Ernährung des gesunden SäuglingsLebensmittel- und mahlzeitenbezogene Empfehlungen

The specific nutritional and developmental requirements of infants have been considered with the “Dietary Schedule for 1st year of life” in Germany. Also, the cultural background of dietary habits and the current food market for infants is respected. Exclusive breastfeeding is the optimal nutrition during the first 4–6 months of life. Nutritional toxicological and hygienic requirements for infant formula to be used as breastmilk substitute are distinctly specified. Beikost starts from the 5th–7th month of age using a small variety of nutritious foods in well balanced meals. Additional fluid intake becomes necessary when the beikost proportion increases. Supplemental Vitamin K, D and fluoride is generally recommended. Around the end of the 1st year of life, the transition to the family diet takes place.     

Vergleichende Untersuchungen über Ernährung mit evaporierter Milch und Sammelfrauenmilch bei jungen Säuglingen

Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird untersucht, wie weit ernährungs. statistische Untersuchungen Einflüsse verschiedener Nahrungen am Kind aufdecken können. Auf die Notwendigkeit der Statistik im Rahmen der Gesamtbeurteilung der Nahrung wird nachdrücklich hingewiesen. Es wird versucht, durch Bereinigung des Materials von ernährungsunabhängigen Faktoren, welche den Nahrungseinfluß überdecken, ein homogenes Ausgangsmaterial zu schaffen, welches echte Schlüsse auf den nahrungsbedingten Gewichtsansatz erlaubt. Die Möglichkeit, von der Dyspepsie- und Infekthäufigkeit auf eine durch die Ernährung bedingte Resistenz der Patienten zurückzuschließen, wird kritisch beleuchtet und gezeigt, daß exogene Einflüsse eine übergeordnete Rolle spielen können, das Material überfremden und dadurch die Beweisbarkeit des Nahrungseinflusses für die Dyspepsieentstehung außerordentlich verringern. Für die Berechnung ernährungsstatistischer Fragen wird eine Methode verwendet, welche erlaubt, aus der Fehlerberechnung auf die Stetigkeit des Gedeihens rückzuschließen. Der Berechnung wird die Zahl der Beobachtungstage der ganzen Gruppe zugrunde gelegt.Die statistischen Fragen werden am Beispiel einer Prüfung alternierender Ernährung von jungen Frühgeburten und Säuglingen des 1. Trimenon mit evaporierter, homogensierter Milch ohne 2. Kohlenhydrat einerseits und mit Sammelfrauenmilch andererseits erläutert. Es wird gezeigt, daß schon eine derartig verschiedene Ernährungspraxis keine eindeutigen Differenzen statistisch beweisen läßt, wenn auch durch verschiedene Auswahl des Materials und bei verschiedener statistischer Methodik immer wieder eine mögliche Richtung der Differenz glaubhaft wird. Immerhin zeigt die Prüfung in Bestätigung amerikanischer Untersuchungen und empirischer Erfahrungen, daß eine Ernährung selbst jüngster und empfindlichster Kinder mit e. h. M. ohne zweites KH möglich ist und daß grobe Differenzen gegenüber der Frauenmilchernährung nicht auffindbar sind.     

Ernährung von Schulkindern und Jugendlichen

Nutrition of schoolchildren and youth is nowadays an important subject of health promotion in schools. Nutrition in this age group plays also an important role for the health in later adulthood. Correct eating and correct eating behaviour are significant economic factors in health organisations. Investigations on eating behaviour and nutritional status of schoolchildren have demonstrated that there are significant deviations from the optimal recommendations for the intake of nutrients in schoolchildren. The nutrition is partially to poor for the supply of energy and carbohydrates, especially the complex ones, and to rich for the supply of proteins and fats. Also minerals and vitamins are partially supplied in an insufficient amount. There is especially concern about the increasing frequency of obesity as a consequence of a nutrition to high in fat content and of a deficiency in physical activity. In the first part of the paper the actual nutritional situation of schoolchildren is demonstrated by respective investigations in Germany, Austria and Switzerland about the eating habits and the nutritional status. Special aspects are mentioned like calcium- or iron supply as well as the intake of fibers. In the second part the new reference data 2000 common for Germany, Austria and Switzerland are presented. There are some deviations from the earlier ones from 1991. To set these recommendations into practical management we propose the optimal mixed food concept elaborated by the Research Institute for Children's Nutrition in Dortmund. These recommendations consider not only the ecommendations for the supply of nutrients but also the prevention of diseases influenced by nutrition, the nutritional behaviour of schoolchildren, their preferences and selection of foods. The actual nutrition with fast food and snacks reflects the actual life style, supports however a nutrition rich in fats. But a reasonable selection of fast foods may well be compatible with the recommendations. Changes in eating habits are based not only on theoretical knowledge but also on practical interventions which learn the children how to deal with foods and how to form nutrition in every day life. Such interventions are possible within the context of health promotion in schools. This is demonstrated by two examples, the so called “Pausenkiosk”, a nutritional support during school breaks and the project “management of energy” which combines nutrition and movement and physical activity.     

Ernährung des Frühgeborenen

Background

A targeted nutritional management plays a key role in the health and growth of the preterm infant.

Material and methods

This review article provides well-known and recent data on the topics of parenteral and enteral nutrition of very low birth weight preterm infants with a birth weight below 1500 g and late preterm infants. New concepts of individually adjusted enrichment of breast milk or human milk-based fortifiers are presented as well as recent data on probiotics and lactoferrin. In addition, relevant aspects of discharge management are discussed.

Results

In parenteral nutrition an early onset and “aggressive” continuation are important issues to avoid growth restriction. New generations of lipid emulsions administered i.v. are available providing optimized immunomodulatory properties due to the favorable fatty acid profile. Standardized enteral feeding regimens including breast milk as the primary feeding source contribute to the prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and improve feeding tolerance.

