不同筋力小麦各粉路面粉品质变化趋势的分析

为了解中强筋小麦各粉路面粉品质变化规律,采用布勒实验磨制粉,分别测定中筋、强筋两个不同筋力的小麦不同出粉点面粉的品质数据,并进行分析。结果表明,在皮磨粉和心磨粉中,粗蛋白质含量、吸水率分别随出粉点后移而增大;而面粉面筋含量、面团稳定时间、峰值粘度、崩解值和回升值随出粉点后移有下降趋势,降落数值、FSV变化不明显。     

不同出粉点小麦粉、面片及馒头色泽分析

为研究不同出粉点面粉、面片及馒头色泽的差异,以2个不同筋力小麦品种为材料,分析测定6个不同出粉点面粉、鲜面片、干面片、煮后面片及馒头的色泽。结果表明,不同出粉点面粉、面片及馒头的色泽间存在差异,3道皮磨和3道心磨面粉和馒头的白度、L*值均随出粉点后移而降低,a*值和b*值则逐渐升高;皮磨粉制作的鲜面片、干面片和煮后面片的色泽也呈现上述相同的变化趋势,心磨粉面片的色泽却没有明显的规律性。1道皮磨粉和1道心磨粉及其面片、馒头的色泽最好,统粉次之,3道皮磨粉和3道心磨粉的色泽最差。同一出粉点不同制品的色泽也存在差异,L*值的顺序依次是面粉＞鲜面片＞馒头＞煮后面片＞干面片,b*值为干面片＞馒头＞鲜面片＞煮后面片＞面粉,a*值为干面片＞鲜面片＞面粉＞煮后面片＞馒头。     

不同品种小麦粉品质特性及应用

该文选取29 个品种的136 份小麦粉进行流变学特性和品质指标测定,得到小麦的面团流变学特性指标和品质指标之间的关系,并对不同种类小麦粉进行加工和应用的探讨。结果表明,不同种植地的小麦在湿面筋含量、降落数值、硬度指数、水分含量、面筋指数、千粒重、蛋白质含量、沉降值、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度、质量指数、吸水率、50 mm 拉伸阻力、最大拉伸阻力、延伸度、拉伸面积指标存在较大差异,筋度值强的小麦粉,更适用于生产高筋力的面条、面包等产品,而面筋值更高,加工出的烘焙食品感官品质更佳。不同种植地同一品种小麦无明显差异性,同一种植地不同品种的小麦指标数值有明显差异性,应根据小麦品种进行食品种类的差异化应用。     

小麦制粉过程中水分状态分布及与品质特性关系研究

本研究以小麦制粉过程中的各系统粉为原料,研究各粉路小麦粉水分状态分布与品质特性的关系。采用核磁共振仪测定小麦粉的水分状态分布情况,并与其品质特性进行相关性分析。结果表明:皮磨粉蛋白含量最高,渣磨粉含量最低而白度最高,尾磨系统中损伤淀粉含量最高。各系统粉中,结合水弛豫时间T_(21)无显著差异,中间状态水弛豫时间T_(22),唯有尾磨粉具有显著性差异,自由水弛豫时间T_(23)差异性显著;前、后路粉中,T_(21)及其质子密度A21无显著差异,T_(22)、T_(23)及相对应的质子密度差异显著,且后路粉均值基本大于前路粉。3种状态水分中,结合含水量有越接近皮层越低的趋势,但降幅较小,而自由水含量则明显增加,中间状态水变化较小。各系统粉的水分状态与其品质特性具有内在相关性,该研究可为选择性配置小麦粉提供理论参考。     

小麦粉的品质特性与生鲜面品质关系

该文以品质特性相差较大的34个小麦品种（系）为材料,采用偏最小二乘回归（partial least squares regression,PLSR）分析研究小麦粉的品质特性与生鲜面色泽、质构、感官特性的关系。结果表明,所试小麦粉的品质指标具有较大的变异系数（小麦粉b*值的变异系数为215.84%）,样品具有较好的代表性;小麦粉L*值对生鲜面L*值具有显著性贡献（p<0.05）,生鲜面L*值与蛋白质、湿面筋、干面筋含量、吸水率呈显著负相关（p<0.05）;小麦粉的形成时间、稳定时间、粉质质量指数显著影响生鲜面的硬度指标（p<0.05）;小麦粉的峰值黏度、最低黏度、最终黏度等与生鲜面的感官总分呈显著正相关（p<0.05）,弱化度对其具有显著负影响（p<0.05）。结果表明,小麦粉的品质特性显著影响生鲜面的色泽、质构和感官特性,在生鲜面专用小麦品种优选中,需要综合统筹小麦粉色泽、糊化特性,以及面团筋力等因素的影响。     

