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1.
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Objective: Observational epidemiologic studies have shown that a high intake of dietary and high serum levels ofcarotenoids are associated with a reduced risk of mortality from cancer and cardiovascular disease. To investigatewhether high serum levels of carotenoids can reduce mortality rates, a population-based follow-up study was conductedamong Japanese inhabitants. Materials and Methods: Three thousand two hundred and fifty-four subjects (1,260males and 1,994 females) aged from 39 to 85 years who had attended health check-up programs from 1989 to 1995were recruited from the Japanese population. Serum levels of carotenoids, retinol and tocopherols were separatelydetermined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Hazard ratios for serum values of carotenoids, retinol andtocopherols were estimated by Cox’s proportional hazard model after adjusting for sex, age, and other confoundingfactors. Results: During the 11.7-year follow-up period, 140 deaths (86 males and 54 females) from cancer of all siteswere identified among the cohort subjects, including 41 from lung , 17 from stomach , 16 from colorectal and 12from liver cancer, as well as 89 deaths from cardiovascular disease, including 45 from heart disease and 37 fromstroke. High serum values of carotenoids including xanthophylls were apparently associated with low hazard ratiosfor mortality rates of cancer of all sites or of cardiovascular disease. High serum values of β-carotene, total carotene,provitamin A and total carotenoid for colorectal cancer or stroke also appeared to be related to low hazard ratios.Those of retinol and tocopherols were not associated with any reduction in risk of mortality from cancer orcardiovascular disease. Conclusions: Our follow-up study demonstrated that a typical Japanese diet related to elevatingserum levels of carotenoids with provitamin A activity may significantly reduce risk of mortality from cancer ofcertain sites or cardiovascular disease, especially colorectal cancer or stroke, while high serum levels of somexanthophylls, retinol and tocopherols do not.  相似文献   

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Only after a decade from 1993, arsenic contamination of groundwater in Bangladesh has been reported as the ‍biggest arsenic catastrophe in the world. It is a burning public health issue in this country. More than 50 percent of ‍the total population is estimated at risk of contamination. Already thousands of people have been affected by the ‍disease arsenicosis. Many more may be on the way to manifest lesions in future. We conducted a review of previous ‍studies and published articles including MEDLINE database on this issue. We found that 59 districts out of 64 have ‍been already affected by arsenic in underground drinking water, where this particular source of drinking water is ‍the main source for 97 percent of the rural people. The water is unfortunately now a great threat for the human ‍being due to high level of arsenic. Continuous arsenic exposure can lead people to develop arsenicosis, which in turn ‍elevates the risk of cancer. Skin lesions are the most common manifestations in arsenicosis patients. Relatively poor ‍rural people and other socio-economically disadvantaged groups are more affected by this exposure. Until now ‍cancer patients have been relatively limited in Bangladesh. One of the reasons may be that several years are needed ‍to show cancer manifestations from the beginning of arsenic exposure. But it is suspected that after some years a ‍large number of patients will appear with cancer in different sites for arsenic exposure in drinking water. Various ‍studies have been conducted in arsenic affected countries - notably in Argentina, Chile, China, Japan, and Taiwan - ‍to find the potential of arsenic exposure to cause development of cancer. Among the arsenic related cancers, liver, ‍lung, skin, bladder and kidney cancers are reported to be prevalent in these countries. Unfortunately no scientific ‍study has been yet conducted in Bangladesh to find the relationship between arsenic exposure and cancers in different ‍sites of the body. So our aim is to conduct an ecological as well as a case-control study in the country in the future. ‍  相似文献   

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Objective:The aim of this study was to determine most significant prognostic factor for overall survival of invasiveduct operable breast cancer from clinical stage, pathological stage, epidemiological, anatomic and cellular andmolecular genetic factors. Materials and Methods: Research design was prospective cohort. Duct invasive operablebreast cancer patients who were diagnosed and treated with standard protocol since 1993, followed prospectivelyuntil November 2003 by clinical stage, pathological stage, age, tumor size, lymph node status, histological grade,mitotic index, ER,PR, c-erbB2, p53 and MIB-1, until revealed outcome (death). Prognostic factor was analyzedunivariately for overall survival with Kaplan Meier method. Difference between two survival group was analyzedwith log- rank test. Independent prognostic factor was analyzed multivariately using proportional hazard (Cox)regression. Results:With univariate analysis, significant prognostic factors for overall survival were clinical stage(p<0.001), pathological stage (p<0.001), tumor size (p<0.001), lymph node status (p<0.001) and adjuvant chemotherapy(p <0.005). Multivariately, most significant prognostic factors for survival were lymph node status (p = 0.001 ; Expβ = 7.775; 95% CI: 2.276 – 26.56) and clinical stage (p = 0.029; Exp β= 2.142; 95% CI: 1.081 – 4.244). Conclusion:Independent prognostic factors for survival are lymph node status and clinical stage.  相似文献   

