新型嗜热耐碱脂肪酶的纯化表征及应用

将来源于解脂嗜热互营杆菌（Thermosyntropha lipolytica）的脂肪酶（TlLipA）基因tll1导入大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中表达,通过热处理和镍柱亲和层析获得纯酶,并对其酶学性质进行研究。十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）显示TlLipA分子量为53×10³,其最适反应温度为65℃,最适反应pH为8.0。在55~65℃范围内酶活较高且比较稳定;在pH^{7.0~11.0于室温保存1 h后,残留相对酶活仍达80%以上。1 mmol/L 金属离子Zn2+、Fe3+和试剂SDS,0.05%（质量分数）Tween 80,对酶活力具有强烈的抑制作用,残留相对酶活皆低于15%;1 mmol/L Mg2+、Mn2+对酶活力表现出轻微的激活作用。由底物专一性实验可得,该酶对辛酸对硝基苯酯（C8）和癸酸对硝基苯酯（C10）偏好明显。以棕榈酸对硝基苯酯（p-NPP）为底物,该酶动力学参数K_m值为0.23 mmol/L,V_max为33.50 mmol/(L·min),k_cat为22.83 _S-1。以重组脂肪酶为催化剂在无溶剂体系中制备生物柴油,含水率20%,酶加量200 U/g油,醇油比为4∶1的条件下,在55℃催化大豆油反应48 h,收率可达91.75%。}     

一株产低温脂肪酶酵母菌的鉴定及酶学性质

低温脂肪酶已成为工业低温工艺良好候选物,在生物质能源、食品、皮制品、废水处理等领域发挥重要作用。本文从实验室保藏的55株产低温脂肪酶酵母菌株中筛选出一株高产菌株NYNU 19160,通过形态学、生理生化以及ITS和26S rDNA序列分析,将该菌株鉴定为Papiliotrema fonsecae。经过硫酸铵分级沉淀、透析、浓缩将该脂肪酶纯化后,对酶学性质进行了研究。结果表明,该脂肪酶最适反应温度为20℃,最适作用pH为7.5,属于低温碱性脂肪酶;Cu²⁺显著促进该酶的水解活性,而Li⁺表现为显著抑制作用;有机溶剂乙腈、甲醇、乙酸对酶活性有较强的促进作用,而苯和正己烷则抑制了该酶的活性;该酶对对硝基苯酚丁酸脂(pNPC₄)底物表现出较强特异性。     

Expression and characterization of a CALB-type lipase from Sporisorium reilianum SRZ2 and its potential in short-chain flavor ester synthesis

A lipase from Sporisorium reilianum SRZ2 (SRL) with 73% amino acid sequence identity to Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) was cloned and overexpressed in Pichia pastoris. The recombinant SRL showed a preference for short-chain p-nitrophenyl esters. It achieved maximum activity at pH 8.0 and 65°C for p-nitrophenyl hexanoate (C6) with K_m and k_cat/K_m values of 0.14 mmol∙L⁻¹ and 1712 min⁻¹∙mmol∙L₋₁ at 30°C, respectively. SRL displayed excellent thermostability and pH stability, retaining more than 79% of its initial activity after incubation at 60°C for 72 h and 75% at pH 3 to 11 for 72 h. It also maintained most of its activity in the presence of inhibitors and detergents except sodium dodecyl sulfate, and it tolerated organic solvents. SRL was covalently immobilized and successfully used for ethyl hexanoate synthesis in cyclohexane or in a solvent-free system with a high conversion yield (>95%). Furthermore, high conversion yield was also achieved for the synthesis of various short-chain flavor esters when high substrate concentrations of 2 mol∙L⁻¹ were applied. This study indicated that a CALB-type lipase from S. reilianum SRZ2 showed great potential in organic ester synthesis.     

Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum JW/SL-YS485来源的GH11家族木聚糖酶的克隆表达及其应用

对Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum JW/SL-YS485来源的GH11家族木聚糖酶基因xyn11进行了克隆表达研究。xyn11基因全长636bp,编码211氨基酸。通过构建重组质粒,使其在大肠杆菌中实现了活性表达,酶活达到13.8U/mL。重组酶通过热处理和Ni亲和层析达到电泳纯,SDS-PAGE显示其分子量为20000,与理论分子量吻合。重组酶的最适反应温度为65℃,最适反应pH为4.5,在pH 3.5~6.0范围内保持较高的稳定性,60℃保温1h,酶活还残存60%,Cu²⁺对该酶有激活作用。重组酶底物特异性强,且不能降解木二糖和木三糖。重组酶以榉木木聚糖为底物,其V_max和K_m分别为9809U/mg和5.9mg/mL。榉木木聚糖质量浓度为25g/L,重组木聚糖酶用量为20U/g,在50℃、pH 4.5条件下水解12h低聚木糖的得率为27.8%,水解产物主要由木二糖和木三糖组成,且不产生任何木糖。结果表明,该木聚糖酶催化特性优异,可用于低聚木糖的制备。     

Enhanced cold active lipase production by metagenomic library recombinant clone CALIP3 with a step-wise temperature and dissolved oxygen level control strategy

A metagenomic library recombinant clone CAPL3, an Escherichia coli strain generated by transformed with metagenomic library from deep-sea sediments, can efficiently produce cold active lipase. The effects of both temperature and dissolved oxygen(DO) on cold active lipase production by batch culture of metagenomic library recombinant clone(CAPL3) from deep-sea sediment were investigated. First, a two-stage temperature control strategy was developed, in which the temperature was kept at 34 °C for the first 15 h, and then switched to30 °C. The cold active lipase activity and productivity reached 315.2 U·ml~(-1)and 8.08 U·ml~(-1)·h~(-1), respectively,increased by both 14.5% compared to the results obtained with temperature controlled at 30°C. In addition, different DO control modes were conducted, based on the data obtained from the different DO control strategies and analysis of kinetics parameters at different DO levels. A step-wise temperature and DO control strategy were developed to improve lipase production, i.e., temperature and DO level were controlled at 34 °C, 30% during 0–15 h;30 °C, 30% during 15–18 h, and 30 °C, 20% during 18–39 h. With this strategy, the maximum lipase activity reached 354.6 U·ml~(-1)at 39 h, which was 28.8% higher than that achieved without temperature and DO control(275.3 U·ml~(-1)).     

耐低温对硝基苯酚降解菌的降解动力学研究

以对硝基苯酚在10℃条件下的微生物降解过程为研究对象,融合单因素实验、细胞疏水性实验、细胞膜通透性实验与降解动力学实验探究菌株Pseudomonas sp. ZL对对硝基苯酚的低温降解特性。实验结果表明,在10℃条件下菌株Pseudomonas sp. ZL能够耐受并降解303.71 mg·L^-1的对硝基苯酚,最佳降解条件为pH=8.0,0.5% NaCl,1 g·L^-1 NH₄NO₃,该条件能够显著促进对硝基苯酚的降解速率并大大缩短降解的延迟时间。在10℃、单因素最佳条件下,对硝基苯酚降解菌的抑制降解动力学拟合符合Aiba模型,其中μ_max（最大比生长速率）为0.205 h^-1,K_s（半饱和系数）为3.40 mg·L^-1,K_i（底物抑制系数）为166.86 mg·L^-1,因此166.86 mg·L^-1即为该条件下菌株的低温降解抑制浓度。与其他降解菌株相比,菌株Pseudomonas sp. ZL的K_i和μ_max/K_s较大、K_s/K_i值较小,说明对硝基苯酚对该菌株的抑制作用较小,菌株的有效利用率更高,在原位修复低温地下水及土壤污染方面具有较高的应用潜力。     

