La Société médico-psychologique de 1852 à 1902, la période clinique

History of the Société médico-psychologique from 1852 to 1902, her proceedings, her part to work out the clinic.     

A Propos de l'Hétérogénéité de l'Apraxie Bucco-faciale

Abstract: The authors have studied the bucco-facial apraxia (BFA) in 20 aphasic patients, examining 10 isolated oral gesture (IOG) and 10 combined oral gesture (COG). The heterogeneity of the BFA is indicated by the qualitative analysis of the types of errors in COG in relation to IOG. It is probable that the BFA due to the posterior lesions might base on the motor programming disorders of oral gestures, and that the BFA due to the anterior lesions on the motor realization disorders of oral gestures. It remains unsolved whether there is a continuity or some varieties between two types of BFA.     

L’ambiguïté du mandat social de la psychiatrie

Because psychiatry, like any medicine, is an art, the evolution of its assumptions and knowledge depends on its inclusion in a social context including power play and skill. Historically, the requirement of independence of psychiatry is based on a balance of power in favor of the statutory university neuropsychiatry and a report of knowledge that has its origins in exercise conditions specific to the nascent sectored practice. The Antipsychiatric quarrel of 1960s demonstrates particularly well identity tension between judgment on society and medical defence. Nowadays, the issue of social sanitarisation is testing the double figure against which the French psychiatric common culture is built: That of the asylum support meeting a social demand for exclusion of the mental illness, that the denial of a medical status of madness preventing a return to the sick hope of recovery and integration into the community. The emergence of the concept of psychosocial distress in the early 1990s, correlated with the development of public policies, especially those known as the integration and inclusion, and the deinstitutionalization movement that marks the psychiatric care system reactualize the nagging question of the social mandate of psychiatry, and with it, the relationship between professional psychiatric cultures and mental health policies.     

La blessure chez les sportifs de haut niveau : « Du hors jeu à la remise en jeu »

The main target of the present study was to examine more deeply, and from a clinical point of view, the psychoaffectif processes used by higher-level sportsmen after injuries.Using a qualitative analysis of athlete’s discourses, we investigated the modalities of coping with injuries trauma and mainly we examined the place given for the reduction and for the immediate athlete’s environment in the management of the direct and indirect consequences of injuries.Results corroborate the idea that injuries represent a traumatic event that produces a major unbalance in the subject life and subsequently triggers a defence processes similar to those used in the work of mourning. Results revealed also the ambivalent nature of the injuries. Subjects can represent simultaneously injuries as loss and penalty, profit and benefit. Injuries can put the athlete offside, but, after readjustment, it can also represent a new starting point and a new source of progress. Such ambivalence suggests strongly the hypothesis that injuries produce a hidden conflict between antagonist motivations.     

Gestion de l’anxiété de performance orale et représentations mentales: Les propriétés structurales des représentations mentales comme outil de changement

Many techniques used in brief psychotherapies are based on the activation of mental representations and images. For example, cognitive-behavioural therapists confront the subject at their mental representation of the phobogenic situation. Exposition techniques and desensibilization method (Wolpe) used by cognitive-behavioural therapists activate visual mental representations and verbal representations through the medium of auto verbalizations or self-statements. The strategic therapeutics or hypnotherapists invent metaphors or suggestions that solicited the patient’s cognitive style. So, psychotherapists can learn from lot specific researches about mental representations, particularly analytic conceptions of visual imagery elaborated by Kosslyn and studies about auditory imagery (Reisberg) because these researches demonstrate that the cognitive capacities concern many « sub-capacities » in which the subjects manifest different abilities.Objective.- This investigation examines the effects of modifications of the structural properties of verbal, visual, and somesthetic representations in oral performance anxiety. The goal of the present study is to identify the structural properties (visual, auditory and somesthetic) capable of producing the greatest reduction in oral performance anxiety.Structural properties encompass the auditory characteristics of self-statements (e.g. volume, rhythm, and distance from stressful event); the characteristics of the visual image (e.g. size, brightness, and distance from stressful event); and the somesthetic properties (e.g. intensity, location, and area of uncomfortable feelings associated with social anxiety).Results. - Concerning the visual representation of the stressful event, the distancing from the image tended to reduce anxiety more than the other modifications (i.e. size or brightness). Concerning negative self-statements, our results indicate that reducing volume tend to diminue anxiety than the slowing down of the rhythm. Finally, the instructions encouraging a reduction of the intensity of sensations were more effective than other modifications (displacing and area of unpleasant sensation) in reducing anxiety.