22种配方驱避剂驱蚊效果观察

目的观察不同配方的驱避剂驱蚊效果,筛选效果较好的配方。方法采用实验室（GB/17322.10-1998）和现场的药效测试方法进行效果测试。结果 20种配方的驱避剂中有10种对实验室饲养的白纹伊蚊有效保护率〉80%,平均驱避效果在10h以上;2种现场试验使用配方3组,试验的平均有效保护时间分别为4.8、4.5、4.8h。结论现场试验效果较实验室效果差,可能由于夏季出汗较多、活动量大,致使驱避剂被擦失或被皮肤吸收等造成。由于实验室试验与现场试验使用的不是同一种配方,还需要进一步试验证实各种驱避剂的驱避效果。     

4种配方驱避剂防蚊效果的研究

目的在新疆北湾地区观察4种驱避剂对刺扰伊蚊的驱避效果。方法在试验人群暴露的下肢上均匀涂抹驱避剂,然后观察驱避剂的有效率和有效保护率。结果4种驱避剂1 h的有效保护率较高为98.33%~99.79%,但保护时间和有效率较低,2号、3号配方有30%~40%的试验者保护时间超过60 m in;1号配方在不同密度剃度下,其保护时间有很大不同。结论在北湾地区,蚊虫密度很高的条件下,驱避剂虽然不能完全防止蚊虫的叮咬,但可极大地减少蚊虫的刺叮骚扰;在北湾地区科学使用驱避剂,对人体可起到较好的保护作用。     

几种驱避剂对埃及伊蚊驱避效果的研究

目的观察9种市售驱避剂对埃及伊蚊的驱避效果。方法选择不同浓度及剂型的驱避剂9种,在实验室对埃及伊蚊进行驱避剂效果试验。结果驱避剂的驱避效果随着驱避剂浓度的升高而增加。5%、10%、15%避蚊胺的驱蚊效果持续时间分别为4、5. 3、7. 5 h; 5%、10%、15%驱蚊酯的驱蚊效果持续时间分别为4. 3、4. 5、5 h。15%、20%、30%羟哌酯的驱蚊效果持续时间分别为7. 3、8、10 h。结论不同品种与浓度的驱避剂对埃及伊蚊表现出不同的驱避效果,有效保护时间总体上随使用浓度提高而提升,可根据需要选择使用相应的驱避剂。     

4种避蚊胺驱蚊剂型实验室和现场驱蚊效果观察

目的观察比较以避蚊胺为有效成分的4种驱避剂型实验室和现场的有效驱避时间,寻找有效驱避剂配方。方法参照GB／T17322．10—1998农药登记卫生杀虫剂的室内药效评价驱避剂试验方法和现场试验方法。结果在实验室试验中,以白纹伊蚊为试验蚊虫,当使用浓度为15％的避蚊胺液剂时,有效保护时间为7h,当使用浓度为15％的避蚊胺气雾剂时,有效保护时间为6h;在东南沿海某海训部队现场使用时,15％液体避蚊胺驱蚊最长保护时间为102min,平均91min;其他3种剂型平均保护时间仅为34～45min。结论避蚊胺是一种非常有效的蚊虫驱避剂,一般使用浓度为10％-15％。     

一种长效涂抹驱避剂驱蚊效果的研究

目的观察一种长效涂抹驱蚊剂的驱蚊效果。方法将标准驱避剂避蚊胺与伊默宁、高分子聚合物缓释剂相结合,研制成一种长效液相驱避剂,与市售驱蚊花露水进行现场驱蚊效果比较。结果人体按1．5μl／cm^2或1．5mg／cm^2处理,复配制剂对白纹伊蚊的平均有效驱避时间达9—11h,使用10h后的有效保护率为92．3％,优于其他2种驱避剂,现场驱蚊效果达8h以上。结论长效涂抹驱避剂使用方便,无油腻感,效果较好。     

