双酚A的人群接触与生物监测

双酚A(bisphenol A,BPA),主要用于生产环氧树脂和聚碳酸酯类产品。这两类产品广泛应用于日常生活的各个方面。近年来很多研究表明,BPA可从这类产品中释放出来[1-3]。2002年全球BPA的需求量达到275.7万吨,而我国的消费量达137138吨[4]。BPA的化学结构与雌激素类似,是在动物实验中已经确认的具有激素样活性的一种物质(hormonally active agent)。暴露于人类环境接触剂量下的胎鼠,已经发现BPA造成的不良健康效应,包括雄性小鼠前列腺重量增加、每日精子生成量减少、雌性小鼠青春期生长速度加快[5]、阴道口早期开放等[6]。CAROLINE等[7…     

普通人群血清双酚A水平的测定

[目的]建立高效液相色谱方法检测血清中双酚A(bisphenol，BPA)的浓度，并测定普通人群血清中双酚A的水平。[方法]按照高效液相色谱法的程序建立检测血清双酚A的方法。选择无任何职业性接触双酚A记录的普通人群作为研究对象，检测其血清双酚A水平，建立普通人群中的正常基准值。[结果]建立的高效液相色谱法能够满足检测血清中双酚A的要求，检测限为0．39ng／ml。245例血样中，120例可检出双酚A，全部样品的双酚A的浓度范围为未检出～15．9ng／ml，中位数水平低于检测限，P75为2．05ng／ml，95％上限为6．8ng／ml。男女检出率无差别，检出率在不同年龄组间存在差别。随着年龄的增长，检出率上升。[结论]本研究显示，建立的高效液相色谱法能够满足检测出普通人群血清中双酚A的要求。普通人群中血清双酚A的浓度都比较低，正常基准值低于6．8ng／ml。个别水平较高，其来源需要关注。     

环氧树脂生产工人血清双酚A与性激素水平的调查

[目的]了解职业接触双酚A工人的血清双酚A水平及其对性激素水平的影响。[方法]选取环氧树脂生产过程中接触双酚A的33名男性工人作为接触者，同时从当地选取男性体检健康者43名作为对照组，两组间的一般指标均衡可比。应用高效液相色谱法检测工人血清双酚A水平及工作环境空气中的双酚A水平，同时检测工人性激素水平，分析各指标间的关系。[结果]在加料和未加料的状态下，车间空气中双酚A的浓度均值分别为125，8、2．8μg／m^3。接触组的血清双酚A水平显著高于对照组，其平均水平为64．6μg/L。操作工的血清双酚A水平显著高于粉碎工和其他工种的工人，分别为110．2、5．3、11．6μg/L。不同年龄、工龄及不同防护措施的职业工人血清双酚A水平差异无显著性。性激素（睾酮、雌二醇、卵泡刺激素、雄烯二酮）水平在接触组和对照组之间差异无显著性，进一步分析工人体内双酚A水平与性激素水平的关系，发现性激素水平与血清双酚A水平无关联（P〉0．1）。[结论]职业接触双酚A后，血清双酚A水平明显上升。但血清双酚A水平与其性激素水平之间无关联。     

双酚A完全抗原的制备

  目的  应用抗双酚A单克隆抗体3H1,建立了间接竞争酶免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测血清中双酚A（BPA）浓度。  方法  按照间接竞争酶联免疫吸附法,2014年选取江西省南昌地区儿童人群作为研究对象,测定其血清中BPA浓度水平。  结果  该ELISA方法的检测限为0.43 ng/mL,血清的加标回收率为70.1 % ～87.8 %,变异系数为4.79 %～9.41 %。176份血清样品中,95份可检出BPA,检出率为54 %。全部样品的BPA的浓度范围为未检出（N.D.）至26.48 ng/mL。男童检出率高于女童, 检出率在不同年龄组间差异不明显（P = 0.195）。  结论  建立的ELISA方法能够满足检测儿童人群血清中BPA的要求。江西南昌地区儿童人群中血清中存在BPA污染,个别污染水平相对较高,需关注其来源。     

双酚A对生殖健康影响的研究进展

双酚A(Bisphenol A,BPA)是一种目前普遍存在的环境化学污染物,具有内分泌干扰特性及潜在的生殖毒性,可能影响人类生殖健康。正常人群中BPA检出率高,但其对生殖健康的潜在影响是不明确的。本文主要着眼于正常人群暴露BPA对生殖健康影响的相关研究,以期为BPA暴露与生殖健康关系的研究提供参考与建议。     