TEPA与[MI][C6H2(OH)3COO]复配对小桐子生物柴油抗氧化性的影响

将四乙烯五胺（TEPA）抗氧化剂与[MI][C₆H₂(OH)₃COO]离子液体抗氧化剂进行不同比例复配,旨在研究其抑制金属设备对生物柴油的催化氧化作用以及减轻生物柴油对金属的腐蚀。本文利用Rancimat测定法检测添加复配抗氧化剂前后小桐子生物柴油氧化安定诱导期的变化,研究复配抗氧化剂对小桐子生物柴油的抗氧化性、铜片腐蚀性及铁片腐蚀性、油溶性能的影响。结果表明,复配抗氧化剂可以有效地提高生物柴油的氧化稳定性能,在1∶1复配抗氧化剂添加量为0.01%时,小桐子生物柴油诱导期为11.63h,超过了国家标准（6h）,比小桐子生物柴油的诱导期提高了473%。复配抗氧化剂对生物柴油的铜片腐蚀、铁片腐蚀都有良好的抑制作用,对生物柴油中的Cu²⁺、Fe³⁺的催化氧化也有良好的抑制效果。在TEPA与[MI][C₆H₂(OH)₃COO]复配比例为1∶1、3∶1、5∶1时,5∶1的油溶性能最佳。     

Insight into SO2 poisoning and regeneration of one-pot synthesized Cu-SSZ-13 catalyst for selective reduction of NOx by NH3

The effects of SO₂ on an one-pot synthesized Cu-SSZ-13 catalyst for selective reduction of NO_x by NH₃ were examined. The addition of SO₂ inhibited NO_x conversion significantly below 300 ℃, while no effect on NO_x conversion was observed above 300 ℃. TGA, TPD, and XPS results showed that the deactivation was caused by the formation of (NH₄)₂SO₄, SO₂ chemisorption on the isolated Cu²⁺ ion sites, as well as the formation of CuSO₄-like species. Among them, the site-blocking effect of (NH₄)₂SO₄ on Cu²⁺ was the primary reason for deactivation. Fortunately, 89% of deNO_x activity of the poisoned catalyst was recovered after thermal treatment at 500 ℃ in air, where (NH₄)₂SO₄ was completely decomposed. The activity was further recovered with regeneration temperature increasing to 600 ℃, removing the adsorbed SO₂ on the Cu²⁺ sites. The regeneration at 600 ℃ could not recover the activity completely, because of the high stability of CuSO₄-like species.     

温度和氧含量对NH4Br改性稻壳焦汞氧化吸附特性的影响

采用10 g·L^-1 NH₄Br溶液对原始稻壳焦进行浸渍改性制备了脱汞吸附剂。利用比表面积及孔隙度分析仪、扫描电子显微镜/X射线能谱分析仪对改性前后稻壳焦吸附剂物理化学性质进行表征。在固定床汞吸附实验台上对吸附剂床层出口元素汞(Hg⁰)和二价汞(Hg²⁺)进行同步检测,研究了不同温度下N₂气氛和N₂+6.4 %(体积)O₂气氛中改性稻壳焦的汞氧化吸附特性。50℃下N₂气氛、N₂+6.4%(体积)O₂气氛以及150℃下N₂气氛中固定床出口均未明显检测到Hg²⁺,50℃和150℃时脱汞率均可达90%。温度为150℃时,在N₂+6.4%(体积)O₂气氛中吸附剂的总汞(Hg^T)脱除效率为98.2%,其中82.2%的Hg⁰被吸附脱除,其余则被O₂非均相氧化为Hg²⁺而氧化脱除。通过对程序升温管式炉出口Hg^T进行检测研究了吸附剂表面吸附态汞的脱附特性。汞脱附峰值温度300℃表明吸附态汞可能以Hg-Br化合物的形式赋存于改性稻壳焦表面,220~350℃的脱附温度说明吸附态汞有较高的热稳定性。100.14%~118.62%的汞平衡率验证了实验结果的准确性。     

多组分氯盐体系镁锂分离规律初探

以Na₂CO₃为沉淀剂,初步研究了多组分氯盐混合体系（0.6 mol MgCl₂+1.1 mol LiCl+3.2 mol NaCl）中选择性沉镁的工艺规律。结果表明：在25~80 ℃,总C与总Mg物质的量比[n（C_T）/n（Mg_T）]为 0.8~1.1时,25 ℃形成针状MgCO₃·3H₂O,40 ℃以上形成Mg₅（CO₃）₄（OH）₂·4H₂O不规则片状团聚微球,其中40~50 ℃形成的片状物较为分散且粒径较小,导致固液分离困难。40 ℃时沉镁率最低。温度越高,Li₂CO₃越易形成,沉锂率越大。n（C_T）/n（Mg_T）越大沉镁率和沉锂率越高。室温（25 ℃）、n（C_T）/n（Mg_T）=1.0时,沉镁率达98%以上,且沉锂率<0.1%,镁锂分离效果最好。     

