低聚合度木聚糖对木聚糖酶合成的影响

研究了木聚糖的聚合度和添加黄豆粉对里氏木霉合成木聚糖酶的影响，并以纯化木聚糖酶水解木聚糖。研究结果表明：木聚糖经酶水解后平均聚合度降低54％，戊聚糖含量为75．4％。采用低聚合度木聚糖为底物碳源和添加黄豆粉都可提高产酶效果。以12g／L低聚合度木聚糖添加2g／L黄豆粉，培养3d后木聚糖酶活力可达到113IU／mL，提高49．3％。通过对木聚糖酶进行纯化处理可以有效除去β-木糖苷酶。以体积分数10％的木聚糖酶水解35g／L木聚糖3h后，低聚木糖得率达到35．5％，而木糖得率仅为1．5％，低聚木糖与总糖的比值达到95．8％，随着酶解时间的延长，低聚木糖不会被降解。     

低聚合度木聚糖对木聚糖酶合成的影响

研究了木聚糖的聚合度和添加黄豆粉对里氏木霉合成木聚糖酶的影响,并以纯化木聚糖酶水解木聚糖。研究结果表明:木聚糖经酶水解后平均聚合度降低54%,戊聚糖含量为75.4%。采用低聚合度木聚糖为底物碳源和添加黄豆粉都可提高产酶效果。以12g/L低聚合度木聚糖添加2g/L黄豆粉,培养3d后木聚糖酶活力可达到113IU/mL,提高49.3%。通过对木聚糖酶进行纯化处理可以有效除去β 木糖苷酶。以体积分数10%的木聚糖酶水解35g/L木聚糖3h后,低聚木糖得率达到35.5%,而木糖得率仅为1.5%,低聚木糖与总糖的比值达到95.8%,随着酶解时间的延长,低聚木糖不会被降解。     

荧光假单孢菌高活性木聚糖酶产酶研究

从盐碱土中获得一样荧光假单孢菌（P.flu．01）,研究了该菌木聚糖酶产酶条件。虽然木聚糖为木聚糖酶产酶最佳碳源,但以未处理的玉米芯为碳源,胰蛋白际和酵母混音为氮源时．经60h培养后,木聚糖酶活高达164．OIU／mL,而CMC酶活很低,只有0．29IU/mL。同时该菌对pH值具有广泛的适应性,在起始pH＝6．0－11．0范围内其木聚糖产酶能力相差不大。有机氛胰蛋白股和酵母混音比无机氛更有利于酶活的提高,并且木聚糖酶活力的提高和有机氟含量增加成正比。玉米芯的物理状态即粗细度对产酶影响不大,但玉米芯的含量增加对广酶有强烈的挺进作用。该酶最合适pH值为6．5,最适反应温度为50℃。     

粗糙脉孢菌(Neurospora crassa)木聚糖酶的合成及性质研究

粗糙脉孢菌1602(Neurosporacrassa)可以产生木聚糖酶。以不同的植物纤维物料及纯木聚糖作为底物都可诱导产生较高的木聚糖酶活,其中玉米芯粉的诱导能力最强,酶活可达25.02IU/mL。纤维素与木聚糖混合对木聚糖酶合成具有促进作用。葡萄糖、木糖对木聚糖酶的合成有很强的阻遏作用,葡萄糖的阻遏作用大于木糖的阻遏作用。其木聚糖酶最适作用pH值为5.4,最适作用温度为60℃。     

玉米芯木聚糖的提取及其相对分子质量分布研究

通过碱性过氧化氢溶液提取玉米芯半纤维素，单因素试验结果表明：在1% H₂O₂、5% NaOH的碱性过氧化氢溶液中，反应温度50℃、反应时间16 h、液固比为20：1（mL：g），木聚糖得率可达83.15%。采用梯度乙醇分级沉淀法进行半纤维素的分离实验，考察了真空冷冻和烘干方式对产物性能的影响。采用高效离子色谱测定半纤维素单糖组成，并用FT-IR、TG、¹H NMR、¹³C NMR和GPC对半纤维素进行分析与表征。结果表明：各级分由木糖、葡萄糖、阿拉伯糖等组成，玉米芯中半纤维素主要由L-阿拉伯糖-（4-O-甲基-D-葡萄糖醛酸）木聚糖构成；支化度（w（阿拉伯糖）/w（木糖））为0.17~0.52，且随着乙醇体积分数的增加而变大。干燥方式对产物的相对分子质量影响很大，真空冷冻干燥的木聚糖重均相对分子质量（M_w）为108 533~197 752，真空干燥的M_w为41 231~47 242；2种干燥方式所得12种级分中，分散系数为1.172~1.517，其中11种产物分散系数小于1.5，为分布均一的低分散度木聚糖。     

