NaYF_4：Yb,Er上转换荧光纳米粒子的表面修饰及其在免疫分析中的应用

稀土掺杂上转换荧光纳米材料因其近红外区激发,可见光区发射的特殊发光性能,在生物标记方面具有独特优势,可大幅度降低荧光背景.β-NaYF4：Yb,Er是目前已知的发光效率最高的上转换荧光纳米材料之一,已在生命分析及生物成像分析领域展现出了广阔的应用前景.然而,由于现有β-NaYF4：Yb,Er制备工艺多是在高温条件下于高沸点有机溶剂中反应制得,所得产品在水溶液中的分散性差,限制了其在生命分析中的广泛应用.本文采用聚丙烯酸（PAA）配体交换反应,对表面包覆油酸基团的疏水β-NaYF4：Yb,Er纳米粒子进行了有效的表面修饰.表面修饰后,上转换荧光纳米粒子表面的PAA具有众多游离羧基,使其在水溶液中具有良好的分散性.同时,由于羧基的存在,使得带有氨基的生物分子能够通过化学交联反应结合到纳米粒子表面.本文以PAA表面修饰后的β-NaYF4：Yb,Er纳米粒子为荧光探针,以磁珠作为免疫反应的载体,成功构建了一种新型免疫传感器,对模型靶标分子羊抗人IgG进行了灵敏检测.磁珠表面固定兔抗羊IgG,PAA修饰的β-NaYF4：Yb,Er纳米粒子表面连接人IgG,当样品中存在羊抗人IgG时,便会在磁珠表面形成（兔抗羊IgG-羊抗人IgG-上转换荧光纳米粒子标记的人IgG）三明治式免疫复合体,通过磁分离除去未反应的组分,在980nm激光激发下测定免疫复合体的上转换荧光强度,即可实现靶标分子的高灵敏分析,可检测到低至0.1ng/mL的羊抗人IgG.同时,以磁珠为载体的免疫复合体也可通过激光扫描共聚焦荧光显微镜进行荧光成像分析,背景荧光信号低,成像质量高.实验结果表明,PAA修饰的β-NaYF4：Yb,Er上转换荧光纳米粒子是一种理想的生物标记材料,有望在生物传感及生物成像分析领域获得广泛应用.     

Pt/三苯胺烯分子纳米复合物的制备及光催化作用

采用乙醇还原法制备了金属Pt/三苯胺烯共轭分子纳米复合物(Pt@DPSDA),通过UV-vis、TEM、FTIR、XRD、荧光、光电化学等方法对纳米复合物进行了表征.三苯胺烯分子通过分子末端羧基与金属Pt纳米粒子表面原子相互作用,形成以金属Pt纳米粒子为核,三苯胺烯分子为壳的核/壳型纳米复合物.光照下纳米复合物中激发态有机分子与金属Pt纳米粒子之间具有较好的电子转移作用,Pt@DPSDA纳米复合物可以作为催化剂在紫外-可见光照下分解水获得氢气.     

金纳米微粒表面能量转移及半胱氨酸的高灵敏度高选择性分析法

根据荧光染料在金纳米粒子表面的能量转移,本文建立了一种具有高灵敏和高选择性半胱氨酸分析方法.研究表明,通过静电作用吸附在柠檬酸根包被的金纳米粒子表面的阳离子荧光染料如罗丹明B分子在受光激发时,发生从荧光染料到金属纳米微粒的能量转移,导致荧光染料的荧光猝灭.但当体系中存在半胱氨酸时,由于半胱氨酸与金纳米粒子之间具有更强的共价作用,罗丹明B分子远离金纳米粒子表面,降低了能量转移效率,使得罗丹明B的荧光得到恢复.恢复的荧光强度与0.025～4.5μmol/L半胱氨酸呈很好的线性关系,检测限为8.0nmol/L(3σ),而其他十九种基本氨基酸的响应非常微弱.     

金纳米棒:合成、修饰、自组装、SERS及生物医学应用

纳米颗粒作为信号感应单元在化学与生物传感应用中已引起广泛关注,这些功能和金属纳米结构与光相互作用时产生的表面等离子体共振密切相关.表面增强拉曼散射(SERS),是指吸附在粗糙的金属纳米结构表面的被分析物,在光照射下其拉曼光谱获得显著增强的异常表面光学现象,近年来.SERS技术已广泛用于物质检测和生物传感等研究,在生物医学领域表现出巨大的应用潜力并取得了令人瞩目的研究成果.本文阐述了金纳米棒的制备方法、表面修饰和共轭生物分子的方法.并从金纳米棒表面增强拉曼散射的角度系统阐述基于金纳米棒表面增强拉曼散射的1D,2D,3D自组装,并介绍了近期金纳米棒表面增强拉曼散射在生物医学检测与成像中最具有代表性的应用研究.     

