夏季亚洲大气热源汇的变化特征及其与江淮流域旱涝的关系

用2001年和2003年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料，计算了亚洲季风区两年逐日的大气热源汇〈Q1〉，再用谐波分析方法对〈Q1〉作带通滤波， 得到了准30~70 d的〈Q1〉低频分量，并分析了两年夏季大气热源汇和其低频振荡变化特征的差异，然后研究了一些“关键”区〈Q1〉低频分量的变化与我国降水的关系。结果表明:在2001年和2003年夏季的亚洲季风区，一方面应该有这样一种过程，大气热源汇低频分量经向和纬向传播的差异→江淮流域旱涝期东亚地区大气热源汇低频分量南北配置的差异→东亚地区大气热源汇本身的南北分布不同。另一方面，夏季的5~8月期间，高原中南侧有较强的低频热源 (热汇) 时，可导致其后期江淮流域降水偏多 (少)；中国南海的作用则正好相反，南海有较强的低频热源 (热汇) 时，不仅可导致其后期江淮流域降水偏少 (多)，还可导致其后期青藏高原东部降水偏少 (多)。因此，夏季亚洲季风区热源、热汇季节内变化特征的不同可导致我国江淮流域异常的旱涝发生。     

对流凝结加热的垂直分布与低纬大气的30～60天低频振荡

运用一个包含Wave-CISK机制的斜压半地转8层模式和本征函数展开方法，研究了三种不同的对流凝结加热廓线对低纬大气的30—60天低频振荡的影响。研究表明，不同的加热廓线分布时30～60天低频振荡具有不同的相速和周期，并且低频振荡特征相速的量级都是o(10m／s)，由Wave-CISK机制激发的低频CISK—Kelvin波和CISK—Rossby波都是稳定的。同时，还进一步揭示了不同加热廓线对低纬大气30～60天低频振荡垂直结构的影响。     

夏季青藏高原大气热源低频振荡与南亚高压东西振荡的关系

利用1983～2012年NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料对夏季青藏高原大气热源和南亚高压东西振荡的低频特征以及两者的关系进行了讨论,发现夏季青藏高原东部大气热源与南亚高压纬向运动的主要低频周期都是10～20 d。在高原东部大气热源10～20 d振荡峰值位相,青藏高原上空被低频气旋控制,高原西部被低频反气旋控制,导致南亚高压主要高压中心向西移动呈伊朗高压模态;在大气热源10～20 d振荡谷值位相,低频环流形势完全相反,青藏高原上空被低频反气旋控制,高原西部被低频气旋控制,致使南亚高压主要高压中心向东移动呈青藏高压模态。高原热力场异常导致其上空暖中心变化从而引起的高层风场变化可以解释南亚高压的东西振荡。     

南海地区大气30～60天低频振荡及其对南海夏季风的可能影响

本文利用1979～2008 年美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)和美国国家大气研究中心(NCAR)第二套再分析资料、美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)的向外长波辐射(OLR)资料及1979～2007年全球降水资料(CMAP), 分析了南海地区热带大气的低频振荡及其对南海夏季风的可能影响。结果表明, 夏半年南海地区存在显著的30～60天的周期振荡。当30～60天低频振荡处于活跃位相时, 南海及其周围地区的低层大气为低频西南风, 南海和菲律宾北部为低频气旋流场且为正的位涡度, 对应着增强的南海夏季风槽和南海夏季风; 当 30～60天低频振荡处于不活跃位相时, 情形正好相反。进一步的研究揭示出, 夏半年30～60天低频振荡变化的空间型与夏半年平均场的年际变化的空间分布非常相似, 并且南海及其附近地区的 30～60天低频振荡活动的年际变化对夏半年平均场的年际变化有显著的贡献。强、弱南海夏季风年30～60天低频振荡活动的比较也说明, 强的南海夏季风年30～60天低频振荡活跃状态发生的概率大于不活跃状态发生的概率, 而弱的南海夏季风年则是不活跃状态发生的概率大于活跃状态发生的概率。因此, 南海地区30～60天低频振荡对南海夏季风很可能有重要影响, 当30～60天低频振荡的活跃状态处于主导时, 南海夏季风往往会偏强; 反之, 如果不活跃状态处于主导时, 南海夏季风往往会偏弱。     