黑曲霉诱变产酶活性与稻壳中木聚糖定向酶解的研究

采用紫外线照射诱变黑曲霉,筛选出低纤维素酶活的木聚糖酶高产菌株,研究了最优诱变条件,分析了诱变后黑曲霉产木聚糖酶的活性,测定了木聚糖酶对温度和pH值的稳定性。并初步探讨了木聚糖浓度、加酶量对酶解的影响。结果表明,最优诱变条件为:紫外照射功率40 W、照射距离28 cm、诱变时间2.5 min;黑曲霉产木聚糖酶的最适温度为50℃、最适pH值为4.2。木聚糖浓度对木聚糖的酶解没有影响,加酶量对木聚糖的酶解有一定影响;在木聚糖浓度为30 g.L-1、加酶量为2%~5%时,酶解效果较好。     

Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum JW/SL-YS485来源的GH11家族木聚糖酶的克隆表达及其应用

对Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum JW/SL-YS485来源的GH11家族木聚糖酶基因xyn11进行了克隆表达研究。xyn11基因全长636bp,编码211氨基酸。通过构建重组质粒,使其在大肠杆菌中实现了活性表达,酶活达到13.8U/mL。重组酶通过热处理和Ni亲和层析达到电泳纯,SDS-PAGE显示其分子量为20000,与理论分子量吻合。重组酶的最适反应温度为65℃,最适反应pH为4.5,在pH 3.5~6.0范围内保持较高的稳定性,60℃保温1h,酶活还残存60%,Cu²⁺对该酶有激活作用。重组酶底物特异性强,且不能降解木二糖和木三糖。重组酶以榉木木聚糖为底物,其V_max和K_m分别为9809U/mg和5.9mg/mL。榉木木聚糖质量浓度为25g/L,重组木聚糖酶用量为20U/g,在50℃、pH 4.5条件下水解12h低聚木糖的得率为27.8%,水解产物主要由木二糖和木三糖组成,且不产生任何木糖。结果表明,该木聚糖酶催化特性优异,可用于低聚木糖的制备。     

以秸秆为原料制备低聚木糖工艺研究

研究了稻草粉经氯化钠预处理后加氧氧化钠高温蒸煮提取木聚糖,然后再加酶水解生产低聚木糖的工艺路线.稻草粉在质量分数为2.5%的NaCl溶液中浸泡12 h后,滤去浸泡液,然后采用固液比1∶10、120℃、120 min的蒸煮条件进行蒸煮.结果表明,木聚糖的提取得率达29.05%(按稻草粉中木聚糖计),用底物质量分数为3%的木聚糖,加入木聚糖酶液,水解温度80℃,反应时间5 h,最后测得还原糖总质量浓度可达3.54g/L.     

低聚木糖生产用木聚糖酶的选择性合成

以里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei)Rut C-30为产酶菌,研究了碳源、碳氮比对木聚糖酶酶系组成的影响.低分子量组分较多的木聚糖有利于促进内切-β-木聚糖酶的合成,酶解产物中低聚木糖的含量较高(80.70%).低碳氮比有利于促进内切-β-木聚糖酶的合成,抑制外切-β-木糖苷酶的合成.以低分子量较多的木聚糖(7g/L)为碳源,降低培养基的碳氮比为4.0,调控培养60h,用该木聚糖酶酶解粗木聚糖,产物中低聚木糖占总糖的86.32%.     

培养基成分对里氏木霉合成木聚糖酶的影响

以里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei)Rut C-30为产酶菌,研究了碳源、氮源和碳氮比对木聚糖酶合成的影响.结果表明粗木聚糖和亚硫酸盐纸浆混合作为碳源有利于木聚糖酶的合成,碳源中随着亚硫酸盐纸浆含量的增多,合成的木聚糖酶活先上升后下降,当碳源为粗木聚糖(5g/L)与亚硫酸盐纸浆(2g/L)的混合物时,木聚糖酶活最高,与单独用7g/L的粗木聚糖为碳源相比,木聚糖酶活提高了56.66%.混合氮源的产酶效果比单一氮源的产酶效果好,其中尿素、蛋白胨和酵母浸膏按一定的比例混合作为氮源产酶效果最好,木聚糖酶活达138.56 IU/mL,单一氮源中有机氮源产酶效果比无机氮源稍好.随着碳氮比的增加,木聚糖酶活值先上升后下降,以粗木聚糖为碳源,里氏木霉合成木聚糖酶的较适碳氮比为7.2左右.     

