甘肃小铁山铅锌多金属矿床流体包裹体特征

为探讨甘肃小铁山矿床的成矿流体来源、性质及其演化过程,对其含矿石英脉、重晶石样品开展了系统的流体包裹体研究。结果表明,包裹体类型主要为气液两相包裹体、纯气体包裹体、纯液体包裹体以及含CO_2的三相包裹体。显微测温结果表明,小铁山矿床下盘脉状矿体中石英的流体包裹体的均一温度为174~452℃,盐度为0.88%~9.86%NaCl_(eqv);重晶石中流体包裹体的均一温度为149~388℃,盐度为2.07%~12.16%;块状矿体中的流体包裹体均一温度为178~296℃,盐度为1.91%~14.46%NaCl_(eqv)。氢氧同位素研究显示,含矿石英脉状中δ~(18)O_(H_2O)为-1.14‰~4.68‰,δD_(V-SMOW)为-88.0‰~-153.2‰,结合包裹体的岩相学、流体性质等特征,推断成矿热液应为岩浆流体与加热海水的混合流体。     

广东英德周屋铜多金属矿床流体包裹体特征

广东英德周屋铜多金属矿床位于南岭多金属成矿带,其矿床成因存在矽卡岩型和热液改造型的争议,并且研究程度较低,缺乏较为可靠的证据,尤其成矿流体研究是空白。通过对周屋铜多金属矿床系统的流体包裹体岩相学、显微测温和拉曼分析研究表明:在矽卡岩阶段发育富液相包裹体、富气相包裹体和含子矿物多相包裹体。矽卡岩阶段的石榴石和白钨矿中包裹体均一温度为290~≥490℃,高盐度(35.26%~40.10%NaCl_(eqv))和低盐度富气相包裹体(4.18%~4.96%NaCl_(eqv)),表现出流体不混溶现象,或以富气相和富液相包裹体共存为特征,温度范围为320~490℃,盐度变化范围较大(4.18%~17.08%NaCl_(eqv)),表现为沸腾现象。金属硫化物阶段,在硫化物早期石英中包裹体均一温度为290~360℃,高盐度(30.92%~37.40%NaCl_(eqv))和低盐度富气相包裹体(10.48%~11.70%NaCl_(eqv)),表现出流体不混溶现象;硫化物晚期以富气相和富液相包裹体共存为特征,温度范围为202~320℃,盐度变化范围较大(4.18%~24.04%NaCl_(eqv)),显示流体的沸腾现象,硫化物阶段是铜矿主要成矿阶段。褐铁矿-碳酸盐化阶段的石英和方解石中全部发育富液相包裹体,演化为相对较低的温度(Th=120~220℃)和较低的盐度(2.57%~7.59%NaCl_(eqv)),没有沸腾现象,属于NaCl-H_2O成矿体系。拉曼分析结果表明:早期石榴石、白钨矿和石英中包裹体气相成分以CO_2为主,其次是(或含)CH_4或H_2;液相成分主要为H_2O,晚期石英和方解石中包裹体液相和气相成分主要为H_2O和N_2。从早期的石榴石、白钨矿到晚期的石英和方解石,包裹体中H_2O的含量增多,说明在矽卡岩后期阶段,有较多的天水加入。铜矿床的成矿流体在200~490℃区间内至少发生了2次强烈的沸腾作用,改变了体系内的物理化学条件,导致大量铜的金属硫化物沉淀,沸腾作用对铜矿的形成和富集起着重要作用,为探讨矿床成因提供了新的依据。     

江西省朱溪钨(铜)多金属矿床流体包裹体及H-O同位素特征

为了探讨江西朱溪钨多金属矿床的成矿流体性质及演化特征,本文对不同成矿阶段的矿石矿物和脉石矿物开展了流体包裹体以及H-O同位素研究。流体包裹体显微测温结果显示,该矿床矽卡岩期矿物流体包裹体的均一温度范围为231～358℃,盐度范围为3. 87%～5. 86%NaCl_(eqv),氧化物期和石英硫化物期矿物流体包裹体温度范围分别为167～403℃和114～351℃,盐度范围分别为1. 57%～6. 45%NaCl_(eqv)和0. 88%～8. 00%NaCl_(eqv)。激光拉曼探针测试表明,朱溪钨矿床流体包裹体组分主要为H_2O,此外还含有少量CH_4、N_2和C_2H_4。石英H-O同位素结果显示,δD_(v-SMOW)值变化范围为-53‰～-87‰,δ~(18)O_(H_2O)值介于2. 58‰～5. 68‰。自成矿早期到晚期,该矿床总体呈现缓慢降温的演化过程,钨在进入流体相后很可能以钨杂酸的络合物形式迁移,含钨的流体与碳酸盐岩围岩发生反应而引发流体酸碱度的变化,或后期大气水的加入导致的温度降低可能是朱溪钨矿床中钨沉淀成矿的主要机制。     

