用迭代法模拟注塑成型的三维流动

Hele-Shaw模型是模拟注塑成型过程的常用模型,它的主要缺点是不能模拟一些重要的物理现象及引入实际制件中并不存在的“中面”概念,为了消除这些不足,本文开发了真三维的流动分析程序。建立了粘性、不可压缩的非牛顿流体流动的控制方程,为了避免同时求解耦合的压力场、速度场,本文引入拟稳定技术独立地求解这些方程,用迭代法求耦合方程的解。这种方法可以减少内存并提高数值方法的稳定性。算例表明数值结果与实验结果吻合较好,这种方法成功地模拟了注塑成型流动过程中的重要特征。     

注塑成型流动诱导应力的数值计算

根据注塑成型的特点引入合理的假设,简化了粘性、可压缩、非等温塑料熔体流动的控制方程及基于PTT(Phan Thien Tanner)模型的本构方程,用分部积分法推导了关于压力场的拟Poisson方程,用待定系数法导出了流动应力的解析表达式.用有限元法求解压力场,有限差分及"上风"法离散求解温度场,根据解析表达式计算速度场及应力场,再进行应力-速度迭代求出非线性问题的最终解.比较了PC材料的模拟结果与光弹实验结果,模拟结果与实验结果基本一致.     

基于黏弹性的微注射成型流动模拟

应用有限元方法研究了微注射成型中瞬态、可压缩、非牛顿熔体流动的黏弹性对流动前沿及流动平衡的影响。基于Phan-Thien-Tanner模型建立了熔体流动的本构方程,利用Hele-Shaw假设和简化建立了瞬态、可压缩、非牛顿熔体流动的连续性方程、动量方程、能量方程;为了有效地描述微注射成型的尺寸效应,采用了边界滑移和表面张力边界条件。通过分部积分和待定系数法导出了带有边界信息的变分方程和求解应力分量的半解析公式,构造了有限元离散求解及超松驰迭代算法。模拟结果表明:熔体的黏弹性对浇口附近的压力和后续的熔体流动前沿有重要影响;与黏性模型相比,黏弹性模型可以控制模拟压力的快速增长,减少不同型腔之间的充填差异,与短射实验结果也更吻合。     

AN EFFICIENT SOLUTION FOR 2D RAYLEIGH-BÉNARD CONVECTION USING FFT

研究提高二维方腔瑞利-贝纳德对流 直接数值模拟求解方法的计算效率问题.对于非定常湍流热对流, 压力泊松方程的求解是影响整个计算效率的关键. 利用快速傅里叶变换(fast Fourier transform,FFT)解耦并结合追赶法, 可实现压力泊松方程的直接求解.通过与跳点超松弛迭代法在求解精度和计算速度对比, 可以看到, 利用FFT压力泊松方程直接方法计算热对流问题是高效的.还给出了典型状态的热对流初始羽流和大尺度环流温度场, 以及系列瑞利数(Ra)计算结果的宏观传热努塞数(Nu)变化.     

注塑模充模过程动态分析

注塑成型是利用型腔模制造理想制品主要的成型加工方式 ,塑料熔体的流动行为将直接影响着最终塑件的质量 ,塑料熔体在三维薄壁型腔内的流动属于带有运动边界的粘性不可压缩流体的流动 ,本文针对塑料注塑成型特点 ,经过量纲分析和引入合理而必要的假设 ,得到了适合于充模分析的数学模型。控制方程的求解主要包括三个阶段 :压力场、温度场和流动前沿位置的确定。数值求解采用有限元法求解压力场、有限差分法求解温度场、并利用控制体积法跟踪熔体前沿 ,实现了充模过程的动态模拟     

数值求解不可压粘性流体定常运动的格林函数方法

本文提出了一种数值求解不可压粘性流体定常运动的格林函数方法.在本文中利用Stokes方程的基本解作为格林函数将求解不可压粘性流体定常运动的边值问题化为求解速度场和边界应力的非线性积分方程组,在解出速度场和边界应力后可直接计算流场中各点的压力;用有限元近似将积分方程离散化而进行数值求解。对于小雷诺数流动,只归结为求解边界积分方程,使求解区域减少一个维度。对于非线性问题,可用迭代方法求解,在每次迭代中只须解出边界点上的速度或应力。通过几个简单的算例,表明本文所提出的方法具有精度高、处理边界条件简单、通用性强的优点,并具有求解各种复杂流动的潜力。     

螺旋槽干气密封槽形参数的协调优化

应用PH线性化方法、迭代法,近似求解了螺旋槽内稳态流动场的非线性雷诺方程,求得了气体动压和速度分布的解析解.利用多目标优化方法构建了气膜刚度与泄漏量之比的协调函数,并对该目标函数进行了近似求解,获得了最佳的螺旋槽几何参数值.     