Crystallographic and mutational analyses of an extremely acidophilic and acid-stable xylanase: biased distribution of acidic residues and importance of Asp37 for catalysis at low pH

Xylanase C from Aspergillus kawachii has an optimum pH of 2.0 and is stable at pH 1.0. The crystal structure of xylanase C was determined at 2.0 A resolution (R-factor = 19.4%). The overall structure was similar to those of other family 11 xylanases. Asp37 and an acid-base catalyst, Glu170, are located at a hydrogen-bonding distance (2.8 A), as in other xylanases with low pH optima. Asp37 of xylanase C was replaced with asparagine and other residues by site-directed mutagenesis. Analyses of the wild-type and mutant enzymes showed that Asp37 is important for high enzyme activity at low pH. In the case of the asparagine mutant, the optimum pH shifted to 5.0 and the maximum specific activity decreased to about 15% of that of the wild-type enzyme. On structural comparison with xylanases with higher pH optima, another striking feature of the xylanase C structure was found; the enzyme has numerous acidic residues concentrated on the surface (so-called 'Ser/Thr surface' in most family 11 xylanases). The relationship of the stability against extreme pH conditions and high salt concentrations with the spacially biased distribution of charged residues on the proteins is discussed.      

New insights into the role of the thumb-like loop in GH-11 xylanases

GH-11 xylanases are highly specific and possess a thumb-shaped loop, a unique structure among enzymes with a jelly-roll scaffold. To investigate this structure, in vitro mutagenesis was performed on a GH-11 xylanase (Tx-Xyl) from Thermobacillus xylanilyticus. Targets were the conserved amino acids Pro(114)-Ser(115)-Ile(116) that are located at the thumb's tip and Thr(121) and Tyr(111), linker residues that connect the thumb to the main enzyme scaffold. Site-saturation mutagenesis provided an active variant that possesses a new triplet (Pro(114)-Gly(115)-Cys(116)), not found in naturally occurring GH-11 xylanases. The k(cat) value for xylan hydrolysis catalysed by this mutant was increased by 20%. Re-positioning of the thumb through the deletion of the linker residues produced different effects. As predicted by in silico analyses, deletion of Thr(121) had drastic consequences on activity, whereas deletion of Tyr(111) only affected (4-fold decrease) k(cat). Finally, deletion mutagenesis was used to create a thumbless variant that was almost catalytically inactive. Fluorescence titration with xylotetraose and xylopentaose revealed that this thumb-deleted xylanase retained the ability to bind substrates. This binding was comparable to that of the wild-type enzyme. Additionally, unlike wild-type Tx-Xyl, the thumb-deleted xylanase efficiently bound cellotetraose, although no cellulose hydrolysing activity was detected. Overall, these data show that the thumb is a key determinant for substrate selection and support previous data that suggest that it plays a role in the catalytic process.     

糖基化改造β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶的热稳定性

以N-糖基化提高毕赤酵母重组表达β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶(PGUS-P)的热稳定性为目的,在PGUS-P模拟结构分析的基础上,半理性方法设计并通过定点突变引入具有EAS(enhanced aromatic sequence)序列特征的新N-糖基化位点,经毕赤酵母重组表达后,获得了3个新糖基化的突变酶PGUS-P-26、PGUS-P-35和PGUS-P-259。反应动力学分析表明,与原始PGUS-P相比,突变酶PGUS-P-26、PGUS-P-35和PGUS-P-259催化甘草酸水解的Km变小,Kcat/Km增加,表明其对底物甘草酸的亲和力和催化效率均得到提高。热稳定性分析表明,PGUS-P-35和PGUS-P-259的热稳定性得到改善,在65℃下保温90 min,其热稳定性相对PGUS-P分别提高了13%和11%。研究表明在蛋白质的合适位点引入糖基修饰对提高蛋白的热稳定性具有促进作用。     

Thermostabilization of the Bacillus circulansxylanase by the introduction of disulfide bonds

The thermostability of the 20 396 Da Bacillus circulans xylanasewas increased by the introduction of both intra and intermoleculardisulfide bridges by site-directed muta-genesis. Based on the3-D structure of the enzyme, sites were chosen where favourablegeometry for a bridge existed; in one case, to obtain favourablegeometry additional mutations around the cysteine sites weredesigned by computer modelling. The disulfide bonds introducedinto the xylanase were mostly buried and, in the absence ofprotein denaturants, relatively insensitive to reduction bydithiothreitol. The mutant proteins were examined for residualenzymatic activity after various thermal treatments, and wereassayed for enzymatic activity at elevated temperatures to assesstheir productivity. Wes have examined one of these mutants byX-ray crystallography. All of the disulfide bond designs testedincreased the thermostability of the B.circulans xylanase, butnot all enhanced the activity of the enzyme at elevated temperatures.     