双酚A对生殖健康影响的研究进展

双酚A(Bisphenol A,BPA)是一种目前普遍存在的环境化学污染物,具有内分泌干扰特性及潜在的生殖毒性,可能影响人类生殖健康。正常人群中BPA检出率高,但其对生殖健康的潜在影响是不明确的。本文主要着眼于正常人群暴露BPA对生殖健康影响的相关研究,以期为BPA暴露与生殖健康关系的研究提供参考与建议。     

高效液相色谱法测定血清中的双酚A

双酚A(bisphonelA)是重要的化工原料 ,主要用于生产聚碳酸酯 (PC)、环氧树脂 (EP)和其他高分子材料 ,在这些材料中仍残留不少双酚A。PC用于制造耐热的茶具、咖啡杯等 ,EP用于食品包装材料 ,如罐装饮料与肉类罐头的内层涂料。由于这些物品都是人们经常接触的生活用品 ,造成双酚A也随之进入体内。双酚A是环境内分泌干扰物 ,在人体内能起到干扰体内正常激素分泌的作用 ,从而影响生殖功能 ,导致恶性肿瘤的产生。测定人血浆中的双酚A含量可对人类机体的影响提供评价依据。测定双酚A的方法有气相 质谱联用法[1,2 ] 、液相 质谱联用法[3 ] ,…     

杭州市场罐头类食品的双酚A污染调查及其膳食风险评估

人类通过多种途径暴露于双酚A（BPA）,膳食暴露是普通人群暴露途径之一。人群膳食暴露量评估资料表明,BPA的膳食暴露量远低于美国推荐的可耐受每日摄入量（50 μg/kg·bw/d）。BPA进入人体后表现为弱的雌激素作用,干扰人体内分泌系统,对人体健康风险表现在影响女性激素水平、胎儿的生长发育和男性生殖系统功能,与儿童肥胖、复发性流产、多囊卵巢综合征、2型糖尿病相关。研究表明,人群暴露于BPA呈现出多途径、低剂量、长期暴露的特点,该特点的暴露会对人体健康有一定影响。     

广州市饮用水中双酚A及邻苯二甲酸酯的调查

目的了解广州市饮用水中双酚A、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的污染现状。方法于2014年的枯水期(1—2月)、春季平水期(3—4月)、丰水期(5—8月)和秋季平水期(9—10月),采集广州市现有7家市政水厂的水源水、出厂水及管网末梢水各28份,采用液相色谱-质谱法(LC/MS)进行双酚A(BPA)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)含量的测定。结果水源水、出厂水和管网末梢水全部水样的DBP含量超标,出厂水和管网末梢水全部水样的BPA和DEP含量达标,水源水中BPA和DEP均有检出;水源水丰水期BPA含量低于枯水期(P0.05)和秋季平水期(P0.01),水源水丰水期DEP含量低于秋季平水期(P0.01);出厂水和管网末梢水中BPA含量均低于水源水(P0.01),管网末梢水中DEP含量高于水源水(P0.05),出厂水和管网末梢水中DBP含量均高于水源水(P0.01)。结论广州市饮用水中DBP的含量较高,应结合不同水处理工艺采取控制措施。     

广州市食品中双酚A污染现状及人群暴露风险评估

目的检测广州市食品中双酚A的含量,计算居民通过食物途径暴露双酚A的水平进而评估其健康风险。方法通过高效液相-串联质谱方法检测广州市动、植物食品中双酚A含量,结合居民膳食结构计算双酚A暴露水平并进行健康风险评估。结果广州市动、植物性食品双酚A含量的在0.17 ng/g～7 ng/g之间,平均每标准人.日经食品暴露BPA的量为1 531.16 ng(25.52 ng/kg.bw.d),危害率为0.51×10-3。结论广州市居民经食品暴露BPA低于国际限量标准(50!g/kg.bw/d),无健康风险。     

Bisphenol A levels in blood and urine in a Chinese population and the personal factors affecting the levels