聚芳醚三乙酸铵树枝分子保护的Pt、Pd纳米粒子的制备及催化性能

以聚芳醚三乙酸氯化铵树枝分子为稳定剂在乙醇水溶液中制备了金属Pt和Pd纳米粒子。通过UV-Vis、IR、TEM和XRD等方法对纳米粒子进行了表征。聚芳醚三乙酸氯化铵树枝分子根部3个乙酸基基团与金属纳米粒子表面原子间具有较强的相互作用，以其为稳定剂制备的Pt和Pd金属纳米粒子在溶胶中及反应过程中均表现出很好的稳定性。以间苯氧基苯甲醛催化加氢反应为模型反应，研究了Pt和Pd金属纳米粒子的催化反应性能。以Pt金属纳米粒子为催化剂，在常压，40 ℃下反应12 h，间苯氧基苯甲醛加氢转化率大于99％，在相同反应条件下Pt金属纳米粒子的催化加氢活性高于Pd金属纳米粒子。     

Au纳米粒子表面附近偶氮苯分子的吸收光谱

我们将时空间含时密度泛函理论与经典的电动力学时空间有限差分技术相结合,对吸附在Au纳米粒子表面附近的偶氮苯分子顺式和反式两种同分异构体的光学性质进行了研究。计算结果显示,一方面表面等离子激元共振会增大其周围激光外场的强度,从而使得偶氮苯分子的吸收光谱得到增强,另一方面,吸附分子与金属纳米粒子之间的相互耦合作用也会对一些低能特殊谱峰的强度及位置产生影响,从而使得谱线的形状与单独的偶氮苯分子或Au纳米粒子并不相同。此外,等离子激元的增强效应会随着分子与金属纳米粒子之间的距离以及纳米粒子尺寸的变化而发生变化。     

Au@ZIF-8核壳结构中金纳米粒子分布的调控及其在荧光分子光致发光传感中的应用

控制金属@MOF核壳纳米结构中金属纳米粒子的分布不容易实现。我们应用了合成MOF胶体粒子所用到的配位调制方法来合成Au@ZIF-8核壳纳米结构。通过使用过量的2-甲基咪唑和不同用量的1-甲基咪唑可获得不同的Au@ZIF-8。该合成方法可在ZIF-8纳米晶体中灵活调整Au纳米粒子（Au NPs）的分布。此外,我们分别研究了2种不同尺寸的荧光分子与Au@ZIF-8结合后的光致发光光谱和寿命。ZIF-8的孔径可以决定这2种分子是否可通过多孔壳结构接近Au NPs。分子光学特性对Au NPs近场的发光增强和荧光猝灭的竞争非常敏感。     

罗丹明B硅纳米粒子探针及其在蛋白芯片检测中的应用

本工作将罗丹明B分子通过共价结合的方式成功地包裹在二氧化硅纳米粒子中,制备的纳米粒子荧光强度和罗丹明B分子相比提高了1000倍.对此硅纳米荧光粒子进一步进行了链亲和素修饰,成功制备了可特异性结合生物素修饰蛋白的纳米荧光检测探针.以反相蛋白质芯片检测为模式,研究了此探针对微量蛋白的检测性能.实验中将不同微量浓度的人IgG固定于醛基修饰玻璃片表面,并加入生物素标记的抗人IgG,结果显示在800fg～100pg含量的微量蛋白检测中此纳米荧光探针具有良好的线性关系,最小蛋白检测量可达100fg.与商品化亲和素偶联cy3荧光探针对比分析发现,本方法制备的荧光探针对蛋白的检测灵敏度可提高8倍,且具有成本低,生物修饰简单等优点.     

基于ZnO-Au纳米复合物修饰的SPR传感器

Au纳米粒子具有容易制备,水溶性好,很高的化学稳定性和易发生生物偶联等特点~([1]).因此Au纳米粒子已广泛应用在分子生物学以及生物芯片中.ZnO纳米晶具有小尺寸效应、大的比表面积,独特的光学性质,因此受到了极其广泛的研究.在乙醇相制备的氧化锌纳米胶体很难在水溶液中稳定存在,而生物分子的偶联需在水溶液环境中才能够实现,为了利用纳米ZnO的光学性质作免疫分析和生物分子标记,必须对纳米ZnO表面进行包覆或修饰,使其溶于水溶液中来实现与生物分子的偶联.     