糯小麦配粉对小麦粉理化性质及面条品质的影响

本研究以糯小麦品种"天糯693"为材料,分析糯小麦不同比例配粉对小麦粉淀粉特性、面团流变学特性和面条品质的影响,并确定面条中糯小麦粉适宜添加比例。结果表明,在0%~30%范围内,随着糯小麦粉配比增加,混合小麦粉的降落数值、起始糊化温度、峰值黏度、回生值、C2、C3、C4和C5均呈减少趋势,而膨胀势、衰减值、黏度崩解值(C3-C4)、吸水率、形成时间和稳定时间均呈增大趋势。随着糯小麦粉配比增加,面条的最佳煮制时间、烹调损失、色泽L*、b*值、感官色泽和弹性评分均呈减少趋势。添加10%糯小麦粉的面条的表观状态、硬度、黏性、光滑性及总评分均较高。综合小麦粉和面条的品质分析结果认为,添加适量的糯小麦粉可较好地改善面条的烹调特性和食用品质,并有助于提高和面加水量、延缓面食老化。     

方便面专用小麦粉配粉方法及配粉效应的研究

本文选用3个小麦品种磨粉,通过分析小麦的籽粒品质、粉质特性,按湿面筋含量比例配粉,并对配粉效应进行了研究。结果表明,配制不同湿面筋含量面粉对方便面质量影响不同,配粉可明显改善面粉的面团品质特性;方便面的感官评价与湿面筋含量、蛋白质含量和稳定时间极显著相关。     

小麦颗粒粉特性及馒头制作品质研究

该研究通过选用国内大型小麦粉加工企业生产的,且目前销售较为广泛的8种小麦颗粒粉,与一种普通小麦粉进行比较,对小麦颗粒粉的粒度、基本理化特性、糊化特性、面团发酵特性及馒头的制作品质进行研究。结果表明,与普通小麦粉相比,颗粒粉粒度大,灰分低、损伤淀粉含量低;发酵特性较好;制作的馒头比容大、硬度小,比较绵软、不黏口。综上所述,同普通小麦粉相比,颗粒小麦粉馒头加工品质较优。因此,在馒头用小麦粉制粉时可以适当改变磨粉工艺,控制磨粉强度,减少研磨次数,减少损伤淀粉含量,提高小麦粉的使用价值,可以将颗粒粉应用到新型馒头粉的开发上。     

不同出粉率小麦粉的品质特性及营养组分研究

小麦制粉过程不同出粉率的小麦粉粉质特性、营养组分含量都有明显差异。根据在线生产的各系统粉管的出粉率和流量比,按流量比例取不同粉管的小麦粉配成出粉率分别为35%,40%,50%,60%,70%,80%,90%、97%的小麦粉。对不同出粉率的小麦粉进行粉质特性和营养组分测定,研究出粉率对小麦粉品质和营养组分含量的影响,以期为生产中生产出加工品质、食用品质、营养品质均佳的小麦粉提出理论上的参考。试验结果表明微量营养素和粉质特性在出粉率80%左右达到最佳状态,但是灰分含量偏高。     

河套地区不同品种小麦品质特性研究

以在河套地区种植的10个不同麦区主推的小麦品种为研究对象，探究小麦籽粒、小麦粉和面团基本特性。结果表明：其中有4个品种的6项指标都达到我国小麦品种品质分类标准中强筋小麦品种要求。小麦籽粒的面筋含量、沉降值与小麦粉的蛋白质含量、水分含量、形成时间、稳定时间、粉质指数呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),小麦籽粒的蛋白质含量、形变能量与小麦粉的湿面筋含量、水分含量、形成时间、最大拉伸阻力、能量、最大拉伸比呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。根据方差累计贡献率提取出4个主成分可以反映原变量92.899%的小麦品质特性综合信息，可为河套地区优质小麦品种的筛选、培育及不同品种小麦的深加工提供参考。     