The objective of the study was to describe the background bisphenol A (BPA) levels in urine and serum of a Chinese population without occupational exposure and to examine the personal characteristics influencing these levels. Workers from 10 factories and their family members were recruited and their peripheral blood and spot urine samples were collected. The conjugated and free BPA of the samples was assayed with high-performance liquid chromatography. The exposure levels were checked with 2-independent-samples test, and the potential personal factors influencing exposure levels were analyzed using nonlinear correlation. Of the total of 952 subjects participating in the study, urine and blood samples were taken from 97% and 93% of them, respectively. The detectable rates were 50% for urine samples and 17% for serum samples, given the detection limit of 0.31 μg/L for urine and 0.39 μg/L for serum. The arithmetic mean (AM) and geometric mean (GM) of non-creatinine-adjusted urinary BPA level were 10.45 and 0.87 μg/L, which became 24.93 and 0.38 μg/g Cr after the creatinine level was adjusted; serum BPA levels were 2.84 μg/L (AM) and 0.18 μg/L (GM). Males and those with smoking habit had higher biological burden of BPA. The results indicated that half of the study subjects had detectable BPA in their urine samples. BPA levels were influenced by gender and smoking status. The sources of non-occupational BPA exposures should be explored.     

双酚A对雄性生殖功能影响的研究进展

近年来,有关环境类雌激素样物质双酚A(BPA)对生殖功能影响的研究成为了热点.该文综述了BPA对雄性生殖器官形态、生殖内分泌功能和男性生殖功能的影响及其毒性作用机制的最新进展和观点,并结合众多的研究现状提出了BPA雄性生殖毒性研究未来的发展方向.     

双酚A与健康的关系

双酚A（BPA）作为一种环境雌激素,广泛应用于日常生活的各个领域,而且其可通过多种途径（主要食物）进入人体。因此双酚A对人类健康的影响逐渐引起广泛关注和重视。目前,双酚A对生殖系统的研究较为广泛,过量暴露双酚A可引起雄性哺乳动物性腺发育不良,也会对雌性哺乳动物的卵巢和乳腺等造成严重危害;最近一些新的研究发现双酚A对脑及行为的发育也有很大影响;双酚A对心血管疾病,2型糖尿病及肥胖等疾病的影响也有一些报道。我国对BPA的研究刚刚起步,本文对双酚A的代谢与暴露情况以及对人体健康影响的最新观点和进展进行如下综述。     

双酚A对离体人子宫肌瘤细胞增殖的影响

目的研究环境雌激素双酚A(bisphenol A,BPA)对离体人子宫肌瘤细胞增殖的影响。方法进行人子宫肌瘤细胞原代、传代培养及鉴定。取用第3～5代子宫肌瘤细胞,用3种剂量的BPA(1×10-7、50×10-7、100×10-7mol/L)干预24、48、72h,并设溶剂对照组(无水乙醇,体积比为0.1%);采用噻唑蓝(MTT)法及流式细胞术对子宫肌瘤细胞的增殖情况进行分析。结果成功建立了人子宫肌瘤细胞有限细胞系。100×10-7mol/LBPA作用于子宫肌瘤细胞24、48、72h,及50×10-7mol/LBPA作用48、72h可促进子宫肌瘤细胞增殖,与溶剂对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01);50×10-7和100×10-7mol/LBPA作用72h时可促进G0-G1期细胞进入S期,提高细胞分裂增殖指数(PI),与溶剂对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论BPA能促进离体人子宫肌瘤细胞增殖,而且其促增殖作用存在时间依赖和剂量依赖关系,提示环境雌激素BPA对子宫肌瘤的发生、发展有促进作用。     

Pseudomonas sp.W2生长及对双酚A降解条件的研究

目的研究双酚A（BPA）降解菌（Pseudomonas sp.W2）的生长及对BPA的降解条件,为今后环境中BPA污染的实际治理提供实验依据。方法分别采用紫外扫描光谱分析和紫外光谱分析对Pseudomonas sp.W2菌株和BPA进行定量。分别绘制Pseudomonas sp.W2菌株的生长曲线及对BPA的降解曲线,并对其在不同的碳源、氮源、pH值、温度、通气情况下的生长情况及对BPA的降解情况进行分析。结果在一定条件下（25-35℃,pH值为6-8,250ml摇瓶中的培养基F装液量为50-100ml,有一定的碳源、氮源）,Pseudomonas sp.W2的生长及对BPA降解作用较好。结论Pseudomonas sp.W2菌株的生长及对BPA的降解的条件较宽,这对其在实际中的应用具有一定意义。     