重组大肠杆菌生产极端耐热木聚糖酶

将含有来自于嗜热网球菌(Dictyoglomus thermophilum)Rt46B.1编码极端耐热木聚糖酶基因xynB的表达载体pET-DBc转化大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)BL21(DE3),获得重组菌E. coli DB1,目的基因可表达出有活性且耐90oC的木聚糖酶. 初步优化的E. coli DB1发酵培养基的组成为(g/L)：葡萄糖50,NH4Cl 3,MgSO4 0.5,CaCl2 0.6,Na2HPO4×7H2O 12.8,KH2PO4 3.0,NaCl 0.5. 重组菌E. coli DB1木聚糖酶的耐热特性有利于木聚糖酶的下游回收和提取.     

Thermostable ethanol tolerant xylanase from a cold-adapted marine species Acinetobacter johnsonii

A xylanase-producing bacterium, isolated from deep sea sediments, was identified as the cold-adapted marine species Acinetobacter Johnsonii. A cold-adapted marine species Acinetobacter Johnsonii could grow at 4 ℃. The optimum temperature and pH of xylanase from a cold-adapted marine species Acinetobacter Johnsonii were 55 ℃ and pH 6.0. Xylanase from a cold-adapted marine species Acinetobacter Johnsonii remained at 80% activity after incubation for 1 h at 65 ℃. The xylanase activity was 1.2-fold higher in 4% ethanol solution than in ethanol free solution. Gibbs free energy of denaturation, ΔG, was higher in 4% ethanol solution than in ethanol free solution. Thermostable ethanol tolerant xylanase was valuable for bioethanol production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process with xylan as a carbon source.     

理性设计提高β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶的热稳定性

采用同源序列比对策略和脯氨酸效应的设计策略,以同源建模的三维结构为基础,结合定点突变技术,对重组产紫青霉β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶(PGUS-E)进行理性设计,获得了2个热稳定性明显提高的突变体PGUS-E I130V和PGUS-E G280P,再将突变位点进行组合获得突变体PGUS-E I130V+G280P。相比PGUS-E,PGUS-E I130V、PGUS-E G280P和PGUS-E I130V+G280P在60℃下的半衰期T1/2分别比原始酶的23 min提高3.5倍,5倍和5.5倍,达到82 min,117 min和128min。突变体的动力学参数Kcat/Km值分别为1.534×107 mol-1·L·min-1,1.368×107mol-1·L·min-1和1.283×107 mol-1·L·min-1,与原始酶(1.316×107 mol-1·L·min-1)接近,对底物的亲和力基本不变。结果表明在蛋白质构象不稳定的区段中引入脯氨酸,以及在相应位置引入嗜热菌的氨基酸,均可提高蛋白质热稳定性。     

Systematic study of H2 production from catalytic photoreforming of cellulose over Pt catalysts supported on TiO2

Hydrogen (H₂) production from photocatalytic reforming of cellulose is a promising way for sustainable H₂ to be generated. Herein, we report a systematic study of the photocatalytic reforming of cellulose over Pt/m-TiO₂ (i.e. mixed TiO₂, 80% of anatase and 20% of rutile) catalysts in water. The optimum operation condition was established by studying the effect of Pt loading, catalyst concentration, cellulose concentration and reaction temperature on the gas production rate of H₂ (r_H2) and CO₂ (r_CO2), suggesting an optimum operation condition at 40 ℃ with 1.0 g·L^-1 of cellulose and 0.75 g·L^-1 of 0.16-Pt/m-TiO₂ catalyst (with 0.16 wt% Pt loadting) to achieve a relatively sound photocatalytic performance with rH₂ = 9.95 μmol·h^-1. It is also shown that although the photoreforming of cellulose was operated at a relatively mild condition (i.e. with an UV-A lamp irradiation at 40 ℃ in the aqueous system), a low loading of Pt at ~0.16 wt% on m-TiO₂ could promote the H₂ production effectively. Additionally, by comparing the reaction order expressed from both r_H2 (a₁) and rCO₂ (a₂) with respect to cellulose and water, the possible mechanism of H₂ production was proposed.     

Xylanase production by Bacillus polymyxa

Bacillus polymyxa produced high levels (12–13 U cm^?3) of extracellular xylanases when grown in a complex medium containing yeast extract and oat spelt xylan as nitrogen and carbon sources respectively. Substantially lower yields of enzyme were produced during growth on the monosaccharides glucose, arabinose and xylose. Meagre growth occurred when ammonium sulphate, instead of yeast extract, was used as nitrogen source. When assayed in culture broth supernatants, xylanase showed an optimum activity in 48°C and at pH values in the range 5.0–6.5. Under such conditions, the half-life of this xylanase preparation was 8 h. Mn²⁺ showed a strong inhibitory effect on the enzyme, but inhibition by EDTA (27% w/v) suggested dependence on a metallic ion. SDS-PAGE and zymogram overlay showed that up to five separate xylanases in the range of 20 to 116 kDa were produced.