植物源蚊虫驱避剂的筛选研究

目的评价多种天然植物精油对标准试虫白纹伊蚊的驱避作用,研究植物精油之间的协同增效作用,在此基础上利用缓释技术,初步研制出1~2种具有应用价值的植物源驱蚊剂配方与剂型,以丰富蚊虫防控药剂的选择。方法收集、提取23种植物精油,以白纹伊蚊等为试虫,参照中华人民共和国国家标准《农药登记用卫生杀虫剂室内药效试验及评价第9部分:驱避剂》(GB/T 13917.9-2009)为试验方法,研究精油各组分以及组分混合后对蚊虫的驱避效果;对筛选的驱避活性较好的精油与缓释剂相结合,研究成膏剂和酊剂,在实验室和现场观察其驱蚊效果。结果 23种植物精油驱蚊有效保护时间为0.13~0.75 h。其中樟科的纯种芳樟叶油、香叶油;牻牛儿苗科的天竺葵油等9种精油,对白纹伊蚊具有一定的驱避效果。14种复方植物精油按1.5μg/cm^2涂于人体手背表面时,在实验室内对白纹伊蚊的有效保护时间为0.8~2.4 h,其中4号等8个复方样品,有效驱蚊时间达2.0~2.4 h,结果明显优于单方驱蚊有效保护时间。在单方和复方植物精油驱蚊效果研究的基础上,以驱蚊效果较好、材料易得的纯种芳樟叶油、香叶油和天竺葵油配制的复方精油,与有关缓释剂相结合,分别研制成膏剂和酊剂2种驱蚊剂型。经实验室和现场驱蚊效果观察,2种剂型在实验室对白纹伊蚊、中华按蚊和淡色库蚊等常见蚊虫的有效驱蚊时间均达3.0~5.5 h;2种剂型在现场涂抹使用4h后,对白纹伊蚊为主的驱蚊有效率为62.5%~75.0%、有效保护率高达94.7%~98.0%,其结果均优于对照驱避剂10%Deet。缓释剂的使用有效延长了驱蚊有效时间。结论通过系列单方和复方植物精油对白纹伊蚊驱避效果的研究,从中以效果较好和材料易得的纯种芳樟叶油、香叶油和天竺葵油为有效成分,与缓释剂相结合,研制出新型长效的驱蚊膏剂和酊剂,对白纹伊蚊、中华按蚊和淡色库蚊等常见蚊虫有良好的驱避效果。植物源缓释驱避剂使用安全、效果好、方便、材料易得,具有良好的开发应用前景。     

3种驱避剂驱蚊效果的评价研究

目的评价比较避蚊胺、伊默宁和羟哌酯3种驱避剂的实验室和现场药效。方法按照GB/T17322.10-1998方法对其进行实验室和现场药效测试并进行评价。结果使用浓度为5%~10%时,3种驱避剂中的药效差别不明显;使用浓度为15%~20%时,药效差别明显,羟哌酯的药效最好。实验室药效测试,20%羟哌酯对白纹伊蚊有效保护时间达11 h,现场应用对蚊虫有效保护时间为9 h。结论羟哌酯性质稳定,驱蚊效果好,使用安全,具有很好的应用前景。     

植物源驱避剂孟二醇对白纹伊蚊的实验室药效研究

目的观察不同浓度的植物源性驱避剂孟二醇对白纹伊蚊的实验室药效,并与避蚊胺进行比较,评价其驱蚊效果。方法参照国家标准GB/T 13917.9-2009试验方法,分别对不同浓度的孟二醇和避蚊胺进行实验室药效测试并进行评价。结果孟二醇对白纹伊蚊的驱避效果随浓度的升高而增强。15%孟二醇的有效保护时间超过4 h[(4.33±0.82) h],达到国家驱避剂登记的B级标准。各浓度孟二醇的驱避效果分别低于相同浓度的避蚊胺(P0.05),20%孟二醇与10%避蚊胺的驱避效果相当(P0.05)。结论孟二醇对白纹伊蚊具有较好的驱避效果,可作为防蚊虫叮咬的植物源性驱避剂推广应用。     