螺旋槽干气密封微尺度流动场的近似计算及其参数优化

应用PH线性化方法、迭代法,近似求解了螺旋槽内稳态微尺度流动场的非线性雷诺方程,求得了气体动压和速度分布的解析解。继而利用多目标优化方法构建了气膜刚度与泄漏量之比的协调函数,并对该目标函数进行了近似求解,获得了最佳的螺旋槽几何参数值。     

基于实体的注射成型流动模拟

提出了应用中面模型技术模拟实体模型的注射成型流动过程的新方法。对实体模型的表面进行二维网格划分，将结点在厚度方向上配对．配对点之间添加虚拟热流道单元，建立二维有限元分析的网格模型。将HeleShaw流动应用于非等温条件下的粘性、不可压缩流体，建立基于中面模型流动分析的数学模型，用充填园子的输运方程描述流动前沿。用有限元计算充填过程的压力场．有限差分计算温度场，高阶的Taylor展开式计算每一时间步长的充填因子。针对Han设计的试验模具，用相同的材料及工艺条件，比较中面模型和实体模型的模拟结果。算例分析表明，这种方法可以有效地模拟基于实体模型的注射成型流动过程。     

计算二维粘性流动的流线迭代法

本文提出一种利用流线迭代法来计算任意形状流道中定常粘性层流流动的数值方法。通过任意非正交曲线网格中的压力梯度方程、能量方程和熵方程之间的迭代计算,可以得到整个流道中定常粘性可压缩(或不可压缩)流动的数值解。本文导出了二维(包括轴对称)流道中的基本方程,并详细地叙述了本方法的计算步骤。利用本方法对一些流道进行了数值计算,计算结果与其他巳知的数值解符合得很好。     

A coupled continuous and discontinuous finite element method for the incompressible flows

In this paper, we develop a coupled continuous Galerkin and discontinuous Galerkin finite element method based on a split scheme to solve the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. In order to use the equal order interpolation functions for velocity and pressure, we decouple the original Navier–Stokes equations and obtain three distinct equations through the split method, which are nonlinear hyperbolic, elliptic, and Helmholtz equations, respectively. The hybrid method combines the merits of discontinuous Galerkin (DG) and finite element method (FEM). Therefore, DG is concerned to accomplish the spatial discretization of the nonlinear hyperbolic equation to avoid using the stabilization approaches that appeared in FEM. Moreover, FEM is utilized to deal with the Poisson and Helmholtz equations to reduce the computational cost compared with DG. As for the temporal discretization, a second‐order stiffly stable approach is employed. Several typical benchmarks, namely, the Poiseuille flow, the backward‐facing step flow, and the flow around the cylinder with a wide range of Reynolds numbers, are considered to demonstrate and validate the feasibility, accuracy, and efficiency of this coupled method. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

SUPG finite element method based on penalty function for lid-driven cavity flow up to $$Re = 27500$$

A streamline upwind/Petrov–Galerkin(SUPG)finite element method based on a penalty function is proposed for steady incompressible Navier–Stokes equations.The SUPG stabilization technique is employed for the formulation of momentum equations. Using the penalty function method, the continuity equation is simplified and the pressure of the momentum equations is eliminated. The lid-driven cavity flow problem is solved using the present model. It is shown that steady flow simulations are computable up to Re = 27500, and the present results agree well with previous solutions. Tabulated results for the properties of the primary vortex are also provided for benchmarking purposes.     

A well‐balanced explicit/semi‐implicit finite element scheme for shallow water equations in drying–wetting areas

Numerical solutions of the shallow water equations can be used to reproduce flow hydrodynamics occurring in a wide range of regions. In hydraulic engineering, the objectives include the prediction of dam break wave propagation, fluvial floods and other catastrophic flooding phenomena, the modeling of estuarine and coastal circulations, and the design and optimization of hydraulic structures. In this paper, a well‐balanced explicit and semi‐implicit finite element scheme for shallow water equations over complex domains involving wetting and drying is proposed. The governing equations are discretized by a fractional finite element method using a two‐step Taylor–Galerkin scheme. First, the intermediate increment of conserved variable is obtained explicitly neglecting the pressure gradient term. This is then corrected for the effects of pressure once the pressure increment has been obtained from the Poisson equation. In order to maintain the ‘well‐balanced’ property, the pressure gradient term and bed slope terms are incorporated into the Poisson equation. Moreover, a local bed slope modification technique is employed in drying–wetting interface treatments. The proposed model is well validated against several theoretical benchmark tests. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A divergence-conforming hybridized discontinuous Galerkin method for the incompressible Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations

We present a hybridized discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) method for the incompressible Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations coupled with the Spalart-Allmaras one-equation turbulence model. The method extends upon an HDG method recently introduced by Rhebergen and Wells for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. With a special choice of velocity and pressure spaces for both element and trace degrees of freedom (DOFs), the method returns pointwise divergence-free mean velocity fields and properly balances momentum and energy. We further examine the use of different polynomial degrees and meshes to see how the order of the scalar eddy viscosity affects the convergence of the mean velocity and pressure fields, specifically for the method of manufactured solutions. As is standard with HDG methods, static condensation can be employed to remove the element DOFs and thus dramatically reduce the global number of DOFs. Numerical results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.     