吉林夹皮沟金矿带成矿流体地球化学特征

对夹皮沟地区夹皮沟群变质岩—斜长角闪岩及夹皮沟和二道沟金矿金矿石中的流体包裹体进行了岩相学、显微测温及单个包裹体成分激光拉曼光谱研究。结果表明:金矿石中发育水溶液相、含 CO_2相及 CO_2相等三类包裹体,成矿过程中,流体经历了 NaCl-H_2O-CO_2体系的不混溶作用,各类包裹体均一温度157.2℃～440℃,盐度1.8%～11.6%NaCl eqv,流体密度0.54～0.96g/cm~3;变质岩中以发育含子矿物多相包裹体为主,其均一温度为260℃～480℃,盐度为36.5%～54.8%NaCl eqv,流体密度为1.06～1.17g/cm~3,反映了变质流体为一中温、高盐度、高密度均匀 NaCl-H_2O 热液体系。成矿流体与变质流体存在明显差异,表明该区金矿床成矿流体并非来自太古代变质热液。结合新近的流体包裹体氢、氧同位素分析结果和测年数据,认为本区金矿成矿流体以来自岩浆热液为主,矿床成因属中生代岩浆热液矿床。     

西藏班-怒带西段荣那铜（金）矿床流体包裹体特征及矿床成因

荣那铜(金)矿床是班公湖-怒江缝合带西段新发现的矿床,是多龙矿集区的重要组成矿床之一,已探明储量达大型规模,具有超大型矿床的成矿潜力。荣那铜(金)矿床矿石矿相学与岩相学研究显示其具有典型高硫化型浅成低温热液型矿床的矿物组合(明矾石、硫砷铜矿等)和矿化蚀变特征。通过资料收集与野外观察,本文将荣那铜(金)矿床的成矿过程划分为石英-黄铁矿阶段、石英-多金属硫化物阶段与碳酸盐阶段,其中石英-多金属硫化物阶段为主成矿阶段。为查明该矿床的成矿流体特征,进一步确定矿床成因类型,对取自深部矿石中的石英脉(均为主成矿阶段含黄铁矿、黄铜矿石英脉)开展了流体包裹体的岩相学观察、显微测温和激光拉曼光谱分析。结果表明,上述矿物中主要发育富液相、富气相和含子矿物三相包裹体;富液相包裹体的均一温度与盐度分别为:80~440℃和4.63%~11.95%NaCl eqv;富气相包裹体的均一温度和盐度分别为:320~440℃和5.55%~10.74%NaCl eqv;含子矿物三相包裹体的均一温度与盐度分别为200~400℃和29.4%~32.56%NaCl eqv;富液相与富气相包裹体的气体成分除少量N2外,气体成分均为H2O。综合分析认为,荣那矿床成矿流体发生了强烈的沸腾作用,流体沸腾作用是该矿床的重要成矿机制。可见,荣那矿床具有高硫型浅成低温热液矿床的矿物组合及蚀变特征,但主成矿阶段石英脉流体包裹体特征与典型斑岩型铜(金)矿床的流体包裹体特征相似。因此,推测荣那高硫型浅成低温热液铜金矿的深部存在斑岩型铜金矿化,该矿床应属浅成低温热液型-斑岩型铜金矿床。     

辽宁高家堡子银矿床流体包裹体研究

高家堡子银矿床经历了沉积—变质期和热液叠加期。包裹体岩相学研究表明,沉积—变质期不发育可供研究的流体包裹体,热液叠加期发育大量原生流体包裹体,其中石英—黄铁矿阶段主要发育型气液两相、型含CO2三相、型单CO2及型单液相包裹体,包裹体均一温度为136~359℃,盐度为3.1%~15.9%NaCleq,成矿流体属NaCl-H2O-CO2体系;独立银阶段主要发育型气液两相和型单液相包裹体,包裹体均一温度、盐度分别为114~190℃,2.0%~5.5%NaCleq,属低温、低盐度NaCl-H2O流体体系。通过与矿区新岭岩体中流体对比研究发现,两者存在一定的相似性,表明成矿阶段流体主要来自岩浆热液,在成矿过程中,成矿流体经历了早期阶段不混溶作用到晚期阶段地下水的混合过程。流体的不混溶作用到混合过程对银的沉淀成矿产生了重要影响。     

