泡沫铝材料准静态本构关系的理论和实验研究

应用Chen和Lu提出的适用于可压缩弹塑性固体的唯象本构模型框架，建立了泡沫铝的准静态本构模型，推导了三维等比例加载和环向受约束轴向加载下的宏观应力-应变曲线. 对两种泡沫铝材料(开孔和闭孔)进行了4类准静态试验，即单轴压缩、三维静水压缩、三维等比例压缩和侧向受约束轴向压缩实验. 利用单轴压缩和三维静水压缩的实验结果得到了泡沫铝材料的本构参数曲线，并由此预测它在三维等比例压缩和侧向受约束轴向压缩情况下的响应. 理论预测与相应实验结果相比较，三维等比例压缩的结果比较吻合，但与侧向受约束轴向压缩的结果却相差很大. 分析表明，理论预测与侧向受约束轴向压缩实验结果的偏差是由于泡沫铝试件与约束筒之间的摩擦造成的. 研究结果说明, Chen-Lu模型能够很好地描述泡沫铝材料在压缩占主导的应力状态下的响应.     

闭孔泡沫铝泊松比及三轴压缩变形模式

在闭孔泡沫铝的唯象本构模型中, 泊松比是一个非常关键的参数, 为了探究闭孔泡沫铝泊松比变化规律研究结果存在分歧的原因, 认识闭孔泡沫铝泊松比变化规律中特征点的物理意义, 采用数值模拟方法, 建立了闭孔泡沫铝的3D-Voronoi模型及2D-Voronoi模型, 对模型进行侧面位移耦合单轴压缩边界条件下的仿真分析; 基于闭孔泡沫铝本构模型的唯象特性, 对闭孔泡沫铝变形模式的研究同样十分重要, 为明确其三轴压缩下的变形模式, 对闭孔泡沫铝的3D-Voronoi模型进行侧面位移受限轴向压缩边界条件下的仿真分析. 研究结果表明, 常规壳单元接触中的厚度减薄特性是闭孔泡沫铝泊松比变化规律的研究结论存在分歧的原因, 但厚度减薄不影响泡沫铝模型致密前胞孔结构的变形模式; 闭孔泡沫铝泊松比的准确变化规律为“增高?降低?再增高”的“S”型曲线, 并且, 曲线极大值对应闭孔泡沫铝吸能效率的增速下降点; 等比压缩应力状态下, 闭孔泡沫铝存在四种侧面变形模式, 分别为“(短期)压缩变形→膨胀变形”、“压缩变形→膨胀变形→压缩变形→膨胀变形”、“压缩变形→(短期)膨胀变形”及“压缩变形”.      

球形闭孔泡沫金属材料力学行为研究

利用面心立方单元胞模型计算了球形闭孔泡沫金属材料的宏观弹塑性特性,建立了弹性参数和屈服强度与相对密度的关系,所得结果与球形(类球形)闭孔泡沫铝合金试验结果进行了比较,二者吻合较好.此外,利用所建立的单元胞模型计算了等比例多轴载荷下的应力-应变曲线,针对现有的泡沫金属材料弹塑性宏观唯象本构框架,得到了球形孔闭孔泡沫金属材料在不同特征应变下应力势函数曲面及其演化规律,确定了其宏观本构理论模型的材料参数.结果表明,该理论模型能较好模拟有限元数值计算结果.     

泡沫铝本构行为研究进展

作为泡沫金属的典型代表,泡沫铝是一种集结构性和功能性于一体的新型材料,随着生产工艺的提高及国民经济的发展,泡沫铝在航空航天、交通运输、建筑工程、机械制造等领域的应用日趋深入和广泛.工程中复杂的载荷工况,对泡沫铝本构模型的准确性及实用性提出了更高的要求.国内外学者对泡沫铝进行了大量的试验研究及有限元数值分析工作,随着各种研究和数值分析本构模型的提出、验证及修正等,人们对泡沫铝的力学性能及其应用的认识逐渐提高.本文首先简要概述了泡沫铝力学性能的试验研究及有限元数值分析的进展,然后重点综述泡沫铝本构行为的国内外研究进展及现状.最后,针对目前存在的问题,讨论并展望了泡沫铝本构行为的研究发展趋势.完善本构模型表征所需的特征参量,将各向异性或横观各项同性材料假定引入模型构建体系,明确静水压缩响应及单轴压缩响应在材料强化中的权重,建立例如随动强化般更加真实且准确反映泡沫铝强化过程的强化准则,将应变率效应研究成果引入本构模型中等是现有泡沫铝本构模型体系中的重要研究方向.     