A Fully Coupled Solver for Incompressible Navier–Stokes Equations using Operator Splitting

The steady incompressible Navier–Stokes equations are coupled by a Poisson equation for the pressure from which the continuity equation is subtracted. The equivalence to the original N–S problem is proved. Fictitious time is added and vectorial operator-splitting is employed leaving the system coupled at each fractional-time step which allows satisfaction of the boundary conditions without introducing artificial conditions for the pressure. Conservative second-order approximations for the convective terms are employed on a staggered grid. The splitting algorithm for the 3D case is verified through an analytic solution test. The stability of the method at high values of Reynolds number is illustrated by accurate numerical solutions for the flow in a lid-driven rectangular cavity with aspect ratio 1 and 2, as well as for the flow after a back-facing step.     

A hybrid vertex-centered finite volume/element method for viscous incompressible flows on non-staggered unstructured meshes

This paper proposes a hybrid vertex-centered finite volume/finite element method for solution of the two dimensional (2D) incompressible Navier-Stokes equations on unstructured grids.An incremental pressure fractional step method is adopted to handle the velocity-pressure coupling.The velocity and the pressure are collocated at the node of the vertex-centered control volume which is formed by joining the centroid of cells sharing the common vertex.For the temporal integration of the momentum equations,an implicit second-order scheme is utilized to enhance the computational stability and eliminate the time step limit due to the diffusion term.The momentum equations are discretized by the vertex-centered finite volume method (FVM) and the pressure Poisson equation is solved by the Galerkin finite element method (FEM).The momentum interpolation is used to damp out the spurious pressure wiggles.The test case with analytical solutions demonstrates second-order accuracy of the current hybrid scheme in time and space for both velocity and pressure.The classic test cases,the lid-driven cavity flow,the skew cavity flow and the backward-facing step flow,show that numerical results are in good agreement with the published benchmark solutions.     

A fully implicit scheme for simulating ionized gas flows using the gas dynamics electrodynamics coupled system

The flow of ionized gases under the influence of electromagnetic fields is governed by the coupled system of the compressible flow equations and the Maxwell equations. In this system, coupling of the flow with the electromagnetic field is obtained through nonlinear and stiff source terms, which may cause difficulties with the numerical solution of the coupled system. The discontinuous Galerkin finite element method is used for the numerical solution of this system. For the magnetic field vector, discontinuous Galerkin discretization is performed using a divergence‐free vector base for the magnetic field to preserve zero divergence in the element and retain the implicit constraint of a divergence‐free magnetic field vector down to very low level both globally and locally. To circumvent difficulties resulting from the presence of the stiff source terms, implicit time marching is used for the fully coupled system to avoid wrong wave shapes and propagation speeds that are obtained when the coupling source terms are lagged in time or by using splitting iterative schemes. Numerical solutions for benchmark problems computed on collocated meshes for the flow and electromagnetic field variables with this fully coupled monolithic approach showed good agreement with other numerical solutions and exact results. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

METHOD–OF–LINES SOLUTION OF TIME–DEPENDENT TWO–DIMENSIONAL NAVIER–STOKES EQUATIONS

A novel approach to the development of a code for the solution of the time-dependent two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations is described. The code involves coupling between the method of lines (MOL) for the solution of partial differential equations and a parabolic algorithm which removes the necessity of iterative solution on pressure and solution of a Poisson-type equation for the pressure. The code is applied to a test problem involving the solution of transient laminar flow in a short pipe for an incompressible Newtonian fluid. Comparisons show that the MOL solutions are in good agreement with the previously reported values. The proposed method described in this paper demonstrates the ease with which the Navier–Stokes equations can be solved in an accurate manner using sophisticated numerical algorithms for the solution of ordinary differential equations (ODEs).     

Using a segregated finite element scheme to solve the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations

In this paper, a segregated finite element scheme for the solution of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations is proposed which is simpler in form than previously reported formulations. A pressure correction equation is derived from the momentum and continuity equations, and equal-order interpolation is used for both the velocity components and pressure. Algorithms such as this have been known to lead to checkerboard pressure oscillations; however, the pressure correction equation of this scheme should not produce these oscillations. The method is applied to several laminar flow situations, and details of the methods used to achieve converged solutions are given.