TiO2促进CaAl4O7材料烧结规律及其机理

为了适应材料轻量化、经济化以及功能化的发展需要,以Al₂O₃和CaCO₃粉末为主要原料,TiO₂为添加剂,采用固相烧结法,经1200℃预烧2h-1600℃烧结1h后,制备了CA₂材料,并考察了TiO₂促进该材料烧结规律及其机理。结果表明,添加TiO₂中的Ti⁴⁺离子在烧结过程中通过取代Al³⁺离子固溶入了CA₂相中,有效地促进了CA₂相的晶格畸变,增加了Al³⁺离子空位,提高了CA₂相的活性,加速了离子混淆与扩散,从而有效地促进了CA₂相的烧结,同时超过固溶极限过量的TiO₂与脱溶的Al₂O₃反应生成Al₂TiO₅新相,填塞气孔,进一步促进了烧结致密化。综上因素,CA₂材料的致密化被有效促进。当TiO₂的添加量为1%时,显气孔率已由未添加时的12.7%下降到4.7%,体积密度已由未添加时的2.51g/cm³上升到2.65g/cm³,可制得显微结构交织分布的致密CA₂材料。     

CuO改性商用选择性催化还原催化剂催化氧化单质汞性能

燃煤烟气中单质汞（Hg⁰）的高效氧化是提高燃煤电厂脱汞效率的关键,为提高传统选择性催化还原（SCR）催化剂氧化Hg⁰的性能,本文采用溶液浸渍法制备了CuO-SCR催化剂,在固定床反应装置上考察了其脱硝协同氧化单质汞性能,并借助BET、XRD和XPS等分析技术对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,CuO的掺杂显著提高了商用SCR催化剂的Hg⁰氧化性能和低温脱硝活性;在200~400℃内,随着反应温度升高和NO+NH₃浓度增大,NH₃对CuO-SCR催化剂的Hg⁰氧化性能抑制作用加强;在350℃、模拟燃煤烟气条件下,随着空速比的减小,催化剂的Hg⁰氧化性能显著提高,NH₃对Hg⁰氧化的抑制作用明显减弱。催化剂表征结果表明,CuO-SCR催化剂表面存在氧化还原反应V⁴⁺+Cu²⁺?V⁵⁺+Cu⁺,增强了催化剂的催化活性。Hg⁰在CuO-SCR催化剂表面的氧化过程遵循Mars-Maessen机制,能够有效增强催化剂的Hg⁰氧化性能。     

掺杂Ni制备Ca2FeCo1-xNixO6催化剂及其催化甲烷燃烧性能

采用共沉淀法制备双钙钛矿Ca_2FeCo_(1-x)Ni_xO_6系列催化剂。采用XRD、BET和H_2-TPR等对样品进行表征,通过催化甲烷燃烧对其进行催化性能测试。结果表明,不同Ni~(2+)掺杂量均可以形成完整的钙钛矿晶型,随着Ni~(2+)掺杂比例升高,催化剂的比表面积逐渐增大;不同Ni~(2+)掺杂量制备的催化剂结构和活性不一样,样品Ca_2FeNiO_6催化甲烷燃烧活性最好,起燃温度T_(10%)为430℃,T_(90%)为640℃。     

Ag-Zn_3(VO_4)_2催化剂的水热合成及其可见光催化活性

以Zn(NO_3)_2·6 H_2O、Ag NO_3和Na VO_3为原料,采用水热法合成Ag-Zn_3(VO_4)_2催化剂,并通过SEM、TEM和UV-Vis DRS等对催化剂进行表征分析。以甲基橙染料废水为探针污染物,考察Ag~+与Zn~(2+)物质的量比、水热温度和水热时间对Ag-Zn_3(VO_4)_2光催化剂催化活性和表面形貌的影响。结果表明,在Ag~+与Zn~(2+)物质的量比为0.15、水热温度160℃和水热时间16 h条件下,合成的Ag-Zn_3(VO_4)_2光催化剂光催化活性最好,光照5 h后,对甲基橙染料的脱色率达99.18%,较Zn_3(VO_4)_2催化剂(合成条件为p H=10和160℃水热反应16 h)提高43.99%。采用水热合成法制备的催化剂Ag-Zn_3(VO_4)_2具有较好的可见光活性。     