河南祁雨沟金矿田189号矿床流体包裹体与矿床成因研究

河南祁雨沟金矿田189号矿床位于华北克拉通南缘的华熊地块,赋矿岩石为侵位于太华超群斜长角闪片麻岩的似斑状花岗岩。根据脉体穿切关系和矿物交代关系,将流体成矿过程分为4个阶段,其主要矿物组合分别为石英+钾长石±黄铁矿±磁铁矿(Ⅰ)、石英+黄铁矿±辉钼矿±黄铜矿(Ⅱ)、石英+黄铁矿+方铅矿±黄铜矿±金银碲化物(Ⅲ)和石英-碳酸盐(Ⅳ)。石英中发育4种类型流体包裹体:纯CO_2包裹体、CO_2-H_2O包裹体、水溶液包裹体和含子晶多相包裹体。其中,纯CO_2包裹体仅在Ⅰ阶段发育。流体包裹体均一温度从Ⅰ阶段380～475℃,经Ⅱ、Ⅲ阶段330～379℃和214～337℃,到Ⅳ阶段110～209℃,逐步降低;包裹体盐度最高值从Ⅰ阶段45.8%～57.9%NaCl_(eqv),经Ⅱ、Ⅲ阶段28.1%～47.0%NaCl_(eqv),到Ⅳ阶段0.5%～9.9%NaCl_(eqv),也呈降低的趋势。据CO_2-H_2O包裹体估算Ⅰ、Ⅱ阶段流体捕获压力分别为29～70 MPa和24～42 MPa,推测的成矿深度约为2.9 km。因此,祁雨沟189号矿床成矿流体具有高温、富CO_2的特征,为浆控高温热液系统的斑岩型金矿床。     

江西武山矽卡岩型铜矿床成矿流体演化及其成矿意义

江西武山铜矿床是长江中下游多金属成矿带内重要的矽卡岩型矿床之一。文章对该矿床中的流体包裹体进行了详细研究,重点分析了成矿流体的演化过程及其成矿意义。根据野外地质产状和室内岩相学特征,将武山矽卡岩型铜矿床热液成矿过程分为气成-高温热液期和热液期,前者包括矽卡岩阶段和磁铁矿阶段,后者包括石英-硫化物阶段和碳酸盐阶段。其中,石英-硫化物阶段是该铜矿形成的主要阶段,可进一步细分为辉钼矿-石英和黄铁矿-黄铜矿-石英2个阶段。岩相学观察显示,包裹体类型有Ⅰ型含子矿物包裹体(L+V+S)、Ⅱ型气液两相包裹体(L+Ⅴ)和Ⅲ型气相包裹体(Ⅴ)。气成-高温热液期的石榴子石中流体包裹体数量不多,但Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型包裹体都有;而热液期的石英与方解石中流体包裹体数量众多,以Ⅱ型包裹体为主。从早期矽卡岩阶段至碳酸盐阶段,成矿热液经历了从高温(378~518℃)、高盐度[ω(NaCl_(eq))介于17.3%~45.1%)向低温(113~250℃)、低盐度[ω(NaCl_(eq))介于3.4%~11.9%]的持续演化。热液演化过程中发生了流体沸腾作用和岩浆热液与大气降水的混合作用。其中,矽卡岩阶段的水-岩作用、沸腾作用与矽卡岩的形成密切相关,而成矿阶段的沸腾作用与混合作用可能是铜矿床形成的重要机制。H、O同位素研究表明,各成矿阶段的成矿流体以岩浆水为主,但随着成矿作用的进行,大气降水在成矿流体中的体积质量逐渐增大。     