7种驱避剂驱蚊效果实验观察

目的 :实验观察 7种驱避剂驱蚊效果。方法 :将标准驱避剂避蚊胺与氯菊酯和高分子聚合物缓释剂相结合 ,研制成PD -Ⅰ、PD -Ⅱ、PD -Ⅲ型长效驱避剂 ,在实验室对白纹伊蚊进行驱避效果试验 ,与Deet原油及 3种市售驱避剂的驱避效果比较。结果 :人体按 1.5 μl/cm2 或 1.5mg/cm2 处理 ,PD型驱避剂对白纹伊蚊的平均有效驱避时间达 10～ 11h ,使用 12h后的有效保护率分别为 92 .3%、91.2 %和 88.3% ,优于其它 3种驱避剂和Deet原油。结论 :PD型驱避剂使用方便 ,无油腻感 ,效果较好。     

复方樟脑凝胶驱避剂的药效及安全性评价

目的 :评价复方樟脑凝胶驱避剂的驱蚊效果及其在使用中的安全性。方法 :将试药涂抹于人或小鼠裸露皮肤上 ,进行实验室和现场驱避效果试验 ,判断其对人的有效保护时间 ;急性经口毒性采用一次性经口灌胃 ,急性皮肤刺激和眼刺激试验则直接涂药于家兔皮肤和滴药于眼结膜囊内。结果 :复方樟脑凝胶驱避剂实验室内对人的有效保护时间 >6.6h ;现场 <6h ;小鼠急性经口LD50 为 13 2 0 .2 5mg kg ;对家兔皮肤刺激积分值为 0 ,急性眼刺激积分指数为 14 .5。结论 :该驱避剂对蚊虫有较好的驱避作用 ,且毒性低 ,使用安全     

驱避剂伊默宁的合成及其药效观察

目的合成驱蚊新药伊默宁并测定其药效。方法丙烯酸乙酯依次与丁胺、乙酰氯反应制备伊默宁，按照GB／T17322．10-1998方法对白纹伊蚊进行实验室和现场药效观察。结果以丙烯酸乙酯为原料合成出伊默宁原药，摩尔收率为82％；实验室药效测试10％的伊默宁0．120mg／cm^2剂量，对白纹伊蚊有效保护时间为6h，现场应用对蚊虫有效保护时间为5h。结论伊默宁驱避剂性质稳定，驱蚊效果好，使用安全，生产成本低，具有良好的应用前景。     

Laboratory and field evaluations of the insect repellent 3535 (ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate) and deet against mosquito vectors in Thailand

The insect repellents 3535 (ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate or IR3535) and deet (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) were prepared as 20% solutions in absolute ethanol and evaluated for repellency against many mosquito species in Thailand under laboratory and field conditions using human subjects. In the laboratory, 0.1 ml was applied per 30-cm2 of exposed area on a volunteer's forearm (0.66-0.67 mg active ingredient [AI]/ cm2), whereas in the field, volunteers' legs (from knee to ankle, with a surface area of about 712-782 cm2) were treated with 3 ml per exposed area (0.76-0.84 mg AI/cm2). In the laboratory, both IR3535 and deet showed equal repellency (P > 0.05) for 9.8 and 9.7 h against Aedes aegypti, for 13.7 and 12.7 h against Culex quinquefasciatus, and for 14.8 and 14.5 h against Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, respectively. Anopheles dirus was significantly less sensitive to IR3535 than to deet (P < 0.05), with a mean protection time of 3.8 and 5.8 h, respectively. Under field conditions, both IR3535 and deet provided a high degree of protection against various mosquito vectors ranging from 94 to 100% during the test periods. Both repellents provided a high level of protection for at least 8 h against Ae. albopictus and for at least 5 h against Cx. gelidus, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Mansonia dives, Ma. uniformis, Ma. annulata, Ma. annulifera, Anopheles minimus, and An. maculatus. This study clearly documents the potential of IR3535 for use as a topical treatment against a wide range of mosquito species belonging to several genera.     