泡沫铝本构行为研究进展

作为泡沫金属的典型代表, 泡沫铝是一种集结构性和功能性于一体的新型材料, 随着生产工艺的提高及国民经济的发展, 泡沫铝在航空航天、交通运输、建筑工程、机械制造等领域的应用日趋深入和广泛. 工程中复杂的载荷工况, 对泡沫铝本构模型的准确性及实用性提出了更高的要求. 国内外学者对泡沫铝进行了大量的试验研究及有限元数值分析工作, 随着各种研究和数值分析本构模型的提出、验证及修正等, 人们对泡沫铝的力学性能及其应用的认识逐渐提高. 本文首先简要概述了泡沫铝力学性能的试验研究及有限元数值分析的进展, 然后重点综述泡沫铝本构行为的国内外研究进展及现状. 最后, 针对目前存在的问题, 讨论并展望了泡沫铝本构行为的研究发展趋势. 完善本构模型表征所需的特征参量, 将各向异性或横观各项同性材料假定引入模型构建体系, 明确静水压缩响应及单轴压缩响应在材料强化中的权重, 建立例如随动强化般更加真实且准确反映泡沫铝强化过程的强化准则, 将应变率效应研究成果引入本构模型中等是现有泡沫铝本构模型体系中的重要研究方向.      

球体开孔泡沫铝准静态压缩性能实验研究

本文通过实验研究了球体开孔泡沫铝的准静态压缩性能。实验过程中发现球体开孔泡沫铝变形具有明显的"三段性"特征,即弹性阶段、屈服阶段和密实阶段。针对不同厚度的球体开孔泡沫铝板研究了尺寸效应对其屈服强度的影响。根据泡沫铝的经验型本构关系,给出了不同厚度下球体开孔泡沫铝的经验本构方程,并与实验结果对比。结果表明,所得到的经验型本构方程具有很好的适用性,为球体开孔泡沫铝的应用提供了实验依据。     

闭孔泡沫铝材料十四面体模型的改进

基于对闭孔泡沫铝发泡过程更为合理的假设,提出了描述胞体结构的改进的十四面体模型,使之可以反映密度增大时质量集中于支柱和顶点的情况。采用有限元方法及耦合边界条件,研究了闭孔泡沫铝的相对弹性模量、泊松比等弹性特征与胞体参数的关系,给出了拟合的弹性模量的计算公式,并对模型在弹性压缩变形下应力分布进行了分析。通过与已有模型的比较表明,改进模型可以较好地模拟闭孔泡沫铝材料的弹性性能。     

基于柔度法与截面轴力弯矩屈服面本构的梁柱单元

基于截面层次的梁柱单元能兼顾计算精度与效率,但现有截面上的本构模型不能准确反映轴力存在与变化对弯矩的影响,且柔度法在构建梁柱单元中未发挥优势,为此提出了基于截面轴力与弯矩屈服面本构和柔度法的梁柱单元模型。首先,根据截面组合思想构建截面上轴力与弯矩的屈服面;然后,依托柔度法和塑性理论进行单元状态和截面状态确定;最后,利用提出的单元进行平面钢框架的动力弹塑性分析。结果表明,所选用的基于截面轴力弯矩屈服面的本构能很好考虑轴力存在及变化对弯矩的影响;相对于刚度法,使用一个由柔度法构建的单元就足够描述一个梁-柱构件,其计算精度接近基于柔度法的纤维单元模型。     

闭孔泡沫铝的塑性泊松比

在表征闭孔泡沫铝的力学性能中,塑性泊松比是较为重要的参数之一。本文应用Kelvin十四面体模型构建出不同相对密度的闭孔泡沫铝三维细观模型并采用LS-DYNA对所得细观模型进行单轴准静态压缩计算。数值模拟分析发现,随着轴向应变的增加,泡沫铝泊松比-轴向应变曲线呈倒S形,存在峰值和极小值,曲线变化规律与泡沫铝胞孔的变形有密切关系。根据泊松比-轴向应变曲线与胞孔变形之间的关系,给出了平均塑性泊松比的定义。计算结果显示,随着相对密度的提高,闭孔泡沫铝的平均塑性泊松比增大。当闭孔泡沫铝的相对密度低于0.1时,其平均塑性泊松比接近于零,计算中可以忽略;当闭孔泡沫铝相对密 度大于0.1时,其平均塑性泊松比随相对密度的增加而呈线性从0.17增加到0.5     