双酚A对SD大鼠卵巢毒性作用实验研究

目的初步探讨不同剂量双酚A对SD大鼠卵巢的毒性作用。方法实验将48只4周龄SD雌性大鼠随机分四组,分别予以不同剂量BPA灌胃染毒,隔日一次,染毒180 d。用酶联免疫法测定雌二醇（E2）、孕酮（P）、睾丸酮（T）3种主要激素水平值。取大鼠卵巢组织固定切片,做HE染色;用免疫组化方法检测雌激素受体ER和P53在大鼠卵巢中的分布及表达。结果与对照组比较,各染毒组大鼠血清中雌二醇（E2）和孕酮（P）水平值增高,睾丸酮（T）水平值降低,并随染毒剂量的增高而降低,呈负相关。病理组织切片显示卵泡颗粒层排列有明显的改变;免疫组化结果表明：ER和P53在SD大鼠卵巢细胞中的表达增强,呈现出剂量-效应关系。结论 BPA对SD大鼠具有内分泌干扰作用,可改变SD大鼠血清中雌二醇（E2）、孕酮（P）、睾酮（T）的正常水平值,增强卵巢中ER和P53的表达,影响SD大鼠卵巢细胞的正常增殖。     

Demographic and dietary predictors of urinary bisphenol A concentrations in adults in Israel

Background

To date, there is scarce data on levels of exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) in the general population in Israel and the region. The goal of the current study was to measure urinary levels of BPA in the general adult population in Israel and to determine the demographic and dietary predictors of exposure.

Methods

We recruited 249 individuals (ages 20–74) from five different regions in Israel. We collected urine samples and questionnaire data including detailed dietary data and analyzed urine samples for BPA concentrations.

Results

Eighty nine percent of the study population had urinary BPA concentrations equal to or above the level of quantification (0.3 μg/L). Median creatinine adjusted BPA urinary concentrations in the study population (2.3 μg/g) were slightly higher than those reported for the general population in the US (1.76 μg/g) and Canada (1.47 μg/g), and were comparable to those reported for the general population in Belgium (2.25 μg/g) and Korea (2.09 μg/g). BPA concentrations were higher in Jews compared to Arab and Druze (prevalence ratio (PR) = 2.34; 95%CI 1.56–3.49), in individuals with higher education (PR = 1.70, 1.11–2.62), in individuals consuming mushrooms (PR = 2.08, 1.07–4.05), and in smokers (PR = 1.43, 1.00–2.05).

Conclusions

We found that the general adult population in Israel is widely exposed to BPA. Our findings on higher BPA levels in Jews compared to Arabs and Druze and in individuals with higher education highlights the fact that predictors of BPA exposure vary across populations.     

双酚A与复发性流产的相关性

目的 探讨双酚A与不明原因复发性流产的关系,为预防复发性流产提供科学依据.方法 采用以医院为基础的1∶1匹配病例-对照,对60例不明原因复发性流产者按年龄±2岁、同一地区、同一孕周进行匹配.用柱前荧光-高效液相色谱法检测60例不明原因复发性流产者(患者组)和60名正常怀孕妇女(对照组)尿液中双酚A的含量.按文化程度、职业分布和吸烟状况进行分组比较.统计分析采用Wilcoxon秩和检验、秩转换方差分析SNK法、单因素和多因素条件logistic回归模型分析.统计软件为SAS 9.1.3.结果 患者组和对照组尿液双酚A含量分别是(0.10±0.21)、(0.03±0.08)μg/ml(中位数±四分位数间距),差异有统计学意义(Z=3.988,P＜0.0001).在文化程度为高中者,患者组双酚A水平明显高于对照组(中位数分别为0.10、0.06μg/ml,Z=1.996,P=0.0459);文化程度为大专者,患者组双酚A水平明显高于对照组(含量分别为0.14、0.03μg/ml,Z=2.586,P=0.0097).在职业为工人或农民者,患者组双酚A水平明显高于对照组(含量分别为0.08、0.03μg/ml,Z=2.265,P=0.0235);职业为商业者,患者组双酚A水平明显高于对照组(含量分别为0.10、0.03μg/ml,Z=2.544,P=0.0109).在无被动吸烟者中,患者组双酚A水平明显高于对照组(含量分别为0.09、0.03μg/ml,Z=3.767,P=0.0002).在调整年龄、身体质量指数、婚姻状况等因素后,以双酚A浓度≤0.06μg/ml为参比,双酚A浓度在0.06～0.20μg/ml之间的OR值为4.03,95%CI值为1.67～9.74,双酚A浓度＞0.20μg/ml的OR值为5.46,95%CI值为1.95～15.27,且随着双酚A水平的升高,发生复发性流产的风险也在增加(x2=13.042,P=0.0003);经秩转换方差分析SNK法检验发现,正常妊娠者、复发性流产2次与≥3次者间差异有统计学意义(含量分别为0.03、0.09、0.21 μg/ml,F=9.04,P=0.0002).结论双酚A的暴露与不明原因复发性流产可能有关联.