Comparative efficacy of IR3535 and deet as repellents against adult Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus

Arm-in-cage laboratory evaluations of 2 proprietary formulations of the mosquito repellents IR3535 and N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet; aqueous cream, hydroalcoholic spray) were made with 10 and 20% concentrations of each repellent. Also, 4 commercially available products containing IR3535 (Expedition insect repellent 20.07% active ingredient [AI], Bug Guard Plus with SPF30 sunscreen 7.5% AI, Bug Guard Plus with SPF15 sunscreen 7.5% AI, and Bug Guard Plus 7.5% AI) were tested. All comparisons were made on an equal formulation or concentration basis. Eight volunteers tested all formulations or products 3 times against laboratory-reared, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes (6-10 days old). Products were applied to a forearm at the rate of 0.002 g/cm2. The other forearm was not treated and served as a control. Elapsed time to 1st and 2nd consecutive bite was recorded. Mean protection time (i.e., time to 1st bite) with proprietary formulations of IR3535 were comparable to those of deet, with 20% concentrations providing greater protection against Ae. aegypti (3 h) and Cx. quinquefasciatus (6 h). Mean protection time for commercial products containing IR3535 ranged from nearly 90 to 170 min for Ae. aegypti and 3.5 to 6.5 h for Cx. quinquefasciatus. Mean time to the 2nd bite was similar to time to 1st bite for each mosquito species, product, and formulation.     

驱蚊露和驱蚊霜的驱蚊效果研究

本文报告了增效复方驱避剂两种剂型的实验室和现场驱蚊效果。以当时国内生产的最佳驱避剂蚊怕水为对照,效果均优于蚊怕水。实验室对白纹伊蚊、中华按蚊和淡色库蚊的有效时间,驱蚊露分别是10.4、10.0和13.1小时,驱蚊霜分别是10.8、12.8和14.1小时。在吉林草原驱蚊露对凶小库蚊和背点伊蚊的有效时间平均5.8小时。在津郊农场驱蚊露和驱蚊霜对凶小库蚊和刺扰伊蚊的平均有效时间为7.4和7.6小时,蚊怕水为4.7～5.7小时。在苏北农村对三带喙库蚊和淡色库蚊平均有效时间6.2小时,蚊怕水为4.7小时。在广西对白纹伊蚊的有效时间大于9.6小时。本文还讨论了影响驱避效果的一些因素。     

邻氯-N,N-二乙基苯甲酰胺的合成及药效

目的：合成新驱避剂,并测定其药效。方法：自行合成,并以人体和小白鼠为试验对象,在实验室和野外进行防蚊效果试验。结果：ＫＩＫ合成工艺简便,其１０％酊剂在实验室内涂于人体皮肤防止白纹伊蚊叮咬,１００％保护率为４ｈ,小白鼠为５ｈ;野外１５％酊剂涂于人体皮肤防止蚊虫叮咬,１００％保护率为６ｈ,与ＤＥＴＡ无明显差异。结论：该化合物合成简便,成本较低,防蚊效果较好。     

Effectiveness of pyriproxyfen and diflubenzuron formulations as larvicides against Aedes aegypti

The efficacy of technical pyriproxyfen and diflubenzuron was evaluated at the laboratory level against Aedes aegypti, where we achieved adult emergence inhibition (EI50) values of 0.048 and 1.59 ppb (microg/liter), respectively. We compared these data with values obtained for temephos. We prepared emulsifiable concentrate formulations of pyriproxyfen and diflubenzuron in the laboratory and obtained EI50 values of 0.01 and 0.02 ppb, respectively. We also obtained 100% adult emergence inhibition with 0.1% slow-release sand formulations of pyriproxyfen and diflubenzuron. In a simulated field study, the granular sand formulations of pyriproxyfen, diflubenzuron, and temephos remained active for over 4 mo. In a field study, a 0.2% granular formulation of diflubenzuron and 1% temephos showed a similar performance.     