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Research over the years has progressively shown substantial broadening of the tumor necrosis factor alpharelated apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated signaling landscape. Increasingly it is being realized that pancreatic cancer is a multifaceted and genomically complex disease. Suppression of tumor suppressors, overexpression of oncogenes, epigenetic silencing, and loss of apoptosis are some of the extensively studied underlying mechanisms. Rapidly accumulating in vitro and in vivo evidence has started to shed light on the resistance mechanisms in pancreatic cancer cells. More interestingly a recent research has opened new horizons of miRNA regulation by DR5 in pancreatic cancer cells. It has been shown that DR5 interacts with the core microprocessor components Drosha and DGCR8, thus impairing processing of primary let-7. Xenografting DR5 silenced pancreatic cancer cells in SCID-mice indicated that there was notable suppression of tumor growth. There is a paradigm shift in our current understanding of TRAIL mediated signaling in pancreatic cancer cellsthat is now adding new layers of concepts into the existing scientific evidence. In this review we have attempted to provide an overview of recent advances in TRAIL mediated signaling in pancreatic cancer as evidenced byfindings of in vitro and in vivo analyses. Furthermore, we discuss nanotechnological advances with emphasis on PEG-TRAIL and four-arm PEG cross-linked hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels to improve availability of TRAIL at target sites.  相似文献   

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Background: In Japan, the westernization of lifestyle, especially dietary habits, has progressed remarkably since1950 and is presumably directly related to the increasing incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of thisepidemiology note was to summarize the most recent trends in CRC incidence and predictions until 2020 for suggestingthe preventive strategies in Japanese. Methods: Using the newest published data in Japan, the most recent trends inCRC incidence and the predicted numbers of incident cases of CRC until 2020 were summarized. Results: Dietaryintake of milk, meat, eggs and fat/oil demonstrated remarkable increment through 1950 to 1970, and since then hasremained relatively constant. Compared with values for 1975, age-adjusted incidence rates for colon and rectalcancers were estimated to be 3.7 and 1.9 times higher among men and 2.9 and 1.3 times higher among women by1995 or 2000, respectively, and then to plateau. Considering progression of aging of the society, numbers of incidentcases for colon cancer among men and women have been predicted to increase 9.5 and 7.5 times by 2005 and 12.3 and10.5 times by 2020, respectively, from the 1975 baseline. Likewise, the figures for rectal cancer have been predictedto increase. Conclusion: The increment of CRC incidence is assumed to coincide with such changes in dietary intakeafter approximately 20-years lag. Concrete programs for lifestyle modification and more emphasis of early cancerscreening are now needed for prevention purposes.  相似文献   

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Genetic polymorphisms may modify the effects of environmental risk factors on cancer occurence. We have recentlylaunched a comprehensive epidemiologic project, HERPACC II (Hospital-based Epidemiologic Research Programat Aichi Cancer Center II), including both lifestyle and polymorphism data, following HERPACC-I which solelyconcentrated on lifestyle data. As of April 2001, about 3000 samples of DNA are being stored to conduct case-controlstudies. Genotyping of 46 polymorphisms has been conducted at the laboratory of the Division of Epidemiology andPrevention. Twelve case-control studies and two papers on a new PCR method, PCR-CTPP (polymerase chain reactionwith confronting two-pair primers), have been accepted for publication. Significant findings in Japanese were foundfor 1) gene-environment interaction for esophageal cancer between heavy drinking and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2(ALDH2), 2) malignant lymphoma risk with methylenetetrahydrofalate reductase (MTHFR) and methionine synthase(MS), 3) interactions between smoking and two polymorphisms, interleukin 1B (IL-1B) and myeloperoxidase (MPO)for Helicobacter pylori infection, and 4) smoking habits with dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) and IL-1B. Furtherstudies on interactions with polymorphisms will continue to be conducted for Japanese, using larger sizes of samples.  相似文献   