北半球副热带—中纬度太平洋大气季节内扰动的纬向传播与东亚夏季旱涝

用时空滤波和Morlet小波方法,分析了1958—2000年夏季东亚(20°—45°N,110°—135°E)不同纬带(由南到北分为4个区域)的降水分别与太平洋同一纬带上大气30—60 d振荡(ISO)沿纬圈传播的关系及其成因机制。发现太平洋上经向风ISO向西传播的强或弱,是东亚夏季风区降水偏多或偏少的必要条件。对逐年夏季的分析表明,无论当年东亚夏季风强与否,在所划分的几个东亚季风区所有涝的年份里,太平洋同一纬带上大气ISO向西传播都明显较强,而在这些区域绝大多数旱的年份里,相应的ISO向西传播明显较弱。进一步分析发现,经向风ISO的纬向传播对应着大气经向型环流系统的移动,向西传影响东亚夏季风区降水的ISO有来自低纬中东太平洋东风流中的低频气旋(如副热带东风带中ISO的演变);也有来自中高纬度阿拉斯加湾及鄂霍次克海一带低频低压(如洋中槽)和高压(如阻塞高压和东北太平洋高压)的向南向西频散。因此东亚夏季旱涝不但与热带季风有关,而且与中东太平洋副热带东风系统中ISO的向西传播、中高纬度长波调整时低频扰动向西南经北太平洋副热带的传播密切相关。     

大气30—60天低频振荡动力学研究最新进展

通过２０多年来国内外大气３０￣６０天低频振荡动力学研究分析，较全面论述了近年来的研究进展，以及未来展望。     

夏季青藏高原大气热源与西南地区东部旱涝的关系

利用1959～2006年西南地区东部20个测站逐日降水量资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析月平均资料,分析了夏季青藏高原大气热源特征,指出了影响西南地区东部夏季旱涝的热源关键区域,并就关键区大气热源对该区域夏季旱涝的影响进行了诊断,得出了以下主要结论:西南地区东部夏季降水与高原主体东南部的热源变化关系密切,当该区域(该区域...     

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE 30 TO 60 DAY OSCILLATION OF ATMOSPHERIC HEAT SOURCE AND THE DROUGHT AND FLOOD EVENTS IN JUNE IN THE SOUTH OF CHINA

Based on the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and the observed precipitation data in the south of China from 1958 to 2000,the impact of 30 to 60 day oscillation of atmospheric heat sources on the drought and flood events in June in the south of China is discussed.During the flood(drought) events,there exists an anomalous low-frequency anticyclone(cyclone) at the low level of the troposphere over the South China Sea and the northwestern Pacific,accompanied with anomalous low-frequency heat sinks(heat sources),while there exists an anomalous low-frequency cyclone(anticyclone) with anomalous heat sources(sinks) over the area from the south of China to the south of Japan.On average,the phase evolution of the low-frequency in drought events is 7 to 11 days ahead of that in flood events in May to June in the south of China.In flood events,low-frequency heat sources and cyclones are propagated northward from the southern South China Sea,northwestward from the warm pool of the western Pacific and westward from the northwestern Pacific around 140°E,which have very important impact on the abundant rainfall in June in the south of China.However,in drought events,the northward propagations of the low-frequency heat sources and cyclones from the South China Sea and its vicinity are rather late compared with those in flood events,and there is no obvious westward propagation of the heat sources from the northwestern Pacific.The timing of the low-frequency heat source propagation has remarkable impact on the June rainfall in the south of China.     

30—60天大气振荡的全球特征

利用ECMWF格点资料,分析研究了大气季节内(30—60天)振荡的全球特征。30—60天振荡动能的分布表明高纬度地区要比赤道地区大得多。说明那里有较突出的30—60天振荡。中高纬度地区的30—60天振荡与热带有明显不同,垂直结构为正压模态,以纬向2—4波为主,多为向酉传播。30—60天振荡存在明显的低频遥相关,北半球主要为欧亚—太平洋(EAP)型和PNA型,南半球主要有澳洲—南非(ASA)型和环南美(RSA)型,并且在全球范围构成南北半球相互衔接的低频波列,即EAP-ASA波列和PNA-RSA波列。南北半球30—60天大气振荡有明显的相互影响,本文研究了南北半球30—60天振荡相互影响的3种主要过程。     