基于仿真和智能算法骨骼肌超弹性本构参数的反演方法研究

从事高强度的体力工作者经常会发生肌肉软组织的损伤, 因此对骨骼肌的变形特性和应力分布的研究受到了越来越多的重视. 获取正确的本构参数对于生物软组织的力学行为的研究至关重要, 而本构参数的确定本质上是一个逆过程, 具有很大的挑战性. 本文分别采用K近邻(K-nearest neighbor, KNN)模型和支持向量机回归(support vector machine regression, SVR)模型并结合非线性有限元仿真, 提出了两种确定骨骼肌本构参数的反演方法. 首先建立了骨骼肌压缩的有限元模型, 对其压缩条件下的变形特性进行了有限元仿真, 得到了相应的变形特性及应力分布规律, 同时也建立了骨骼肌组织的名义应力和主伸长之间非线性关系的数据集. 其次, 分别利用KNN模型和SVR模型搭建了针对骨骼肌组织进行本构参数反演的机器学习智能算法, 对相应的数据集进行训练, 结合单轴压缩实验的实验数据预测了材料的本构参数. 最后, 对分别基于KNN模型和SVR模型对骨骼肌超弹性本构参数的误差结果进行了分析, 通过引入相关系数$R$和决定系数$R^{2}$对采用两种反演方法的有效性进行数值上的验证. 结果表明, 利用KNN模型和SVR模型结合有限元仿真是确定骨骼肌超弹性本构参数的有效、准确的方法, 该方法也可进一步推广到其他类型的非线性软组织的本构参数反演.      

A 3/D finite element approach for metal matrix composites based on micromechanical models

Based on analytical considerations by Dvorak and Bahel-El-Din, a 3/D finite element material law has been developed for the elastic-plastic analysis of unidirectional fiber-reinforced metal matrix composites. The material law described in this paper has been implemented in the finite element code ABAQUS via the user subroutine UMAT. A constitutive law is described under the assumption that the fibers are linear-elastic and the matrix is of a von Mises-type with a Prager-Ziegler kinematic hardening rule. The uniaxial effective stress-strain relationship of the matrix in the plastic range is approximated by a Ramberg-Osgood law, a linear hardening rule or a nonhardening rule. Initial yield surface of the matrix material and for the fiber reinforced composite are compared to show the effect of reinforcement. Implementation of this material law in a finite element program is shown. Furthermore, the efficiency of substepping schemes and stress corrections for the numerical integration of the elastic-plastic stress-strain relations for anisotropic materials are investigated. The results of uniaxial monotonic tests of a boron/aluminum composite are compared to some finite element analyses based on micromechanical considerations. Furthermore a complete 3/D analysis of a tensile test specimen made of a silicon-carbide/aluminum MMC and the analysis of an MMC inlet inserted in a homogenous material are shown.     

Experimental studies on the yield behavior of ductile and brittle aluminum foams

Specimen size effects are a major cause of the unreliability of foam models in finite element codes. Here, the modified Arcan apparatus is used to investigate the biaxial yielding of ductile and brittle Al foams. This apparatus subjects a central section of a “butterfly-shaped” specimen to a uniform state of plane stress. The stresses have local maxima at the central section, thus ensuring that yielding occurs there. A yield envelope, which directly relates to the crushing process, can then be determined. Size effects are introduced when using conventional methods such as tri-axial or plate-shear tests. In such tests, averages of stress and strain are measured. These measures do not represent the actual yield event, because foam's internal structure is inhomogeneous and so is the deformation field. Strain localization and failure can occur at any weak layer of cells in the bulk. In this study, we have performed a series of biaxial tests on isotropic Alporas and anisotropic Hydro closed-cell Al foams of approximately equal densities. Alporas failed locally by a ductile phenomenon of progressive crushing of cells. It also possessed uniaxial strength asymmetry. Hydro specimens parallel and perpendicular to ‘foam rise’ were investigated. The Hydro foam developed a local, characteristic brittle crack at loads in the vicinity of the yield point. Phenomenological yield surfaces, which incorporate these features are obtained for the foams, and show dependence on both the deviatoric and hydrostatic stresses. We also provide expressions for the shear and hydrostatic strengths in terms of the uniaxial strengths. Finally, the size-independence of the yield surface is verified using the uniaxial compression of tapered specimens.     