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Background: Genotype announcements related to susceptibility to hazardous effects of smoking may be effective ‍to induce smoking cessation. ‍Methods: Subjects were municipal government employees, 63 young smokers employed in the previous year and ‍59 smokers with more than 45 pack-years, who were invited to educational sessions against smoking held in December ‍2003 and February 2004, respectively. In the session, those who wished genetic susceptibility tests (GSTM1, GSTT1, ‍and NQO1 C609T) were enrolled in the study. The smoking habit was ascertained three times: at the session, one ‍month later, just before the genotype announcement, and at the follow-up three months after the announcement. ‍Results: Fifty eight (92.1%) and 49 (83.1%) smokers participated in the study, respectively. One out of 58 smokers ‍was not a habitual smoker, so was not included in the analysis. The smoking cessation rates were 15.8% (9 participants) ‍and 6.1% (3 participants) just before the genotype announcement, and 7.0% (4 participants) and 10.2% (5 ‍participants) at the follow-up, respectively. All subjects were satisfied with the genotype testing except for two who ‍rather regretted participating, but one of whom actually quit smoking. ‍Conclusion: The present pilot study without controls indicated that the effects of genotype announcements in this ‍framework on smoking cessation were less than might have been expected. The temporary effect of the session on ‍younger smokers may have been due to the participation per se. The potential effects of genotype announcements for ‍heavy smokers should now be examined in studies with adequate controls.  相似文献   

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The metabolic syndrome, a cluster of metabolic abnormalities linked to insulin resistance, has attracted much ‍interest as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Hyperinsulinemia is also a postulated biological ‍risk factor for colorectal carcinogenesis. We therefore here examined the relation between the metabolic syndrome ‍and colorectal adenoma development. The study subjects were 756 cases of colorectal adenoma and 1751 controls ‍with no polyps who underwent total colonoscopy during the period January 1995 to March 2002 at two Self Defense ‍Forces (SDF) hospitals in Japan. The metabolic syndrome was defined with reference to abdominal obesity in ‍combination with any two of the following conditions: elevated triglycerides (≥150 mg/dL); lowered HDL cholesterol ‍(<40 mg/dL); elevated blood pressure (systolic blood pressure ≥130 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 85 ‍mmHg); and raised fasting glucose (≥110 mg/dL). Abdominal obesity was defined as a waist circumference of 85cm ‍or more(Japanese criterion) or ≥ 90cm (Asian criterion). Statistical adjustment was made for age, hospital, and rank ‍in the SDF. The metabolic syndrome was found to be associated with a moderately increased risk of colorectal ‍adenomas whether either of the Japanese and Asian criteria was used; adjusted odds ratios with the Japanese and ‍Asian criteria were 1.38 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.13-1.69) and 1.48 (95% CI 1.13-1.93), respectively. Increased ‍risk was more evident for proximal than distal colon or rectal adenomas, and was almost exclusively observed for ‍large lesions (≥ 5mm in diameter). Thus the metabolic syndrome appears to be an important entity with regard to ‍the prevention of colorectal cancer, as well as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.  相似文献   

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Cervical cancer screening in Malaysia is by opportunistic Pap smear which contributes to the low uptake rate. To overcome this, a pilot project called the SIPPS program (translated as information system of Pap smear program) had been introduced whereby women aged 20-65 years old are invited for Pap smear and receive recall to repeat the test. This study aimed at determining which recall method is most cost-effective in getting women to repeat Pap smear. A randomised control trial was conducted where one thousand women were recalled for repeat smear either by registered letter, phone messages, phone call or the usual postal letter. The total cost applied for cost-effectiveness analysis includes the cost of sending letter for first invitation, cost of the recall method and cost of two Pap smears. Cost-effective analysis (CEA) of Pap smear uptake by each recall method was then performed. The uptake of Pap smear by postal letter, registered letters, SMS and phone calls were 18.8%, 20.0%, 21.6% and 34.4%, respectively (p<0.05). The CER for the recall method was lowest by phone call compared to other interventions; RM 69.18 (SD RM 0.14) compared to RM 106.53 (SD RM 0.13), RM 134.02 (SD RM 0.15) and RM 136.38 (SD RM 0.11) for SMS, registered letter and letter, respectively. ICER showed that it is most cost saving if the usual method of recall by postal letter be changed to recall by phone call. The possibility of letter as a recall for repeat Pap smear to reach the women is higher compared to sending SMS or making phone call. However, getting women to do repeat Pap smear is better with phone call which allows direct communication. Despite the high cost of the phone call as a recall method for repeat Pap smear, it is the most cost-effective method compared to others.  相似文献   