Abstract：

Objective This study was to investigate the association of Bisphenol A and unexplained conducted.Sixty patients with unexplained recurrent abortion were included.Each case was matched with one normal control by age(± 2 years),living district and the same gestational age.The levels of Bisphenol A in urine for 60 cases and 60 controls were detected using high performance liquid chromatography after fluorescent derivatization.The levels of urinary Bisphenol A in case was compared with that in control in education levels,occupation,smoking history.Data was analyzed by means of Wilcoxon-test,StudentNewman-Keuls after rank transform,univariate and multivariate conditional Logistic regression analysis.The software used was SAS 9.1.3.Results The values of urinary Bisphenol A in cases and controls were (0.10 ± 0.21)μg/ml,(0.03 ± 0.08)μg/ml,respectively.The level of urinary Bisphenol A in cases was significantly higher than that in controls(Z = 3.988,P ＜0.0001).The urinary Bisphenol A levels in cases were significant higher than those in controls from senior middle school(the levels were 0.10,0.06 μg/ml respectively,Z = 1.996,P = 0.0459),college(the levels were 0.14,0.03 μg/ml respectively,Z = 2.586,P = 0.0097),workers or farmers(the levels were 0.08,0.03 μg/ml respectively,Z = 2.265,P = 0.0235),businessmen(the levels were 0.10,0.03 μg/ml respectively,Z = 2.544,P = 0.0109),and no passive smokers(the levels were 0.09,0.03 μg/ml respectively,Z = 3.767,P =0.0002).After adjustment by age,body mass index,marital status during pregnancy and other factors,compared to Bisphenol A below 0.06 μg/ml,the adjusted OR was 4.03(1.67-9.74)for Bisphenol A levels between 0.06 μg/ml and 0.20 μg/ml,and was 5.46(1.95-15.27)for Bisphenol A over 0.20 μg/ml-The risk of unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion increased progressively with the growth of urinary Bisphenol A levels(x2 =13.042,trend test P=0.0003).There were significant differences on Bisphenol A among controls,two abortions,and three or more abortions(the levels were 0.03 μg/ml,0.09 μg/ml,0.21 μg/ml respectively,F = 9.04,P = 0.0002).Conclusion Exposure to Bisphenol A may be associated with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion.     

Associations Between Thyroid Hormone Levels and Urinary Concentrations of Bisphenol A,F, and S in 6-Year-old Children in Korea

ObjectivesBisphenol A (BPA) is used in the electrical, mechanical, medical, and food industries. Previous studies have suggested that BPA is an endocrine disruptor. Regulation of BPA has led to increased use of bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS). However, few studies have investigated the associations of BPF and BPS with thyroid dysfunction in children. Our study investigated the associations of prenatal BPA and early childhood BPA, BPF, and BPS exposure with thyroid function in 6-year-old children.MethodsPrenatal BPA concentrations were measured during the second trimester of pregnancy in an established prospective birth cohort. We measured urinary BPA, BPF, and BPS concentrations and thyroid hormone levels (thyroid-stimulating hormone, total T₃, and free T₄) in 6-year-old children (n=574). We examined the associations between urinary bisphenol concentrations and percentage change of thyroid hormone concentrations using multivariate linear regression. We also compared thyroid hormone levels by dividing the cohort according to BPA, BPF, and BPS concentrations.ResultsThe associations between prenatal BPA and total T₃ levels were statistically significant in all models, except for girls when using a crude model. The associations between urinary BPA and BPS concentrations and levels of all thyroid hormones were not statistically significant. However, we observed that lower free T₄ levels (−1.94%; 95% confidence interval, −3.82 to −0.03) were associated with higher urinary BPF concentrations in girls only.ConclusionsOur findings identified significant associations between prenatal BPA exposure and total T₃ levels in all children and between BPF exposure and free T₄ levels in girls only.