满洲里地区银铅锌矿床成矿流体特征及矿床成因

满洲里地区是得尔布干成矿带最重要的银铅锌矿床产出地区。文中以额仁陶勒盖银矿床和查干布拉根银铅锌矿床为例,系统研究了该区银铅锌矿床成矿流体特征,探讨了矿床成因类型。研究表明,额仁陶勒盖银矿床以气液两相水溶液包裹体为主,流体包裹体均一温度为242～334℃,平均265℃,盐度(质量分数)为1.73%～4.48%NaCl_(eqv),平均2.70%NaCl_(eqv),流体密度为0.72～0.84 g/cm~3,平均0.80 g/cm~3,流体压力为13～26 MPa,平均18 MPa,对应的成矿深度为0.5～1.0 km,平均0.7 km,成矿流体总体上属于H_2O-NaCl体系。查干布拉根银铅锌矿床发育气液两相水溶液包裹体、含CO_2包裹体和纯CO_2包裹体,流体包裹体均一温度为179～367℃,平均261℃,盐度(质量分数)为2.23%～6.87%NaCl_(eqv),平均4.35%NaCl_(eqv),流体密度为0.65～0.91 g/cm~3,平均0.82 g/cm~3,成矿压力为15～46 MPa,平均25 MPa,对应的成矿深度为0.6～1.7km,平均0.9 km,成矿流体总体上属于H_2O-CO_2-CH_4-NaCl体系。两个矿床的成矿流体均属于中低温、低盐度、中等密度流体。额仁陶勒盖银矿床成矿流体主要来自大气降水,大气水的混入是银沉淀的主要机制,其矿床成因属于浅成低温热液型;查干布拉根银铅锌矿床成矿流体属于岩浆水与大气降水的混合水,流体不混溶作用或沸腾作用是查干布拉根矿床银铅锌沉积的主要机制,其矿床成因属于中低温热液脉型。满洲里地区银铅锌矿床的成矿时代为早白垩世,成矿与晚侏罗世—早白垩世火山-侵入岩浆活动晚期的火山-次火山热液密切相关,矿床产出于伸展背景下的中生代陆相火山断陷盆地中。     

胶西北焦家金矿深部成矿流体性质及成矿作用

胶东金矿集区因储量和产量巨大,一直是国内外矿床地质学者研究的热点。区内金矿床自西向东集中分布在招(远)—莱(州)断裂带、栖霞断裂带和牟(平)—乳(山)断裂带内。焦家金矿是位于招(远)—莱(州)断裂带内典型的蚀变岩型金矿,矿体赋存于焦家主干断裂的破碎蚀变带内。主成矿阶段石英内流体包裹体岩相学观察表明,焦家金矿主成矿阶段流体包裹体类型为H_2O—CO_2±CH_4包裹体、H_2O溶液包裹体和富CO_2单相或两相包裹体。空间紧密的不同包裹体内含碳相体积差异较大,但均一温度近似。包裹体均一温度为160～320℃,属高中温热液流体,流体具中低盐度(4%～10%NaCl_(eq))、低密度(0.64～1.10 g/cm~3)的特点。流体包裹体激光拉曼测试常见CO_2特征的费米共振双峰,少量可见CH_4特征峰。通过对比焦家及区内不同金矿成矿流体性质,并结合氢氧、碳及锶钕同位素特征的分析,认为胶东地区蚀变岩型金矿和石英脉型金矿为古太平洋西向俯冲体制下在壳幔边界处发生强烈壳—幔相互作用下的同一构造—岩浆—流体成矿系统的产物,矿区构造应力场方向转变、含矿流体的沸腾及广泛的水—岩蚀变反应是胶东金矿的成矿机理。     

内蒙古克什克腾旗长岭子铅锌矿床流体包裹体及矿床成因类型研究

内蒙古克什克腾旗长岭子铅锌矿床是大兴安岭南段新发现的一个矿床,矿体赋存于下二叠统大石寨组海相火山岩建造中,矿体受夕卡岩控制。根据手标本中脉体穿插关系和岩石薄片中观察的矿物共生组合特征,文中将长岭子铅锌矿的成矿过程划分为4个阶段：干夕卡岩阶段、湿夕卡岩磁铁矿阶段、石英硫化物阶段和石英碳酸盐阶段,分别以石榴子石±透辉石±硅灰石、石英+绿帘石+电气石+磁铁矿、石英+黄铁矿±磁黄铁矿±黄铜矿±方铅矿±闪锌矿和石英±方解石的矿物组合为标志。长岭子矿床主要发育水溶液包裹体(W型)和含子矿物多相包裹体(S型),前者可进一步划分为富液相(WL型)和富气相(WV型)两个亚类。干夕卡岩阶段辉石中主要发育S型和WL型包裹体,湿夕卡岩磁铁矿阶段绿帘石和石英中主要发育WL型、WV型和S型包裹体,石英硫化物阶段石英中可见所有类型的包裹体,石英碳酸盐阶段的石英±方解石脉中仅见WL型包裹体。干夕卡岩阶段辉石中流体包裹体的均一温度和盐度分别为387~524 ℃和10.7%~52%(NaCleqv.);湿夕卡岩磁铁矿阶段包裹体均一温度为312~533 ℃,盐度为11.3%~60%(NaCleqv.);石英硫化物阶段包裹体均一温度介于182~329 ℃,盐度介于4.7%~38%(NaCleqv.);石英碳酸盐阶段包裹体均一温度为124~199 ℃,盐度介于3.1%~22.4%(NaCleqv.)。上述矿床地质和成矿流体特征表明长岭子铅锌矿为夕卡岩型矿床。成矿流体经历了自夕卡岩阶段高温、高盐度岩浆热液向石英碳酸盐阶段低温、低盐度大气降水热液的转变。石英硫化物阶段发育沸腾包裹体组合,表明成矿流体发生了沸腾作用,这可能是成矿物质沉淀的主要机制。     