Original article: Influence of flour mill streams on cake quality

Wheat‐milling process generates different flour streams that differ in particle size, composition and functional and cake‐making properties. Particle size, composition and pasting properties of flour fractions (two from break and three from reduction system) obtained during milling of three wheats varying in protein content were determined. Shape, textural, colour and sensory analyses were performed on cakes prepared with the different mill streams. The final break and reduction streams had the highest protein and ash contents, pasting temperatures and the lowest starch percentage. Cakes prepared with the last streams showed higher batter density and lower volume. These results could indicate good air incorporation but deficient air distribution. Last streams cakes showed a darker, more reddish and yellowish crumb that was significantly related to flour colour characteristics. Because of these differences, such cakes obtained the lowest sensory scores. In this study, it has been verified that, to adapt flours to cake preparation, the final streams should be eliminated. The particle size of each stream is the most determinant parameter to obtain cakes with better volume and texture, being the flours with small particle size the most adequate.     

Chemometric Approach to Characterization of Flour Mill Streams: Chemical and Rheological Properties

The aim of the present study was to utilize chemometric methods (the principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis) for monitoring the certain aspects of flour mill streams quality and their interrelation to selected rheological properties. Thirty-seven flour mill streams were separated from industrial mill of 300 t/day capacity. All flour streams were analyzed for ash, protein, wet gluten, and damaged starch content and rheological properties as determined by Brabender Farinograph, Extensograph, and Amylograph. The obtained results indicated that break, sizing, and reduction flour streams exhibited different rheological behavior in relation to a change in protein, wet gluten, ash, and mechanically damaged starch content within the milling passages. Rheological properties of dough during mixing and kneading as well as during extension were different with regard to the technological phase of milling from which they were extracted. The obtained results could be utilized for selection of certain flour streams in production of special-purpose flours.     

Effect of the milling process on quality characteristics of rye flour

BACKGROUND: Most of rye flour is obtained by a gradual reduction system using roller flour mills, which generate different flour streams. The study of the different flour streams composition is necessary since it determines the flour quality and the flour uses. Four break streams and nine reduction streams were analysed for moisture, ash, starch, protein, damaged starch, falling number, amylose/amylopectin ratio, β‐glucans and colour. Mixing and pasting properties were also determined with a doughLAB and a Rapid Visco Analyser respectively. RESULTS: As the milling process advanced, moisture and starch content decreased but protein, ash, β‐glucans and damaged starch increased. The differences in composition are probably related to the effect of the roller mills and the increase in the contamination with bran. The absorption, development time, and pasting viscosity increased as the milling proceeded, in detriment of the peak time. The β‐glucan content was positively correlated to absorption, mixing tolerance index and pasting viscosity, and negatively correlated to peak time. CONCLUSION: Differences in composition, above all, in bran, showed different mixing and pasting properties in rye streams. The most different streams corresponded to the last streams in the break process, in the sizings and in the middlings. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Quality characteristics of wheat flour milled streams

In order to develop specific quality flour for use in different bakery products, quality characteristics such as sedimentation value, flour color and oil and its fatty acid composition of flour mill streams obtained from three different commercial roller flour mills were determined. The studies showed there was an increase in the sedimentation value, protein, falling number and oil and a decrease in flour color with increasing number of break flour streams, and the trend was similar for the streams obtained from the three different mills. However, no appreciable difference with regard to the above parameters was observed in reduction flour streams. Palmitic and linoleic acid contents were the predominant saturated and unsaturated fatty acids respectively present in oil of the milled streams. The levels of these fatty acids were high in V break, 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 6th reduction streams in all three mills. The flours from the reduction passages in general had more saturated fatty acid compared to break flour streams.     

Distribution of Total and Soluble Fiber in Various Millstreams of Wheat

Twenty-three mill flour streams, four final flours, germ, millfeed and three millfeed fractions from milling hard red wheat were analyzed for soluble fiber (SF) and insoluble fiber (IF). The objective was to identify a fraction(s) that may be a good source of SF. Whole wheat flour and germ each contained about 10% total (IF + SF) fiber; they also matched closely in SF and IF. Excluding the red dog fraction, the bran fraction was highest in SF. SF represented about 5% of the total fiber in the bran. No flour stream was a particularly good source of SF. The sixth middlings stream had about one-fourth of the total fiber as SF. Other streams, as well as “straight” and “patent” flours, contained SF and IF in about equal amounts. Products with straight or patent flour would increase SF in the diet without a disproportionate increase in IF.     