无Co双钙钛矿结构中温固体氧化物燃料电池阴极材料SmBaFeNiO5+δ及其性能优化

用溶胶–凝胶法合成了无Co的双钙钛矿SmBaFeNiO_5+δ(SBFN)阴极材料,并引入Sm_0.2Ce_0.8O_1.9 (SDC)电解质材料制备复合阴极,降低热膨胀系数和优化性能。研究表明:SBFN在30~900℃的平均热膨胀系数为14.1×10^-6 K^-1,SBFN–SDC15 (质量比为85:15)复合阴极的平均热膨胀系数降为12.0×10^-6 K^-1。SBFN在425℃时电导率具有最大值,为48 S/cm。700℃时SBFN|SDC|SBFN对称电池的界面极化阻抗(Rp)为0.386Ω·cm²。在SBFN中引入SDC可以改善其电化学性能,SBFN–SDC10 (质量比为90:10)复合阴极具有最低的Rp,为0.224Ω·cm²。800℃时,以SBFN和SBFN–SDC10为阴极的单电池,最大功率密度分别为367.6 m W/cm²和507.8 m W/cm²。     

有机-水混合溶剂中氯离子对C—H键的电氧化腈化性能

有机电化学合成中大部分有机反应底物不溶于水,往往需要添加适量的有机溶剂形成有机-水混合溶剂。氯离子作为无机媒质在有机电化学合成中应用广泛,但氯离子往往溶解于水相中。而溶剂是电化学合成中的一个重要影响因素,因此很有必要对氯离子在有机-水混合溶剂中的电化学性能进行系统研究。采用循环伏安法(CV)、线性扫描法(LSV)、计时电量法研究了氯离子在有机-水混合溶剂中的动力学参数,考察了阳极材料、扫描速率、混合溶液中水的含量、有机溶剂的种类等对氯离子电化学氧化性能的影响。并以氯离子为媒质,在无隔膜电解槽中,通过间接电化学活化对甲氧基甲苯(p-MeOBT)甲基上的C—H键原位生成醛,并进一步转化为相应的腈类化合物。以p-MeOBT为反应底物,在乙腈-水混合溶液(体积比7∶3)中,恒电流电解(CCE) 12 h,60℃下,目标产物对甲氧基苯甲腈(p-MeOBCN)的收率达80%。通过对反应过程中各中间物种的监测,提出了可能的C—H键间接电腈化腈化反应机理。     

有机-水混合溶剂中氯离子对C—H键的电氧化腈化性能

有机电化学合成中大部分有机反应底物不溶于水,往往需要添加适量的有机溶剂形成有机-水混合溶剂。氯离子作为无机媒质在有机电化学合成中应用广泛,但氯离子往往溶解于水相中。而溶剂是电化学合成中的一个重要影响因素,因此很有必要对氯离子在有机-水混合溶剂中的电化学性能进行系统研究。采用循环伏安法(CV)、线性扫描法(LSV)、计时电量法研究了氯离子在有机-水混合溶剂中的动力学参数,考察了阳极材料、扫描速率、混合溶液中水的含量、有机溶剂的种类等对氯离子电化学氧化性能的影响。并以氯离子为媒质,在无隔膜电解槽中,通过间接电化学活化对甲氧基甲苯(p-MeOBT)甲基上的C—H键原位生成醛,并进一步转化为相应的腈类化合物。以p-MeOBT为反应底物,在乙腈-水混合溶液(体积比7∶3)中,恒电流电解(CCE) 12 h,60℃下,目标产物对甲氧基苯甲腈(p-MeOBCN)的收率达80%。通过对反应过程中各中间物种的监测,提出了可能的C—H键间接电腈化腈化反应机理。     

Continuous production of biodiesel from cottonseed oil and methanol using a column reactor packed with calcined sodium silicate base catalyst☆