大面积多元化表面等离激元金纳米粒子结构的制备

具有显著表面等离激元共振效应的贵金属纳米粒子因其独特的光电学性质在许多领域表现出了潜在的应用价值. 结合纳米压印技术与自组装技术发展了一种高效的多元化纳米粒子结构的制备方法, 并制备了一种由不同尺寸金纳米粒子构成的周期性表面等离激元纳米粒子结构. 实验结果证明此种方法在大批量制备和结构多元化的控制方面具有独特的优势. 利用不同的表面等离激元纳米粒子结构对不同荧光分子增强效果的差异, 设计了2种具有明显明暗差异的荧光条码, 展示了多重的荧光增强响应.     

Silver Nanostructures on Graphene Oxide as the Substrate for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS)

Nanosized surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates fabricated by the controlled growth of metal nanostructures on water-dispersed two-dimensional nanomaterials can open a new avenue for SERS analysis of liquid samples in biological fields. In this work, regular and uniform Ag nanostructures were grown on the surface of graphene oxide (GO) through a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method. Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers were assembled on the surface of GO to form GO/PAMAM templates for growing Ag nanostructures, which are primarily comprised of Ag dimers and trimers. The prepared Ag/GO nanocomposites are highly dispersed and stable in aqueous solution and may be used as substrates for enhanced Raman detection of rhodamine 6?G (R6G) in aqueous solution. This special substrate provides high-performance SERS and suppresses R6G fluorescence in aqueous solution and is promising as a nanosized material for the enhanced Raman detection of liquid samples in biological diagnostics.     

Preparation of a new core-shell Ag@SiO2 nanocomposite and its application for fluorescence enhancement

Ag@SiO₂ nanoparticles with different shell thicknesses were synthesized via modified Stöber method. Rhodamine B isothiocyanate was covalently bound onto the surface of Ag@SiO₂ nanoparticles to form fluorescent core-shell Ag@SiO₂ nanocomposites. Effects of shell thickness on the fluorescence enhancement were examined using the corresponding nanobubbles prepared by cyanide etching as a control. The result showed that the fluorescence enhanced as the shell thickness increased till the distance between fluorophore and metal core reached about 75 nm with the optimal enhancement factor of ∼5-folds. Further increasing of fluorophore-metal distance caused a decrease in the enhancement factor.     

A core-shell nanoparticle approach to photoreversible fluorescence modulation of a hydrophobic dye in aqueous media

Amphiphilic core-shell nanoparticles containing spiropyran moieties have been prepared in aqueous media. The nanoparticles consist of hydrophilic and biocompatible poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) chain segments, which serve as the shell, and a hydrophobic copolymer of methyl methacrylate (MMA), a spiropyran-linked methacrylate, and a cross-linker, which forms the core of the nanoparticles. A hydrophobic fluorescent dye based on the nitrobenzoxadiazolyl (NBD) group was introduced into the nanoparticles to form NBD-nanoparticle complexes in water. The nanoparticles not only greatly enhance the fluorescence emission of the hydrophobic dye NBD in aqueous media, probably by accommodating the dye molecules in the interface between the hydrophilic shells and the hydrophobic cores, but also modulate the fluorescence of the dye through intraparticle energy transfer. This biocompatible and photoresponsive nanoparticle complex may find applications in biological areas such as biological diagnosis, imaging, and detection. In addition, this nanoparticle approach will open up possibilities for the fluorescence modulation of other hydrophobic fluorophores in aqueous media.     

Magnetism and application of NiFe@Au nanoparticles

This report describes the synthesis of magnetic NiFe@Au (i.e., NiFe core with Au shell) nanoparticles as functional spectroscopic probes. Both of the magnetic NiFe nanoparticles and its composite NiFe@Au particles were synthesized in aqueous solution. It is more analogous with the biological organism environment. The composite nanoparticles were dispersible in aqueous solution and could be directed by a magnetic field. Such NiFe@Au nanoparticles have been shown to function as magnetic and spectroscopic nanoprobes for surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection of molecules attached to the surface of the nanoparticles. It shows more potential functional SERS nanoprobes for biomolecular separation and detection.     

Controllable metal-enhanced fluorescence in organized films and colloidal system

In recent years, considerable efforts have been devoted to better understand the unique emission properties of fluorophores enhanced by the localized surface plasmon resonance of metal nanoparticles (NPs), due to the widespread applications of fluorescence techniques. It is demonstrated by experiment and theoretical calculation that the enhancement efficiency strongly depends on the morphology of the metal NPs, the spectral overlap between metal and fluorophores, the separation distance between them, and other factors. Among these aspects to be considered are suitable spacer material and assembling methods to control the spatial arrangement of plasmonic NPs and fluorophore with proper optical properties and interactions. In this contribution, we provide a brief overview on recent progress of metal-enhanced fluorescence in organized films and colloidal systems.     