小麦制粉系统各粉路面粉品质特性差异性分析

通过对小麦制粉系统各粉路面粉品质特性的研究,可为实现在线配粉、达成专用粉的开发提供技术支撑。本研究以小麦制粉过程中39个粉路面粉为研究对象,通过系统全面测定面粉白度、湿面筋含量、蛋白质含量、淀粉糊化特性、粉质参数和拉伸参数,比较不同粉路面粉品质差异性,运用主成分分析、因子分析和聚类分析方法分析不同粉路面粉间的品质变化规律。研究发现：前路心粉白度、淀粉糊化特性普遍高于其它粉路;后路心粉淀粉糊化特性、稳定时间、粉质质量指数普遍低于其它粉路;皮粉面团形成时间、稳定时间、粉质质量指数、拉伸面积、延伸度高于其它粉路;皮粉和重筛粉蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量普遍高于心粉。主成分分析发现前4个主成分累计方差贡献率达87.6321%,基本上能综合粉路面粉品质特性的大部分信息;根据面粉品质特性,利用聚类分析可以将39个粉路分为四类,第一类包括18个粉路,第二类包括12个粉路,第三类包含5个粉路,第四类包含4个粉路。检测结果可作为生产不同专用粉的参考和依据,同时为改进小麦粉加工企业制粉工艺提供参考。     

Technological performance of various flours obtained through multigrain milling

This study was focused on multigrain flours consisting on wheat-rye-triticale and wheat-rye-hulled oat, obtained by using an experimental Buhler roller mill after blending the cereals at different levels. For all investigated multigrain blends the extraction yield of the first reduction passage was lower compared to wheat. The flour yields at the break roll passages decreased in the flowing order: blends with triticale, wheat and blends with hulled oat. The multigrain milling resulted in increased ash, crude fiber and fat contents, and decreased protein content compared to wheat. The solvent retention capacity profile varied with the type of blend, and important correlations were established with Mixolab parameters, mainly related to starch gelatinisation and breakdown. Texture measurements performed on breads prepared with multigrain flours indicated increased hardness and decreased springiness values with increasing the wheat substitution level. These results might allow better exploitation of different cereals through the efficient milling of multigrain blends.Industrial relevance textMultigrain milling could be a way to improve the milling quality and performance of some cereals like triticale, hulled oat and hulled barley. Blending these cereals with wheat in different ratio followed by milling with roller mill can result in multigrain flours with different extraction rate and functional profile. Multigrain flours or some mill streams can be used for obtaining particular baked products.     

不同粒度小麦粉的实验筛理性能探讨

通过对制粉生产中不同制粉系统小麦粉的筛理试验,探讨不同粒度小麦粉的筛理性能。结果表明:粉筛筛网的加密导致小麦粉筛出率的递减,但不同系统递减的幅度不同,心磨系统递减的幅度较大,渣磨及尾磨相对较小。小麦粉的筛净率主要为筛理时间的函数,与小麦粉的粒度呈负相关,而与筛理物料含粉率的关系相对较小。     

Distribution of some essential trace elements in commercial flour-mill streams

The iron, copper, zinc, manganese, chromium, nickel, selenium, protein and ash contents of two different bread grists and flour samples from the first to fourth break and A to J reduction systems of a commercial flour mill were determined. Iron, zinc, manganese and selenium levels followed the trend of ash and protein with the lowest from the A, B and C rolls and highest from either the fourth break or J roll. Copper and chromium levels were relatively homogeneous among the grist and mill streams while for nickel there was only a slight increase through the break and reduction systems.     

Commercial milling of suni bug (Eurygaster spp.) damaged wheat

In some wheat growing countries, considerable quantities of commercial wheat are rendered unusable in standard milling because of pre-harvest damage of the grain by protease-injecting insects. The possibility of mitigating the detrimental effects of bug damage by eliminating the mill streams of lower quality from straight run flour was investigated. The changes in the amount of damaged kernels by cleaning and washing prior to milling were also examined. Dry cleaning decreased the level of insect damage from 26.4% to 23.0%. A further improvement to 12.8% was obtained by removing the light-density bug-damaged kernels by washing. There were substantial differences among the mill streams of the commercial mill as evaluated by the standard and modified sedimentation tests and standard alveograph test. The best streams were those from the first, second, third and fourth reductions.