陕西省华县金堆城斑岩型钼矿床流体包裹体研究

陕西省华县金堆城钼矿床位于东秦岭钼矿带西部,形成于燕山期大陆碰撞体制.矿体产出于金堆城花岗斑岩体内部及其内外接触带.流体成矿过程包括早、中、晚3个阶段,分别以石英-钾长石组合、石英-(钾长石)-多金属硫化物-(碳酸盐)组合和石英-碳酸盐组合为标志,矿石矿物主要沉淀于中阶段.早、中阶段石英中可见纯CO_2包裹体(PC型)、CO_2-H_2O型包裹体(C型)、水溶液包裹体(W型)和含子晶多相包裹体(S型),但晚阶段只发育水溶液包裹体(W型).早阶段C型和W型包裹体均一温度集中于280～370℃,盐度为5.68～11.05 wt%NaCl.eqv;中阶段C型和W型流体包裹体均一温度集中于170～270℃,盐度为5.14～12.63 wt%NaCl.eqv.早、中阶段石英中见S型包裹体,加热过程中子矿物不溶.晚阶段流体包裹体均一温度集中于110～1900C,盐度介于7.17%～11.22 wt%NaCl.eqv之间.估算的早、中阶段流体捕获压力分别为143～243MPa和22～115MPa,推测成矿深度约为2.2～8.1km.金堆城钼矿的成矿流体以富CO_2、贫Cl~-为特征.     

黑龙江乌拉嘎金矿的次火山岩浆-热液成矿:熔体-流体包裹体证据

黑龙江乌拉嘎金矿是我国陆相火山岩区的重要金矿之一。构造位置处于古亚洲构造域与滨太平洋构造域交接复合部位的东北缘,矿体主要分布于团结沟斜长花岗斑岩接触带部位的隐爆角砾岩带和黑龙江群变质岩的层间裂隙中。斜长花岗斑岩的石英斑晶中发育3类包裹体:熔体包裹体、原生的L-V包裹体(及少量的L-V-S包裹体)和次生的L-V包裹体。玻璃质熔体包裹体相当于酸性殘浆的成分(SiO2达69.5%～73.8%),其捕获温度大于800℃。石英斑晶中次生L-V包裹体均一温度集中在210～350℃、盐度5%～7%NaCleqv,代表了次火山岩浆热液的特征,与黄铁矿-早期白色玉髓状石英阶段中Q1的包裹体均一温度范围很接近,而盐度略高于白色玉髓状石英Q1的。乌拉嘎金矿的金成矿可划分3个成矿阶段,发育盐水溶液包裹体:(1)黄铁矿-早期白色玉髓状石英阶段,包裹体均一温度为154～355℃,集中在190～330℃,盐度为1.3%～8.2%NaCleqv,密度为0.53～0.88g/cm3。(2)烟灰色玉髓状石英-多金属硫化物阶段,石英中包裹体均一温度为159～196℃,集中在170～190℃,盐度为2.2%～3.2%NaCleqv,密度0.79～0.92g/cm3。(3)碳酸盐-石英阶段,方解石中包裹体均一温度集中在170～270℃;盐度0.5%～2.9%NaCleqv。成矿流体以中低温、低盐度、贫CO2的盐水体系为特征,与国内外陆相火山-次火山热液矿床十分相似。石英斑晶中熔体、流体包裹体及其共存反映了次火山岩浆活动晚期,由硅酸盐熔体通过不混溶产生含矿的盐水溶液的可能,说明了金成矿与斑岩的成因联系,乌拉嘎金矿应该属于陆相火山-次火山活动有关的中低温浅成热液金矿床。     

Fluid inclusions,C-H-O-S-Pb isotope systematics,geochronology and geochemistry of the Budunhua Cu deposit,northeast China:Implications for ore genesis