Field evaluation of the efficacy and persistence of insect repellents DEET, IR3535, and KBR 3023 against Anopheles gambiae complex and other Afrotropical vector mosquitoes

Synthetic insect repellents, IR3535 and KBR 3023 (also known as picaridin, or by the trade name Bayrepel, were tested in Burkina Faso against mosquito vectors of disease to compare their relative efficacy and persistence profiles to those of the 'gold standard' DEET. Collection of >49000 mosquitoes (approximately 95% belonging to the Anopheles gambiae complex) showed that after an exposure of 10h, KBR 3023 produced the highest protection against anophelines, followed by DEET, then IR3535. The response of aedines was more variable. By fitting a logistic plane model we estimated 95% effective dosages (ED95) for An. gambiae s.l., as well as a decay constant characterizing the exponential loss of repellent from the skin, with time. The ED95 values for DEET, IR3535, and KBR 3023 were 94.3, 212.4, and 81.8 microg/cm2 respectively. The decay constants were estimated at -0.241, -0.240, and -0.170 h(-1) respectively. The corresponding estimates of half-life were 2.9, 2.9, and 4.1h. Immunoenzymatic detection of the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) of Plasmodium falciparum in 842 An. gambiae s.l. showed that CSP-positive mosquitoes were equally frequent in treated and control subjects, indicating that the repellents could produce a reduction in the number of malaria infectious bites.     

Laboratory evaluation of biotic and abiotic factors that may influence larvicidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis serovar. israelensis against two Florida mosquito species.

A technical powder of Bacillus thuringiensis serovar. israelensis (B.t.i.) (VectoBac TP, 5,000 international toxic units [ITU]/mg), an aqueous suspension (VectoBac 12AS, 1,200 ITU/mg), and a granular formulation (VectoBac CG, 200 ITU/mg) were tested in the laboratory under different biotic and abiotic, conditions for efficacy against larvae of saltwater (Aedes taeniorhynchus) and freshwater (Culex nigripalpus) mosquitoes. Second-, 3rd-, and 4th-instar larvae of Cx. nigripalpus were 1.3-3-fold more susceptible to both VectoBac TP and VectoBac 12AS than were the respective larval instars of Ae. taeniorhynchus. For each species, 2nd-instar larvae were several-fold more susceptible to these B.t.i. preparations than were the 4th instars. In test cups, larvae under lower densities exposed to B.t.i. concentrations sustained 5-9-fold higher mortalities than larvae under high-density conditions. VectoBac TP and VectoBac 12AS stayed in suspension for up to 24 h with similar larvicidal efficacy, which was greater at 32-35 degrees C than at 15-20 degrees C. At 60 degrees C maintained for 24 h, VectoBac 12AS was adversely affected 2-3-fold in terms of potency, but VectoBac TP was not affected. Significant loss of potency of both VectoBac 12AS and VectoBac TP occurred when exposed to 35-37 degrees C under high light intensity (140,000-170,000 lux) for 6 h. Increasing salinity levels from 0 (fresh water) to 50% sea water caused gradual efficacy declines of VectoBac 12AS and VectoBac TP against Ae. taeniorhynchus larvae. VectoBac CG caused insignificant initial and residual (up to 8 days) larval mortalities of both mosquito species. This formulation did not release the active ingredient of B.t.i. in any significant mosquito larvicidal concentration in surface layers of water, and the formulation was more effective in shallower water. Storage of all 3 formulations under constant laboratory and variable field conditions for up to 8 months did not produce detectable potency loss of these products.