长江下游旱涝与夏半年欧亚环流30～60天振荡的年际变化

对25a(1971～1995年)逐候东半球热带外500hPa高度距平场进行小波分析和旋转主成分分析,研究了30～60d低频振荡的时空变化及其与长江下游夏季旱涝和暴雨频数年际变化的关系。结果表明:6～10月欧亚型(EU)低频振荡强度与长江下游暴雨频数成显著负相关,同时,提出了能揭示变量间非线性关系的对比函数分析(CFA)方法,发现当5～8月西太平洋型(WP)低频流型偏强时,长江下游暴雨频数增加,容易发生洪涝;反之,无明显影响。仅当前期3～5月南亚大陆型偏强时长江下游降水量偏少,而3～5月南亚大陆型偏弱时暴雨频数明显增加。因此,长江下游旱涝与低频流型异常之间同时存在线性和非线性相关。     

THE SOUTHERN OSCILLATION RECONSTRUCTION AND DROUGHT/FLOOD IN CHINA

Variation of the Southern Oscillation (SO) is,though observed at low latitudes,an indication of anomalies of the global atmospheric circulation.In this study,we found that the dryness/wetness in China is influenced significantly by variation of the SO,and that monsoon rainfall,prior to ENSO maybe affect large scale atmosphere motion at lower latitudes.Since the dryness/wetness grades appear to be responsive to climate anomalies related to the SO,it should be possible to reconstruct past value of SO directly from grade indices.Thus we attempted to reconstruct the seasonal SO indices back to 1472 A.D.using canonical comelation technique.The best cstimates were derived from the model in which the period 1851-1962 is used for calibration and then is tested over an independent period 1963——1986.These estimates calibrate about 37 percent of the SO variance with about 17 percent of the variance verified.Significant peaks are apparent at period in 2.5-3,5-6,10.3-25 year range in the spectrum of the reconstructións of the SO which seems to have relationship with QBO and solar activity.It is encouraging that ENSO event in 1982-1983 is very well identified,especially in three seasons JJA,SON and DJF.     

ANALYSIS ON THE SOURCE AND SINK OF KINETIC ENERGY OF ATMOSPHERIC 30-60 DAY PERIOD OSCILLATION AND THE PROBABLE CAUSES*

Based on ECMWF daily grid point data in summer(May-August),1981,the distribution features of the source and sink of kinetic energy of atmosphere 30-60 day oscillation,including its horizontal distribution characteristics and its vertical structure characteristics,are investigated systematically with diagnostic analysis methods over a latitude belt between 80°N and 60°S.Also,the probable reasons for the existence of the source and sink of low frequency kinetic energy(LFKE) are discussed preliminarily.Results show that the horizontal distribution of the sources and sinks of kinetic energy of atmospheric 30-60 day oscillation is extremely different.The significant sources and sinks of LFKE mainly exist in the oceans and the coastal regions of continents or islands in the mid-high latitudes.It is also found that,in the vertical direction,the sources and sinks of kinetic energy of 30-60 day oscillation display barotropic structure in the mid-high latitudes of both hemispheres,but dispaly baroclinic structure in the equtorial region,and in the horizontal direction,the sources and sinks mainly display zonal wave-like distribution.The source and sink of LFKE are determinded by ageostrophic wind effect,frictional effect,interaction between sub-grid-scale systems,nonlinear interaction,and the flux-divergence of LFKE transported by transient wind.There are some regional reasons for the generation of sources and sinks which are not completely identical in different areas.     

青藏高原大气热源和冬春积雪与中国东部降水的年代际变化关系

利用NCEP 1950—2004年逐日再分析资料,采用倒算法,对青藏高原大气热源的长期变化进行了计算,结果发现,青藏高原及附近地区上空大气春夏季热源在过去50年里,尤其是最近20年,表现为持续减弱的趋势。而1960—2004年青藏高原50站的冬春雪深却出现了增加,尤其是春季雪深在1977年出现了由少到多的突变。用SVD方法对高原积雪和高原大气热源关系的分析表明,二者存在非常显著的反相关关系,即高原冬春积雪偏多,高原大气春夏季热源偏弱。高原大气春夏季热源和中国160站降水的SVD分析表明,高原大气春夏季热源和夏季长江中下游降水呈反相关,与华南和华北降水呈正相关;而高原冬春积雪和中国160站降水的SVD分析显示,高原冬春积雪和夏季长江流域降水呈显著正相关,与华南和华北降水呈反相关。在年代际尺度上,青藏高原大气热源和冬春积雪与中国东部降水型的年代际变化(南涝北旱)有很好的相关。最后讨论了青藏高原大气热源影响中国东部降水的机制。青藏高原春夏季热源减弱,使得海陆热力差异减小,致使东亚夏季风强度减弱,输送到华北的水汽减少,而到达长江流域的水汽却增加;同时,高原热源减弱,使得副热带高压偏西,夏季雨带在长江流域维持更长时间。导致近20年来长江流域降水偏多,华北偏少,形成"南涝北旱"雨型。高原冬春积雪的增加,降低了地表温度,减弱了地面热源,并进而使得青藏高原及附近地区大气热源减弱。     