The Budunhua Cu deposit is located in the Tuquan ore-concentrated area of the southern Great Xing'an Range,NE China.This deposit includes the southern Jinjiling and northern Kongqueshan ore blocks,separated by the Budunhua granitic pluton.Cu mineralization occurs mainly as stockworks or veins in the outer contact zone between tonalite porphyry and Permian metasandstone.The ore-forming process can be divided into four stages involving stage Ⅰ quartz-pyrite-arsenopyrite;stage Ⅱ quartz-pyrite-chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite;stage Ⅲ quartz--polynetallic sulfides;and stage IV quartz-calcite.Three types of fluid inclusions(FIs) can be distinguished in the Budunhua deposit:liquid-rich two-phase aqueous FIs(L-type),vapour-rich aqueous FIs(V-type),and daughter mineral-bearing multi-phase FIs(S-type).Quartz of stages Ⅰ-Ⅲ contains all types of FIs,whereas only L-type FIs are evident in stage Ⅳ veins.The coexisting V-and S-type FIs of stages Ⅰ-Ⅲ have similar homogenization temperatures but contrasting salinities,which indicates that fluid boiling occurred.The FIs of stages Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,and Ⅳyield homogenization temperatures of 265-396℃,245-350℃,200-300℃,and 90-228℃ with salinities of3.4-44.3 wt.%,2.9-40.2 wt.%,1.4-38.2 wt.%,and 0.9-9.2 wt.% NaCl eqv.,respectively.Ore-forming fluids of the Budunhua deposit are characterized by high temperatures,moderate salinities,and relatively oxidizing conditions typical of an H_2 O-NaCl fluid system.Mineralization in the Budunhua deposit occurred at a depth of0.3-1.5 km,with fluid boiling and mixing likely being responsible for ore precipitation.C-H-O-S-Pb isotope studies indicate a predominantly magmatic origin for the ore-forming fluids and materials.LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb analyses indicate that ore-forming tonalite porphyry and post-ore dioritic porphyrite were formed at 151.1±1.1 Ma and 129.9±1.9 Ma,respectively.Geochemical data imply that the primary magma of the tonalite porphyry formed through partial melting of Neoproterozoic lower crust.On the basis of available evidence,we suggest that the Budunhua deposit is a porphyry ore system that is spatially,temporally,and genetically associated with tonalite porphyry and formed in a post-collision extensional setting following closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean.     

云南会泽矿山厂铅锌矿床流体包裹体特征及成矿物理化学条件

通过会泽矿山厂铅锌矿床闪锌矿流体包裹体显微测温和成矿物理化学条件参数计算,结合前人研究结果,得出以下认识:会泽矿山厂铅锌矿床闪锌矿流体包裹体均一温度为126280℃,具有较宽的变化区间,盐度(w(NaCl))为3.2%22.8%;白云石流体包裹体均一温度为86163℃,大部分盐度较低,为1.1%-14.8%。3个成矿阶段闪锌矿和白云石中流体包裹体均一温度和盐度具有较明显的分布特征:从热液成矿期Ⅰ阶段→Ⅱ阶段→Ⅲ阶段→围岩蚀变,流体呈现中高温-高盐度→中温-中高盐度→中低温-中高盐度→中低温-低盐度的演化规律。在整个热液成矿过程中,有两种不同盐度的流体参与了作用,流体混合可能是矿物沉淀的主要机制。pH值计算结果表明,迁移阶段时,成矿流体呈酸性,从成矿阶段Ⅰ—Ⅳ,流体pH逐渐增大,主成矿阶段Ⅱ—Ⅲ时,闪锌矿和方铅矿在中性、弱碱性下大量析出。受控于CO、CO_2、O_2间逸度平衡的CO_3~(2-)和HCO_3~-缓冲对调节了成矿流体的pH值,碳酸盐岩在铅锌的运移沉淀中起了至关重要的作用。     

Trace Elements and Rare Earth Elements of Sulfide Minerals in the Tianqiao Pb-Zn Ore Deposit, Guizhou Province, China

Trace elements and rare earth elements (REE) of the sulfide minerals were determined by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results indicate that V, Cu, Sn, Ga, Cd, In, and Se are concentrated in sphalerite, Sb, As, Ge, and Tl are concentrated in galena, and almost all trace elements in pyrite are low. The Ga and Cd contents in the light-yellow sphalerites are higher than that in the brown and the black sphalerites. The contents of Ge, Tl, In, and Se in brown sphalerites are higher than that in light-yellow sphalerites and black sphalerites. It shows that REE concentrations are higher in pyrite than in sphalerite, and galena. In sphalerites, the REE concentration decreases from light-yellow sphalerites, brown sphalerites, to black sphalerites. The ratios of Ga/In are more than 10, and Co/Ni are less than 1 in the studied sphalerites and pyrites, respectively, indicating that the genesis of the Tianqiao Pb–Zn ore deposit might belong to sedimentary-reformed genesis associated with hydrothermal genesis. The relationship between LnGa and LnIn in sphalerite, and between LnBi and LnSb in galena, indicates that the Tianqiao Pb–Zn ore deposit might belong to sedimentary-reformed genesis. Based on the chondrite-normalized REE patterns, δEu is a negative anomaly (0.13–0.88), and δCe does not show obvious anomaly (0.88–1.31); all the samples have low total REE concentrations (<3 ppm) and a wide range of light rare earth element/high rare earth element ratios (1.12–12.35). These results indicate that the ore-forming fluids occur under a reducing environment. Comparison REE compositions and parameters of sphalerites, galenas, pyrites, ores, altered dolostone rocks, strata carbonates, and the pyrite from Lower Carboniferous Datang Formation showed that the ore-forming fluids might come from polycomponent systems, that is, different chronostratigraphic units could make an important contribution to the ore-forming fluids. Combined with the tectonic setting and previous isotopic geochemistry evidence, we conclude that the ore-deposit genesis is hydrothermal, sedimentary reformed, with multisources characteristics of ore-forming fluids.     