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Introduction: The worldwide incidence of breast cancer has increased rapidly in recent years. The scenarioof Eastern India is also showing the same trend. It is necessary to study the utility of HER-2/neu as a prognosticfactor in breast cancer survival. However, there have not been detailed studies in this respect with the breastcancer patients of Eastern India. Thus this study was conducted. Materials and Methods: In this hospital-basedstudy 86 breast cancer patients attending a breast clinic of a reputed institute of Eastern India and having invasiveductal carcinomas were observed for a period of 5 years after surgery. Associations between 5 years observedsurvival and status of ER, PR and HER-2/neu of the patients were critically evaluated. Results: There wasstatistically significant association between survival pattern for 5 years and the HER-2/neu status (p=0.00001).Better survival was observed for the patients with HER-2/neu negative tumors 67(100%) compared to HER-2/neupositive tumors 7(36.8%). Conclusion: There is strong interaction between survival and HER-2/neu expressionof breast cancer patients. Thus the patients with HER-2/neu positive tumors need to be treated aggressively.  相似文献   

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Cancer prevention is an important strategy in cancer control and it consists of primary prevention and secondaryprevention. Major avoidable or manageable risk factors for cancer identified from previous studies are tobacco,diet and infection. Some cancer could be prevented by controlling those risk factors. In Japan screenings for gastriccancer, cervical cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer and colo-rectal cancer have been widely conducted under the Lawof Health Maintenance for the Aged. In planning and evaluating cancer control activities in Japan, it was considereduseful to estimate the potential of primary and secondary prevention of cancer. The author estimated the potentialof cancer prevention in Japan twice previously in 1990 and 1999. In this paper the potential of cancer prevention inJapan was re-estimated by using a different method and more recent data. From the present study it was estimatedthat about 25% of cancer occurrence could be prevented by control of smoking, diet and infection, about 9-15% ofcancer deaths could be prevented by cancer screening, and about 6- 10 % of cancer deaths could be prevented byapplication of the state-of-the art diagnosis and treatment of cancer, altogether about 40-50% of cancer occurrences/deaths could be prevented if all possible measures for cancer prevention are applied to the general public and cancerpatients in Japan.  相似文献   

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Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the relationship between lifestyle behavior and qualityof life (QoL) among cancer survivors in Korea. Methods: Data for a total of 471 (173 men, 298 women)cancer survivors (CS) over 40 years old were obtained from the database of the 4th Korean National Healthand Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV). An identical number of subjects of the same age, sex,and education who had no restrictions in physical activity were randomly selected from the database andrepresented the control group (CG). Drinking, smoking, and exercise behavior were assessed. Results: Thenumber of heavy drinkers was lower in CS (9.4%) than in CG (15.8%) (p < .01); similarly, there were fewersmokers in CS (9.1%) than in CG (14.0%) (p < .05). The percentage of individuals engaging in vigorous,moderate, and low-intensity exercise did not differ between CS (13.6%, 14.7%, and 50.0%) and CG (14.3%,13.4%, and 49.7%, respectively). No differences in Euro QoL Questionnaire 5-Dimensional Classification(EQ-5D) scores on both drinking and smoking behaviors were noted. Compared to the non-exercisers, thelow-intensity exercisers in CG (0.91 ± 0.10 vs. 0.94 ± 0.09), vigorous-intensity exercisers in CS (0.84 ± 0.62vs. 0.91 ± 0.11), and low-intensity exercisers in CS (0.82 ± 0.22 vs. 0.88±0.13) scored higher on the EQ-5D.Conclusions: Although cancer survivors practiced more conscious health behavior in drinking and smoking,their engagement in exercise did not differ from that of non-cancer survivors. Since exercise engagementincreases QoL in general, implementation of an educational program that promotes exercise engagement incancer survivors may be required.  相似文献   

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An epidemiological study of hepatitis viruses type B (HBV) and type C (HCV) and human T-cell leukemia virus ‍type I (HTLV-I) was carried out among 105 residents (male:female=19:86) regarded as Nenets partly mixed with ‍Komi, in the region of Krasnoe, the Nenets Autonomous District of the Arkhangelsk Region, in northwestern Russia ‍in 2004. Blood was drawn from apparently healthy volunteers at ages of 41.6+16.5 (range 14-85) years. HBsAg, ‍HBsAb, HBcAb, HBeAb and HCV Ab were measured by microparticle enzyme-immunoassay, and HTLV-I Ab was ‍measured by particle agglutination. Prevalences of HBsAg(+), HBsAb(+), HBcAb(+) and HBeAb(+) were 0.0%, ‍29.5.%, 20.0% and 7.6%, respectively. The overall HBV infection rate (positive HBsAb or HBcAb) was 34.3%, ‍while no positive HCV or HTLV-I Abs could be detected. A serological subgroup with positive HBsAb and negative ‍HBcAb, consisting of 15(14.3%) females, contrasted sharply to other serological subgroups in sex, age, parent’s ‍ethnicity, positive HBeAb rate, and HBcAb inhibition%. We conclude that HBV is prevalent with unique serological ‍patterns among the Nenets, while HCV and HTLV-I infections are negligible.  相似文献   