Sodium silicate and that calcined at 400 °C for 2 h were used to catalyze the transesterification of cottonseed oil with methanol. Calcined sodium silicate(CSS) catalyst exhibited much higher catalytic activity and stability. A maximum biodiesel yield of 98.9% was achieved at methanol/oil mole ratio of 12:1, reaction temperature65 °C, reaction time 3.0 h, and CSS/oil mass ratio of 2 wt%. After 7 consecutive reactions without any treatment,biodiesel yield reduced to 82.5%. Considering technological and economic feasibility, CSS base catalyst supported on θ rings was prepared for continuous transesterification. The maximum yield was 99.1% under optimum conditions(reaction temperature 55 °C, methanol velocity 1 ml·min-1, oil velocity 3 ml·min-1, and 5 tower sections). These results indicate that this new continuous biodiesel production process and apparatus present a great potential for industrial application in biodiesel.     

Controllable synthesis of novel nanoporous manganese oxide catalysts for the direct synthesis of imines from alcohols and amines

A novel template-free oxalate route was applied to synthesize different mesoporous manganese oxides (amorphous manganese oxide (AMO), Mn₅O₈, Mn₃O₄, MnO₂) in the narrow temperature range from 350℃ to 400℃ by controlling the calcination conditions, which were employed as the efficient catalysts for the oxidative coupling of alcohols with amines to imines. The chemical and structural properties of the manganese oxides were characterized by the methods of thermogravimetry analysis and heat flow (TG-DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen sorption, scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), H₂ temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR), and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) techniques. The structures of different manganese oxides were confirmed by characterization. The M-350 (AMO) presented the maximum surface area, amorphous nature, the lowest reduction temperature, the higher (Mn³⁺ + Mn⁴⁺)/Mn²⁺ ratio, and the higher adsorbed oxygen species compared to other samples. Among the catalysts, M-350 showed the best catalytic performance using air as an oxidant, and the conversion of benzyl alcohol (BA) and the selectivity of N-benzylideneaniline (NBA) reached as high as 100% and 97.1% respectively at the lower reaction temperature (80℃) for 1 h. M-350 had also the highest TOF value (0.0100 mmol·mg^-1·h^-1) compared to the other manganese oxide catalysts. The catalyst was reusable and gave 95.8% conversion after 5 reuse tests, the XRD pattern of the reactivated M-350 did not show any obvious change. Lattice oxygen mobility and (Mn³⁺ + Mn⁴⁺)/Mn²⁺ ratio were found to play the important roles in the catalytic activity of aerobic reactions.     

Insight into the promotional mechanism of Cu modification towards wide-temperature NH3-SCR performance of NbCe catalyst

A simple strategy of Cu modification was proposed to broaden the operation temperature window for NbCe catalyst. The best catalyst Cu_0.010/Nb₁Ce₃ presented over 90% NO conversion in a wide temperature range of 200-400 ℃ and exhibited an excellent H₂O or/and SO₂ resistance at 275 ℃. To understand the promotional mechanism of Cu modification, the correlation among the “activity-structure-property” were tried to establish systematically. Cu species highly dispersed on NbCe catalyst to serve as the active component. The strong interaction among Cu, Nb and Ce promoted the emergence of NbO₄ and induced more Brønsted acid sites. And Cu modification obviously enhanced the redox behavior of the NbCe catalyst. Besides, EPR probed the Cu species exited in the form of monomeric and dimeric Cu²⁺, the isolated Cu²⁺ acted as catalytic active sites to promote the reaction: Cu²⁺-NO₃^-+NO(g) → Cu²⁺-NO₂^-+NO₂(g). Then the generated NO₂ would accelerate the fast-SCR reaction process and thus facilitated the low-temperature deNO efficiency. Moreover, surface nitrates became unstable and easy to decompose after Cu modification, thus providing additional adsorption and activation sites for NH₃, and ensuring the improvement of catalytic activity at high temperature. Since the NH₃-SCR reaction followed by E-R reaction pathway efficaciously over Cu_0.010/Nb₁Ce₃ catalyst, the excellent H₂O and SO₂ resistance was as expected.