Nature and Genesis of the Xiaobeigou Fluorite Deposit,Inner Mongolia,Northeast China: Evidence from Fluid Inclusions and Stable Isotopes

The recently discovered Xiaobeigou fluorite deposit is situated in the southern part of the Southern Great Xing'an Range metallogenic belt. Fluorite‐bearing veins are rather common over the whole area. So far, 11 mineralized veins have been delineated at the Xiaobeigou deposit. Orebodies of the deposit are mainly hosted in Permian and Jurassic volcano‐sedimentary rocks. The orebodies in this mining district exhibit a well‐developed vertical zonation: from top to bottom, the orebodies can be divided into upper, central, and lower zones. The central zone is the most important part for mining operations, and it shows lateral zonation of fluorite mineralization. Rare earth element (REE) contents of the investigated samples are relatively low (less than 30.2 ppm). Furthermore, the REE contents of the fluorite grains from early to late ore stages exhibit a decreasing trend. All the fluorite samples show no or slightly positive Eu anomalies. Three types of fluid inclusions (FIs) are distinguished in the quartz and fluorite samples, including pure‐liquid single‐phase (PL‐type), liquid‐rich two‐phase (L‐Type), and vapor‐rich two‐phase (V‐type) FIs. The FIs hosted in early‐stage quartz were homogenized at 159.5–260.7°C (mainly 160–240°C); their salinities range from 0.18 to 1.22 wt.% NaCl eqv. The FIs hosted in early‐stage fluorite yield slightly lower homogenization temperatures of 144.4–266.8°C (peaking at 140–220°C), which correspond to salinities of 0.18–0.88 wt.% NaCl eqv. Homogenization temperatures and salinities for the late stage are 132.5–245.8°C (mainly 160–180°C) and 0.18–1.40 wt.% NaCl eqv., respectively. Laser Raman spectroscopy of FIs shows that both the vapor and liquid compositions of the inclusions are dominated by H₂O. The H–O isotopic compositions at Xiaobeigou suggest that the ore‐forming fluids are predominantly of meteoric water origin. The Xiaobeigou deposit can be classified as a typical low‐temperature hydrothermal vein‐type fluorite deposit. Combined with regional data, we infer that the fluorite mineralization occurred during the Late Mesozoic in an extensional setting.     

新疆萨热阔布金矿床流体包裹体研究及矿床成因

新疆萨热阔布金矿床位于阿尔泰造山带南缘克兰火山-沉积盆地内,矿体呈脉状产于康布铁堡组上亚组地层中(D1k2)。不同成矿阶段石英脉中广泛发育流体包裹体,可划分为H2O-CO2包裹体(C型)、纯CO2包裹体(PC型)、水溶液包裹体(W型)及含子矿物多相包裹体(S型)四类。测温结果显示,成矿早阶段主要发育C型和PC型包裹体,均一温度范围为271～446℃,流体盐度介于5.9%～8.4%NaCleqv之间;中阶段主要发育C、PC、W和S型包裹体,均一温度低于早阶段,为236～374℃,流体盐度介于4.8%～15.0%NaCleqv之间;晚阶段主要发育W型包裹体,均一温度范围为139～264℃,流体盐度介于1.1%～6.9%NaCleqv之间。对成矿压力和深度的估算表明,成矿压力为90～330MPa,成矿深度为9～12km。综上所述,萨热阔布金矿成矿流体具有富CO2、中低盐度的变质流体特征,流体沸腾导致了成矿物质的沉淀。结合矿床地质特征,萨热阔布金矿床属于造山型金矿床。     