Conclusion

Adequate nutrition of preterm infants is of great importance because it helps to prevent morbidities, such as NEC and osteopenia of prematurity. There is convincing evidence that optimizing nutrition in the early postnatal life of a premature infant also has an impact on better long-term neurodevelopmental outcome later in life.     

Säuglingsernährung und Ernährung der stillenden Mutter

The German network“Healthy Start – Young Families’ Network” (Gesund ins Leben – Netzwerk Junge Familie), was set up to form a basis for an effective, nationwide communication network between actors, institutions and media wishing to accompany and support parents through pregnancy and birth. The recommendations of various relevant professional organisations and institutions have been compiled, discussed among the members of the scientific advisory board and formulated into standardized key messages (recommendations for action). These recommendations will be passed on to young families on the one hand in the form of application-oriented messages for everyday life, and on the other as an integral part of disseminator training in the form of background information. They include key messages on breastfeeding, infant formula, baby foods, drinks (complementary fluids intake), nutritional supplements, nutrition for breastfeeding mothers, stimulants while breastfeeding, medication and food supplements while breastfeeding, as well as advice on non-nutrition- and non-smoking-related allergies in children.     

Säuglingsernährung und Ernährung der stillenden Mutter

Network

The network Healthy Start – Young Family Network is a project from IN FORM – German national initiative to promote healthy diets and physical activity. In this nationwide network medical and scientific societies, professional organizations, and professionally oriented institutions combined together to accompany and support parents through pregnancy and birth by providing information on nutrition and allergy prevention.

Recommendations

The recommendations of various relevant professional organizations and institutions were compiled, discussed among the members of scientific advisory board of the network and formulated into standardized key messages (recommendations for actions). These recommendations were distributed to young families in the form of application-oriented messages for everyday life and as an integral part of disseminator training in the form of background information. They include key messages on breastfeeding, infant formula, baby foods, drinks (complementary fluids intake), nutritional supplements, nutrition for breastfeeding mothers, stimulants while breastfeeding, medication and food supplements while breastfeeding as well as advice on non-nutrition and non-smoking related allergies in children.     

Zur Frage der Beeinflussung der Körperlänge und Körperfülle durch die Ernährung

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Die Bedeutung des Wassers für Konstitution und Ernährung

Ohne ZusammenfassungDie Anschaffungskosten der zu den vorliegenden Untersuchungen notwendigen Apparatur, die Beschaffung und Erhaltung des Tiermaterials wurden zum größten Teil aus den Mitteln der Pollack von Parnauschen Studienstiftung bestritten.     

Ernährung und Bewegung von Säuglingen und stillenden Frauen

Network

“Healthy Start – Young Family Network” is a component of “IN FORM – Germany’s national initiative to promote healthy diets and physical activity” of the German government and is funded by the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture. In this nationwide network specialist medical and scientific societies, professional associations and specialized institutions have joined forces in order to accompany and support parents in all aspects surrounding birth, with information on nutrition, physical activity and allergy prevention.

Recommendations

The recommendations for action on infant nutrition and nutrition of breastfeeding mothers, which first appeared in 2010 were discussed, revised and a consensus was formulated based on current recommendations of relevant specialist organizations and institutions as well as pertinent scientific publications from members of the scientific advisory committee of the network. These recommendations are to be passed on to young families as practical, routine daily advice and also utilized in the extended training of propagators, supplemented by additional information. The recommendations encompass the topics of breastfeeding, infant formulas, complementary food, beverages (supplementary fluid intake), learning to eat, diet of breastfeeding women, nutritional supplements for infants and breastfeeding mothers as well as alcohol, smoking and medication during the lactation period. Furthermore, also included are general recommendations on allergy prevention in children and recommendations on physical activity in infancy and for breastfeeding mothers.

     

Ern?hrung und Stoffwechsel der Gewebe des Auges

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Über die Bedeutung des Calciums für die Ernährung und einige biologische Prozesse des tierischen Organismus

Ohne Zusammenfassung Mit 11 Abbildungen im Text.     

Erratum zu: Vegetarische und vegane Ernährung

Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde - Erratum zu: Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2018 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00112-018-0586-z Im Text wird auf die Stellungnahmen der Ernährungskommissionen der Deutschen...     

Empfehlungen zu Ernährung und Bewegung von Kleinkindern

Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde -     

Zur Frage der zuckerarmen und fettreichen Ernährung

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Ernährung und Chirurgie als Säulen der CED-Behandlung

Nutritional interventions and surgical therapy play an important role in the treatment of children and adolescents suffering from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), especially because of the limited efficacy of many drugs and their possible side-effects. In all cases nutritional and calorific deficiencies have to be identified and corrected. Exclusively enteral nutrition with liquid formula for children with Crohn’s disease has the potential to induce remission in approximately 80% of cases, irrespective of disease location and severity. It has no side-effects and promotes growth. Surgical treatment of children suffering from IBD is mainly indicated in severe, treatment-resistant cases and when complications arise. Colectomy has the potential to heal the underlying ulcerative colitis but because of the surgical risks and postoperative problems it is only indicated in severe cases and in toxic megacolon. In Crohn’s disease surgery is important for the treatment of strictures and fistulas when other treatments fail. A common problem is the high recurrence rate after resection and a preventive treatment should be instituted. The article gives an overview on indications and modalities of non-pharmacological treatment of IBD in children.     

Zur künstlichen Ernährung des Säuglings

Ohne ZusammenfassungMit 7 Textabbildungen.     

Über konzentrierte Ernährung und deren Indikation (besonders im Säuglingsalter)

Ohne ZusammenfassungMit 13 Textabbildungen.