控制系统的设计、制造和运行具有重要的参考价值。     

交直流混合电网中直流50 Hz和100 Hz保护研究

对于远距离、大容量、交直流并联运行电网，交直流控制保护的配合对电网的安全稳定有着重要的影响。直流基频和2次谐波保护是交直流系统间相互配合的基本保护功能。利用EMTDC仿真软件和实时数字仿真（RTDS）对交直流混合运行电网中直流系统50 Hz和100 Hz保护整定原则进行了深入研究，提出了与交流系统故障清除时间和直流主设备承受能力相配合的100 Hz保护整定原则，并给出了基于EMTDC仿真的定量计算方法。该整定原则已应用于南方电网的天广、高肇和兴安直流输电系统，解决了南方电网中存在的交直流保护不配合的关键问题。     

稳定控制所用交流设备跳闸判据的分析及应用

电力系统安全稳定控制装置的动作行为直接影响电网的安全运行。对设备跳闸、尤其是交流输电线路跳闸的正确判断是稳定控制装置正确动作的重要前提。论述了用电气量判断输电线路跳闸的必要性，研究、分析了线路跳闸电气量的变化特征，以及潮流转移、失步振荡、低频振荡等动态过程中电气量变化与线路跳闸的区别;对目前使用的跳闸判据及有关判别条件的正确含义进行了解释，分析了现场运行中所出现的误判事件的原因，指出目前使用的跳闸判据的正确性;提出了防止误判跳闸的有效措施。文中讨论的内容将有助于澄清目前国内在这方面存在的分歧和认识方面的误解，以提高安全稳定控制系统运行的可靠性。     

天广交直流系统并联运行的稳定控制

研究了天广交直流系统并联运行的系统稳定性，介绍了天广直流系统的稳定控制功能以及天广交直流系统并联运行的紧急控制措施。研究表明天广交直流系统并联运行具有较大的输电能力和较好的稳定性。将直流系统自身的稳定控制功能和辅助的交流系统安全稳定装置适当地结合起来使用，可以有效地控制和减小系统单一元件或多元件故障对系统的冲击，改善交直流并联系统运行的稳定性。     

浅谈三峡电力系统(左岸)安全稳定控制装置

三峡电力系统(左岸)投产后，华中电网和川渝电网通过“三万线”实现联网，在系统正常和检修方式下，发生线路或变压器故障以及线路过负荷或高周时，需要采取切除三峡电力系统(左岸)机组、压出力、向直流极控系统发送调节直流功率的命令或切除部分负荷以及解列“三万线”等控制措施，才能确保电网的安全稳定运行。为此，装设在三峡左一电站、三峡左二电站、龙泉换流站、荆门(斗笠)变电站、荆州换流站、葛洲坝换流站的安全稳定控制系统显得非常重要。     

稳控系统联调试验方案研究

安全稳控系统是当系统发生紧急状态后,通过执行各种控制措施,让电网恢复到正常运行状态下的控制系统。电力系统安全稳定控制包括预防控制、紧急控制和恢复控制。根据电网规模大小及相关厂站之间的功能将安全稳定控制系统分为就地型稳定控制、区域稳定控制系统和混合型稳定控制三种。本文以宜昌南稳控系统联调方案说明区域稳定控制系统完善的联调试验方法,可以为电网提供安全可靠的保障。     

交流系统故障对直流输电系统的影响及改进建议

远距离、大容量、交直流混合运行电网中,交直流系统间的相互影响非常复杂。文中以南方电网交直流混联系统运行实例为基础,讨论了直流系统控制功能在交流系统故障期间的作用,分析了交流系统故障时可能误动的相关直流保护监视功能及换流变和站用变保护等,并给出了相应的改进建议。这不仅有助于提高直流输电系统的运行维护水平,确保交直流系统的安全稳定运行,还为未来直流输电系统的设计、交直流输电系统控制保护功能的合理配合等提供了有益的参考。     

HVDC孤岛交流系统中水轮机调速器特殊问题分析

HVDC(High Voltage Direct Current)送端为巨型水电站或水电站群时,采用孤岛运行方式,可以避免HVDC系统故障时对附近交流大电网稳定的不利影响,但在采用孤岛方式运行的情况下,一旦发生故障导致极闭锁引起输送功率大幅跌落,将会出现关于水轮机调速器控制的新问题。本文指出HVDC孤岛水电交流系统的特殊性和研究意义,然后结合云广直流工程实例,讨论与分析了HVDC极闭锁故障下水电孤岛系统调速控制中的特殊问题。     

异步联网模式下特大型机组调速器控制策略研究

渝鄂背靠背联网柔性直流输电工程,是实现西南和华中电网异步互联的关键一环,可有效化解交直流功率转移引起的电网安全稳定问题、简化复杂故障下电网安全稳定控制策略、避免大面积停电风险,大幅度提高南方电网主网架的安全供电可靠性。本文在借鉴南方电网开展的异步联网出现的超低频振荡分析机理,通过仿真测试比较不同调速器死区、PID参数,得出优化的控制参数,可以有效解决异步后西南电网的超低频振荡问题。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.