Tectono-sedimentary evolution of active extensional basins controlling the deposition of the Middle Miocene Kareem Formation,southwestern Gulf of Suez,Egypt

The Naozhi Au–Cu deposit is located on the continental margin of Northeast China, forming part of the West Pacific porphyry–epithermal gold–copper metallogenic belt. In this paper, we systematically analyzed the compositions, homogenization temperatures, and salinity of fluid inclusions as well as their noble gas isotopic and Pb isotopic compositions from the deposit. These new data show that (1) five types of fluid inclusions were identified as pure gas inclusions (V-type), pure liquid inclusions (L-type), gas–liquid two-phase inclusions (W-type, as the main fluid inclusions (FIs)), CO₂-bearing inclusions (C-type), and daughter-mineral-bearing polyphase inclusions (S-type); (2) W-type FIs in quartz crystals of early, main, and late stage are homogenized at temperatures of 324.7–406.7, 230–338.8, and 154.6–308 °C, with salinities of 2.40–7.01 wt% NaCl_eq, 1.73–9.47 wt% NaCl_eq, and 6.29 wt% NaCl_eq, respectively. S-type FIs in quartz crystals of early stage are homogenized at temperatures of 328.6–400 °C, with salinities of 39.96–46.00 wt% NaCl_eq; (3) Raman analysis results reveal that the vapor compositions of early ore-forming fluids consisted of CO₂ and H₂O, with H₂O gradually increasing and CO₂ being absent at the late mineralization stage; (4) fluid inclusions in pyrite and chalcopyrite have ³He/⁴He ratios of 0.03–0.104 Ra, ²⁰Ne/²²Ne ratios of 9.817–9.960, and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar ratios of 324–349. These results indicate that the percentage of radiogenic ⁴⁰Ar* in fluid inclusions varies from 8.8 to 15.5 %, containing 84.5–91.2 % atmospheric ⁴⁰Ar; (5) the ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios of sulfides are 18.1822–18.3979, 15.5215–15.5998, and 38.1313–38.3786, respectively. These data combined with stable isotope data and the chronology of diagenesis and metallogenesis enable us suppose that the ore-forming fluids originated from the melting of the lower crust, caused by the subduction of an oceanic slab, whereas the mineralized fluids were exsolved from the late crystallization stage and subsequently contaminated by crustal materials/fluids during ascent, including meteoric water, and the mineral precipitation occurred at a shallow crustal level.

     

Fluid inclusions and H–O–S–Pb isotope systematics of the Baishan porphyry Mo deposit in Eastern Tianshan,China

The Baishan porphyry Mo deposit formed in the Middle Triassic in Eastern Tianshan, Xinjiang, northwestern China. Mo mineralization is associated with the Baishan monzogranite and granite porphyry stocks, mainly presenting as various types of hydrothermal veinlets in alerted wall rocks, with potassic, phyllic, propylitic, and fluorite alteration. The ore-forming process can be divided into four stages: stage I K-feldspar–quartz–pyrite veinlets, stage II quartz–molybdenite ± pyrite veinlets, stage III quartz–polymetallic sulfide veinlets and stage IV barren quartz–calcite veins. Four types of fluid inclusions (FIs) can be distinguished in the Baishan deposit, namely, liquid-rich two-phase (L-type), vapor-rich two-phase (V-type), solid-bearing multi-phase (S-type) and mono-phase vapor (M-type) inclusions, but only the stage I quartz contains all types of FIs. The stages II and III quartz have three types of FIs, with exception of M-type. In stage IV quartz minerals, only the L-type inclusions can be observed. The FIs in quartz of stages I, II, III and IV are mainly homogenized at temperatures of 271–468 °C, 239–349 °C, 201–331 °C and 134–201 °C, with salinities of 2.2–11.6 wt.% NaCl equiv., 1.1–10.2 wt.% NaCl equiv., 0.5–8.9 wt.% NaCl equiv. and 0.2–5.7 wt.% NaCl equiv., respectively. The ore-forming fluids of the Baishan deposit are characterized by high temperature, moderate salinity and relatively reduced condition, belonging to a H₂O–NaCl ± CH₄ ± CO₂ system. Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of quartz indicate that the ore-forming fluids were gradually evolved from magmatic to meteoric in origin. Sulfur and lead isotopes suggest that the ore-forming materials came predominantly from a deep-seated magma source from the lower continental crust. The Mo mineralization in the Baishan deposit is estimated to have occurred at a depth of no less than 4.7 km, and the decrease in temperature and remarkable transition of the redox condition (from alkalinity to acidity) of ore-forming fluids were critical for the formation of the Baishan Mo deposit.