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Background: The effects of CYP1A1 gene polymorphisms on the risk of bladder cancer (BC) remaincontroversial. We carried out a meta-analysis to clarify the role of CYP1A1 gene polymorphisms in BC. Materialand Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted up to November 20, 2013. Odds ratios (ORs) with95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate the strength of the association. Meta-regression, subgroupanalysis, sensitivity analysis and publication bias were also performed. Results: Eight studies involving 1,059BC cases and 1,061 controls were included. The meta-analysis showed that there was no significant associationbetween the two common mutations of CYP1A1 and BC risk. For the I1e462Val A/G polymorphism with GG vs.AA the OR was 1.47 (95 % CI= 0.70-3.07, P =0.308). For the MspI T/C polymorphism, though a slight trend wasfound this was not statistically nonsignificant (CC vs.TT, OR = 1.24, 95 % CI= 0.98-1.58, P =0.078). Subgroupanalyses by ethnicity also found no obvious association between CYP1A1 and BC risk. Conclusion: The presentmeta-analysis suggests that CYP1A1 polymorphism is not associated with bladder cancer risk.  相似文献   

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Investigation has been conducted to delineate the action of some phenolic compounds of natural origin in fourhuman tumor cell lines: acute myeloblastic leukemia (HL-60), chronic myelogenic leukemia (K-562), breastadenocarcinoma (MCF-7) and cervical epithelial carcinoma (HeLa). In cells grown in appropriate media the phenolicscurcumin, yakuchinone B, resveratrol and capsaicin exhibited growth inhibition as assessed by trypan blue dyeexclusion. It was evident from the results of the MTT reduction assay and [3H]thymidine incorporation into nuclearDNA that the phenolics were cytotoxic and inhibited cell proliferation. Dose response studies indicated curcumin tobe most cytotoxic towards HL-60, K-562 and MCF-7 but did not show much activity in HeLa cells. On the otherhand, yakuchinone B, although less active than curcumin, displayed cytotoxicity towards all four cell lines. Resveratrolwas cytotoxic only in leukemic cells, while capsaicin was marginally cytotoxic. All these phenolics did not elicit anycytotoxic activity as judged by the above parameters towards lymphocytes purified from normal human blood.When cells treated with phenolics were stained with propidium iodide and examined under a fluorescent microscope,characteristic apoptotic features such as chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation were observed. Scoringof cells with apoptotic and non-apoptotic features showed positive correlation of apoptotic index with dose of phenolic,and fragmented DNA extracted free of genomic DNA displayed on gel electrophoresis a typical ladder pattern.These phenolics which have human exposure are known cancer chemopreventive agents and their action as inducersof apoptosis in tumor cells suggest their potential use in a strategy for cancer control.  相似文献   

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Objective: To examine reproducibility of assessed intake of foods and nutrients according to a semi-quantitativefood frequency questionnaire (SQFFQ) in adult doctors and nurses residing in Chaoshan area of China. Subjects:The SQFFQ was administered first in October to December of 2004 to 120 adult doctors and nurses living in Chaoshanarea of China and was then re-administered to 102 three months later between January and March of 2005 (SQFFQ1 and SQFFQ 2). Methods: Reproducibility was evaluated in terms of consumption of 10 food groups and energyand 34 macro- and micro-nutrients based on the SQFFQ from the 102 doctors and nurses. Results: For intake offoods, Pearson’s correlation coefficients (CCs) with log-transformation and energy adjustment (minimum – median- maximum) range from 0.43 (eggs) – 0.84 - 0.90 (teas). Spearman’s rank CCs with energy adjustment rangedfrom 0.77 (cereals) – 0.84 - 0.94 (milks). Kappa statistics with energy adjustment ranged from 0.53 (vegetables) -0.63 - 0.82 (teas). For consumption of nutrients, Pearson’s correlation coefficients (CCs) with log-transformationand energy adjustment (minimum – median - maximum) range from 0.83 (docosahexaenoic acid and oryzanin) -0.88 - 0.90 (linolenic acid, vitamin A, folic acid, vitamin E, calcium, sodium, selenium and magnesium). Spearman’srank CCs with energy adjustment ranged from 0.81 (oryzanin and vitamin C) – 0.86 – 0.90 (sodium). Kappastatistics with energy adjustment ranged from 0.49 (protein) - 0.60 - 0.77 (sodium). Conclusion: Substantially highreproducibility was observed; it is possible to use the tailored, relatively simple, but comprehensive, self-administeredSQFFQ to facilitate assessment of the association between lifestyle and health/disease in large-scale epidemiologicalstudies.  相似文献   

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