海水淡化反渗透系统中的膜用化学品

针对反渗透海水淡化系统中膜化学品使用的必要性，简介了国内外反渗透膜化学品（清洗剂、阻垢剂和杀生剂）的研究、生产和应用现状，分析了膜化学品的发展趋势和市场前景，提出在目前大力发展海水淡化事业的背景下，我国膜化学品的开发和应用研究应该同步跟进，从而促进我国膜技术和海水淡化产业的发展。     

海水反渗透淡化用带流体切换器的能量回收设备

Energy recovery device （ERD） is an important part of the seawater reverse osmosis （SWRO） desalination system. There are principally two kinds of ERDs, the centrifugal type and the positive displacement （PD） type. The PD type is of extensive concern and is preferred in large-scale plants. In this article, an innovative fluid switcher was presented and a two-cylinder hydraulic energy recovery unit with a lab-scale fluid switcher was set up. Tap water was used as the working medium instead of the actual seawater and brine in SWRO desalination plants. Under steady state operating conditions, the experimental results were obtained on the variations of the pressure and flow rate to and from the energy recovery unit. The hydraulic recovery efficiency （En） of the energy recovery unit with the fluid switcher reached up to 76.83%.     

海水反渗透淡化系统的能耗

通过对海水反渗透淡化系统（SWRO）吨水成本的分析，提出降低SWRO能耗的解决措施，采用能量透平装置（TURBO）或压力转换器（PE）回收浓水的能量传递于进水，不仅可以降低吨水电耗，也可减小一次性投资。值得关注的是，压力转换器，回收效率可达94％，在海水淡化系统中对于降低能耗有更重要的意义。     

海水反渗透淡化技术的分析与探讨

反渗透海水淡化技术是一种高效、节能、先进的液体分离技术.论述了目前国内外海水反渗透淡化技术的应用现状,着重介绍了反渗透膜材料及特点、膜污染及清洗、典型的海水反渗透淡化流程,探讨了反渗透海水淡化技术目前存在的问题及未来发展趋势.     

反渗透海水淡化系统中膜组件的清洗策略

反渗透海水淡化法中膜组件的定期清洗是防治膜污染的主要措施之一.膜清洗可将膜表面的污染物去除,达到恢复透水量的目的.在保证产水量的情况下,选择恰当的清洗策略和清洗时机可使清洗次数最合理,清洗费用最低.以规划期内总操作费用最小为目标,提出了新的污染模型,给出了清洗的判据,将清洗策略问题表达为一个混合整数非线性规划（MINLP）.对一个实例进行计算,给出了该例中的反渗透系统在5年规划期内的最优清洗策略和清洗时机.结果证明这种数学规划方法对于寿命为3～5年的膜组件的清洗维护是有效的.     

Elimination of biological fouling in seawater reverse osmosis desalination plants

The main trouble in the RO method of seawater desalination is biological fouling (bio-fouling) from microorganism growth. In this work, the growth rate of microorganisms in the Red Sea and sterilization by chlorine injection were measured and quantified. Furthermore, actual demonstration of RO pilot tests using cellulose tri-acetate (CTA) RO membranes with chlorine resistance was performed in RO plants where bio-fouling actually occurred. By carrying out direct chlorine sterilization of the RO membrane with an intermittent chlorine injection method, bio-fouling was eliminated. The combination of the CTA membrane and chlorine injection successfully prevented increases of differential pressure and stabilized product water quantity and quality.     

反渗透系统技术改造

反渗透系统的技改对一级两段式反渗透系统在实际运行中碰到的相关问题,进行有针对性的技术改造,并取得很好的效果,使技改后的RO系统运行良好。该方法可供类似的RO系统设计和技改时借鉴、参考。     

反渗透系统中难溶盐极限回收率的解析分析

基于反渗透系统给水三类难溶盐饱和度的解析计算,计及了温度、pH、回收率、阻垢剂及浓差极化等因素的影响,导出了用系统给水参数解析表达的反渗透系统浓水难溶盐饱和度,得出了反渗透系统给水参数决定的系统难溶盐极限回收率．从而为反渗透系统的极限收率指标提供一个简捷而清晰的求取方式。     

反渗透系统膜污染现状及解决方法

分析了反渗透系统膜污染的现状:①有机物、胶体及颗粒的污染,②系统结垢的污染,③细菌和微生物的污染。提出了各种解决方法,例举了反渗透系统膜污染处理的实际应用案例。     

Design and optimization of seawater reverse osmosis desalination plants using special simulation software

This paper introduces the Integrated process simulation environment (IPSEpro™) software, and its application to reverse osmosis desalination.The paper introduces the reader to the basic modeling concepts, and how individual process units can be simply simulated with a graphical, flowsheet style interface.The paper then goes on to describe an example simulation for off design of an integrated pump, membrane rack and isobaric energy recovery device, investigating the effects of changing water quality, membrane condition and also, the influence of isobaric energy recovery device overflush.     