A constitutive model of aluminum foam for crash simulations

A new constitutive model for metallic foams is developed to overcome the deficiency of existing models in commercial finite element codes. The proposed constitutive model accounts for volume changes under hydrostatic compression and combines the hydrostatic pressure and von Mises stress into one yield function. The change of the compressibility of the metallic foam is handled in the constitutive model by allowing for shape changes of the yield surface in the hydrostatic pressure-von Mises stress space. The backward Euler method is adopted to integrate the constitutive equations to achieve numerical accuracy and stability. The model is implemented into LS-DYNA as a user-defined subroutine, verified with existing solutions, and validated with foam testing data. The verified and validated model is then utilized in the crushing simulations of foam-filled columns with square and hexagonal cross-sections. Two constitutive models are studied: the first using an exponential function to describe the relationship of plastic Poisson's ratio with respect to true strain and the second using linear interpolation function as an alternative approximation. The new foam model provides satisfactory prediction of crushing forces and deformed shapes compared to experimental results. Additionally, the new foam model was shown to have better numerical stability and accuracy than existing LS-DYNA built-in material models.     

Modelling and experimental characterisation of the Lüders strain in complex loaded ferritic steel compact tension specimens

The use of 3D digital image correlation (DIC) has been used to capture the Lüders strains in a low carbon ferritic steel. Results were used to calibrate and compare with finite element (FE) results based on a constitutive plasticity model, capable of yield drop behaviour and therefore Lüders strains, by Zhang et al. (2001). Tensile tests were carried out at several strain rates to characterise the material behaviour. The results of these tests were used to fit parameters in the constitutive plasticity model. The FE model was then tested on a complex loading situation of in-plane compression of a compact tension (CT) specimen. The FE model predicts the shape and formation of the Lüders bands well. This FE model, using Zhang’s constitutive plasticity model, was used to predict the residual stress profile to compare with standard elastic–plastic isotropic hardening models with no yield point. The yield point reduced both the predicted peak tensile stress, at the notch root, and the amount of plastic strain. In regions where the plastic strain was of a similar size to the Lüders strain the stress profiles were perturbed from flat profiles predicted by the standard elastic–plastic hardening models.     

数字图像相关方法在闭孔泡沫铝压缩试验中的应用

为了了解相对密度与胞孔结构对闭孔泡沫铝力学性能的影响,本文采用放大成像及数字图像相关技术对两种不同密度的泡沫纯铝试样进行了实验研究.利用数字图像相关方法对泡沫纯铝变形前后的图像进行相关计算,获得了弹性范围内静态压缩情况下闭孔泡沫铝材料表面的全场变形及局部孔结构的变形,同时根据试验结果计算了试件的名义弹性模量.实验结果表明泡沫铝整体孔结构的变形与泡沫金属材料相对密度有关,而单个孔结构的变形主要与孔壁面光滑程度和皱褶有关.实验结果还表明图像相关方法能够有效地应用于闭孔泡沫金属的力学性测量和评估的研究.     

Numerical simulation of quasi-static compression on a complex rubber foam

A complex rubber foam under quasi-static compression is simulated using the finite element method(FEM). The present work sets up the phenomenological constitutive model for the silicon rubber. The computerized tomography(CT) technique is utilized to reconstruct the real complex foam geometries. The quasi-static uniaxial compression on the foam is simulated in ABAQUS. The present work obtains the stress response as the nominal strain nearly reaches 80% and the foam exhibits hyper-elastic behavior. The FEM results achieve good agreements with the data obtained from the multi-scale simulation and the tests as the nominal strain is less than 60%.     

不同本构模型对橡胶制品有限元法适应性研究

为确定不同本构模型对橡胶制品进行非线性有限元分析的适应性,采用HyperMesh 和ABAQUS软件建立了橡胶标准试件和防尘罩制品的非线性有限元模型. 根据标准试件单轴拉伸试验数据,利用ABAQUS软件拟合了Mooney--Rivlin, Ogden 及Yeoh 3 种本构模型的特征参数,并给出了试件和制品轴向拉伸和压缩工况有限元分析结果. 实测试验与有限元分析结果对比发现:在应变不大于100% 时,两参数的Mooney--Rivlin本构模型计算误差较小;在应变大于100% 时, 用Yeoh 和Ogden 本构模型计算误差较小. 该结论对大变形橡胶元件的非线性特性理论分析具有实际意义.