基于表面增强拉曼光谱的重金属离子检测

以对巯基苯甲酸为拉曼标记和自组装修饰分子, 在光亮金基底上修饰后作为检测基底, 在金纳米粒子表面修饰后获得具有表面增强拉曼光谱信号的标记金溶胶. 修饰的基底及纳米离子通过重金属离子与羧基端的配位而发生相互作用, 最终形成“金属基底-对巯基苯甲酸/重金属离子/对巯基苯甲酸-金属纳米颗粒”的三明治结构. 采用扫描电镜表征纳米粒子的组装及以表面增强拉曼光谱检测表面标记分子的信号, 以此实现重金属离子的检测. 以强螯合剂EDTA溶液淋洗三明治结构, 使重金属离子与金属基底以及纳米颗粒上的羧基的配位作用断裂, 获得可再次利用的修饰金基底.     

Detection of Sn(II) ions via quenching of the fluorescence of carbon nanodots

We report that fluorescent carbon nanodots (C-dots) can act as an optical probe for quantifying Sn(II) ions in aqueous solution. C-dots are synthesized by carbonization and surface oxidation of preformed sago starch nanoparticles. Their fluorescence is significantly quenched by Sn(II) ions, and the effect can be used to determine Sn(II) ions. The highest fluorescence intensity is obtained at a concentration of 1.75 mM of C-dots in aqueous solution. The probe is highly selective and hardly interfered by other ions. The quenching mechanism appears to be predominantly of the static (rather than dynamic) type. Under optimum conditions, there is a linear relationship between fluorescence intensity and Sn(II) ions concentration up to 4 mM, and with a detection limit of 0.36 μM.

Fabrication of Novel Polymer Nanoparticle-Based Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Systems and their Tunable Fluorescence Properties

In this study, two hydrophobic fluorescent dyes, nitrobenzoxadiazolyl (NBD) and 9-(diethylamino)benzo[a]phenoxazin-5-one (NR) with different doping ratios were incorporated into polymer nanoparticles to constitute novel polymer nanoparticle-based fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) systems via a facile one-step mini-emulsion polymerization. Spectroscopic characteristics demonstrate that the two fluorophores have been successfully embedded into the nanoparticles, and the fluorescence emission intensity of the two hydrophobic dyes can be greatly enhanced in aqueous media. The as-prepared fluorescent nanoparticles also display a uniform small size (ca. 55 nm), high dye load, intense fluorescence, as well as controllable amount and ratio of the two dyes. The observed FRET efficiencies (16.0–75.2%), as well as the distance (r) between NBD (donor) and NR (acceptor), is closely correlated to the doping ratio of two dyes. Moreover, by varying the doping ratio of two dyes, the fluorescent nanoparticles would exhibit multicolor through FRET upon a single wavelength excitation, and the fluorescence emission signals of the dye-doped nanoparticles could be accurately tuned. These results indicate that the as-prepared uniform FRET-mediated nanoparticles are of high interest in multiplexed bioanalysis.     

核酸适配体封盖的介孔二氧化硅纳米颗粒用于肌红蛋白的检测

利用核酸适配体封盖的介孔二氧化硅纳米颗粒构建了一种新型、 简便及免标记的肌红蛋白定量检测方法. 首先, 用肌红蛋白核酸适配体将荧光小分子罗丹明6G封盖在介孔颗粒内, 当存在目标物肌红蛋白时, 由于介孔颗粒上的核酸适配体可特异性结合肌红蛋白而脱离介孔颗粒表面, 进而释放介孔颗粒内的罗丹明6G, 使溶液荧光强度增强. 实验结果表明, 荧光强度与肌红蛋白的浓度呈正相关, 通过荧光强度的变化可实现对肌红蛋白的定量检测. 该方法的检出限低至1.1 nmol/L, 且选择性好, 可满足临床医学的检测要求.     

Polyetherimide functionalized carbon dots with enhanced red emission in aqueous solution for bioimaging

Red emissive carbon dots (CDs) are highly desired for biological applications. However, serious luminescence quenching of red emissive CDs in aqueous solution greatly hinders their application in high performance biological imaging. Herein, we reported a facile strategy to realize enhanced red emission of CDs in aqueous solution by surface modification with polyetherimide (PEI) via microwave heating method. High photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 25% was realized from the PEI functionalized CDs (CDs@PEI) in aqueous solution. The proposed PEI functionalization strategy not only protects the red emission against water molecules quenching, but also reverses the surface charges from negativity to positivity to promote cellular uptake of CDs, leading to clear cell imaging in red fluorescence region. More important, CDs@PEI exhibits much better photostability than commercial red emissive dye (MitoTracker red) in cell fluorescent imaging. Potential application of CDs@PEI on fast staining of cells for clonogenic assay has also been demonstrated.