某电厂反渗透膜系统的化学清洗

分析了某电厂反渗透系统装置运行参数的变化、反渗透膜污染物的主要组成,确定了清洗方案。通过清洗液浊度、清洗液pH、一二段压差变化等指标,确定清洗终点。该装置化学清洗后进水压力大幅降低,产水脱盐率达到设计要求,产品水的回收率基本达到设计值,取得满意的清洗效果。     

Forward-osmosis strategy and chemical cleaning of seawater desalination reverse osmosis membranes

In order to settle the membrane fouling of reverse osmosis membranes in seawater desalination process, this study reported a novel strategy based on forward-osmosis process and discussed the effects of different factors like different cleaning combination among reverse osmosis product, simulated reverse osmosis concentrate and simulated seawater, as well as cleaning time on the membrane permeate flux and salt rejection. For irreversible fouling, the effects of different chemical cleaning agents, immersion time and concentration were also investigated in this study. The results exhibited that the cleaning combination between diluted water and simulated reverse osmosis concentrate possessed the best cleaning performance in the process of forward-osmosis cleaning. Such approach also enhanced normalized flux from 9.48 L/(m²·h·MPa) to 13.6 L/(m²·h·MPa) and enhanced NaCl rejection from 80.59% to 92.80%. Furthermore, the normalized flux was enhanced from 9.48 L/(m²·h·MPa) to 14.3 L/(m²·h·MPa) and NaCl rejection was also enhanced from 80.59% to 96.27% after soaking in 2%(mass) citric acid solution for 2h, soaking with 1%(mass) ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid tetrasodium salt and 0.3%(mass) sodium tripolyphosphate solution for 1.5 h. According to the result of SEM images and AFM images, the forward-osmosis cleaning strategy could not cause the damage of selective layer of membrane surface and caused the drop of inorganic and organic fouling on the membrane surface. Hence, cleaning fouled RO membranes by such approach could prolong the chemical cleaning cycle and reduce the amount of chemical cleaning agent, which has certain industrial application perspectives.     

正渗透策略和化学清洗海水淡化反渗透膜

为解决海水淡化过程中反渗透膜的污染问题,研究了基于正渗透策略的反渗透产水、模拟反渗透浓水、模拟海水不同的组合清洗和清洗时间对膜通量和截留率的影响。针对不可逆污染,研究了不同化学清洗药剂、浸泡时间、浓度对膜通量和截留率的影响。结果表明,正渗透策略清洗方式中,淡水/模拟反渗透浓水的组合清洗方式效果最佳,其归一化通量从9.48 L/(m²·h·MPa)提升至13.6 L/(m²·h·MPa),截留率从80.59%提升至92.80%。此外,经质量分数为2%的柠檬酸溶液浸泡2 h后,再使用质量分数为1%的乙二胺四乙酸四钠盐和0.3%的三聚磷酸钠溶液浸泡1.5 h,其归一化通量从9.48 L/(m²·h·MPa)提升至14.3 L/(m²·h·MPa),截留率从80.59%提升至96.27%。从SEM和AFM图可以看出,正渗透清洗策略并未对膜表面选择层造成损坏,且可以清洗膜表面的有机污染物和无机污染物,因此,应用这种方法对污染的反渗透膜进行清洗,可延长化学清洗周期,减少化学清洗剂用量,具有一定的工业应用前景。     

反渗透膜的背压损坏分析及相关安全性研究

背压损坏是反渗透膜元件使用中常见的故障之一,一旦发生则会对反渗透膜造成永久性损坏,无法修复。对反渗透膜元件背压损伤的位置以及背压对膜片造成的损伤进行深入分析,同时归纳了导致反渗透系统背压产生的设计和运行因素,提出现场判别背压损伤的方法。依托工业示范装置对带背压运行的反渗透系统开关机过程进行了模拟,并通过实时数据采集对全过程进行监控分析,对其安全性进行论证。     

Microbial community in seawater reverse osmosis and rapid diagnosis of membrane biofouling

Due to the acceleration of global warming and the stress that population growth has placed on the global water supply, seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination is arising as a promising technology to overcome the stress placed on current water resources. However, the biofouling of RO membranes is a common problem, as it causes flux decline, demands frequent cleanings, and consumes high energy, resulting in a shortened lifespan of the system. In an attempt to address these issues, detailed knowledge of the microbial bacteria present, which have a strong correlation between biofilm community structure and operational problems, is ultimately expected to lead to greater control of biofouling. Furthermore, a more rapid diagnosis of biofilm bacteria in SWRO processes is required for faster process feedback. In this study, previous approaches that have been proposed for understanding, diagnosing, and predicting biofouling are reviewed. Finally, the future outlook towards controlling biofouling in SWRO is discussed.     

反渗透膜元件严重污染情况下的化学清洗

叙述严重污染的反渗透膜的化学清洗全过程.提出了各清洗步骤的最有效清洗药剂和最佳清洗条件.     

反渗透和压力延迟渗透耦合脱盐系统的能效优化研究

针对开环和闭环两类结构的反渗透-压力延迟渗透耦合脱盐系统进行了模型构建与系统优化分析。首先，以标准化比能耗为目标函数，构建了开环结构和闭环结构耦合系统的非线性约束优化模型。在优化模型中，引入包括半透膜性能、操作状态及设计变量的无量纲参数组，建立反渗透和压力延迟渗透单元过程的特征方程以简化模型。同时，为了保证比较的公平性，开环结构的总体能耗中额外包含了预处理和后处理能耗。通过求解上述优化模型，系统地比较和分析了无量纲半透膜总面积和水回收率同时变化导致的最优标准化比能耗、膜面积分配和操作压力的变化规律。结果表明，在水回收率处于正常水平(≤ 0.55)且系统总面积充足(≥0.9)时，闭环结构在节能及减少预处理费用方面比开环结构具有更明显优势。     

反渗透浓水对污水生化处理系统影响研究

采用反渗透排放的浓水作为冲厕生活用水,对冲厕后的浓水进行生化处理实验,实验结果表明:当反渗透排出的浓水电导率在1500微西以下时,对生化系统中的微生物没有影响,实验为化工生产污水零排放、循环经济提供了科学依据.     

反渗透系统的化学清洗

通过要分析反渗透系统化学清洗前的系统情况,确定清洗方案及过程,并通过化学清洗手段使系统性能恢复。     

反渗透系统故障分析及处理

针对启东市供电公司发电工区反渗透水处理系统脱盐率下降、压差升高、产水量下降等问题进行了现场调查研究,分析了原因,并提出了相应的处理措施,最终使问题得以解决.