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ATMOSPHERIC HEATING SOURCE/SINK ANOMALIES OF ASIAN MONSOON AND FLOOD/DROUGHT IN THE YANGTZE RIVER BASIN IN THE MEIYU PERIOD

NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and a 30-year precipitation dataset of observed daily rainfall from 109 gauge stations are utilized in this paper. Using the REOF we analyzed the spatial distribution of precipitation in the 109 stations in the Yangtze River Basin in Meiyu periods from 1978 to 2007. The result showed that the spatial distribution of precipitation in the Yangtze River Basin can be divided into the south and north part. As a result, relationships between an atmospheric heating source (hereafter called ) over the Asian region and the precipitation on the south and north side of Yangtze River in Meiyu periods were separately studied in this paper. The results are shown as follows. The flood/drought to the north of Yangtze River (NYR) was mainly related to the over the East Asia summer monsoon region: when the over the Philippines through Western Pacific and the south China was weakened (strengthened), it would probably result in the flood (drought) in NYR; and the precipitation on the south side of Yangtze River (SYR) was related to the over the east Asia and Indian summer monsoon region: when the over the areas from south China to the northern East China Sea and Yellow Sea and south-eastern Japan was strengthened (weakened), and the over the areas from the Bay of Bengal to south-eastern Tibetan Plateau was weakened (strengthened), it will lead to flood (drought) in SYR.     

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXTREME PRECIPITATION ANOMALY IN SOUTH OF CHINA AND ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE

Based on the daily rainfall datasets of 743 stations in China and the NCEP/NCAR monthly reanalysis data during the period of 1960–2003, the relationship between the anomalous extreme precipitation (EP) in the south of China and atmospheric circulation in the Southern Hemisphere is analyzed. The phenomenon of opposite changes in the sea level pressure and geopotential height anomalies over the Ross Sea and New Zealand is defined as RN, and the index which describes this phenomenon is expressed as RNI. The results show that the RN has barotropic structure and the RNI in May is closely related to the June EP amount in the south of China (SCEP) and the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM). The positive correlations between the May RNI at each level and the June SCEP are significant, and the related simultaneous correlations between the RNI and the June SCEP are also positive, suggesting that the potential impact of RN on the SCEP persists from May to June. Therefore, RN in May can be taken as one of the predictive factors for the June SCEP. Furthermore, one possible physical mechanism by which the RN affects the June SCEP is a barotropic meridional teleconnection emanating from the Southern Hemisphere to the western North Pacific.     

中国南方沿海地区城市热岛效应与人口的关系研究

利用中国南方地区不同类型人口城市气温1951～2001年期间资料，按人口数把城市分为6类，分别对它们不同季节和全年的气温特征进行分析，发现不同类型人口城市气温差异较大，气温随人口数增加而增加，其与人口数的关系可以用非线性函数来反映。还提出用人口类型城市的气温变化的主分量趋势与自然变化趋势的差值作为热岛效应的估计。     

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIPOLE OSCILLATION OF SSTA OF AND TEMPERATURE IN CHINA

The work is a general survey SSTA data of the Indian Ocean and of precipitation at 160 Chinese weather stations over 1951～1997(47years).It reveals that the dipole oscillation of SST,especially the dipole index of March～May,in the eastern and western parts of the ocean correlates well with the precipitation during the June～August raining season in China.As shown in analysis of 500-hPa Northern Hemisphere geopotential height height by NCEP for 1958-1995,the Indian Ocean dipole index(IODI) is closely related with geopotential height anomalies in the middle-and higher-latitudes in the Eurasian region.As a negative phase year of IODI corresponds to significant Pacific-Japan(PJ) wavetrain,it is highly likely that the SST for the dipole may affect the precipitation in China through the wavetrain.Additionally,correlation analysis of links between SST dipole index of the Indian Ocean region and air temperature in China also shows good correlation between the former and wintertime temperature in southern China.