儿泻暖脐膏抗鼠腹泻的药理研究

为研究中药制剂儿泻暖脐膏抗腹泻机制，对其抗腹泻，胃肠功能、镇痛及抗炎的药理作用进行了实验研究。结果儿泻暖脐膏能显著抑制小鼠蓖麻油性及番泻叶性腹泻；显著抑制小白鼠小肠推进运动及皮下注射新斯的明的小肠推进运动；显著促进小白鼠胃排空运动；显著增加大白鼠血清Ｄ－木糖含量。     

儿泻暖脐膏治疗婴幼儿急性腹泻的临床研究

为了观察中药治疗婴幼儿急性腹泻的临床效果，应用儿泻暖脐膏敷脐配合西药常规疗法（简称治疗１组）治疗婴幼儿急性腹泻，并与十香暖脐膏敷脐配合西药常规疗法（简称治疗Ⅱ组）及西药常规疗法（简称对照组）对照。结果治疗Ｉ组１０２例，治愈６１例（５９．８％），显效２４例（２３．５％），有效１１例（１０．８％），无效６例（５．９％），显效率８３．３％，总有效率９４．１％；治疗Ⅱ组５４例，治愈２５例（４６．３％），显     

儿泻暖脐膏治疗婴幼儿急性腹泻的临床研究

为了观察中药治疗婴幼儿急性腹泻的临床效果，应用儿泻暖脐膏敷脐配合西药常规疗法（简称治疗Ⅰ组）治疗婴幼儿急性腹泻，并与十香暖脐膏敷脐配合西药常规疗法（简称治疗Ⅱ组）及西药常规疗法（简称对照组）对照。结果治疗Ⅰ组102例，治愈61例（59．8％），显效24例（23．5％），有效11例（10．8％），无效6例（5．9％），显效率83．3％，总有效率94．1％；治疗Ⅱ组54例，治愈25例（46．3％），显效15例（27．8％），有效11例（20．4％），无效3例（5．6％），显效率74．1％，总有效率94．4％；对照组55例，治愈22例（40．0％），显效12例（21．8％），有效9例（16．4％），无效12例（21．8％），显效率61．8％，总有效率78．2％。治疗Ⅰ组的治愈率、显效率和总有效率均高于对照组（P＜0．05或P＜0．01）；治疗Ⅱ组总有效率显著高于对照组（P＜0．05）。提示儿泻暖脐膏敷脐配合西药常规疗法能提高临床疗效。     

射干对消化系统及实验性血栓的影响

射干７５％醇提物５和１５ｇ／ｋｇ，抑制小鼠吲哚美辛加乙醇性胃溃疡形成，对盐酸性及水浸应激性胃溃疡形成仅有抑制趋向。对正常小鼠胃肠运动无影响，但能显著对抗番泻叶引起的大肠性腹泻和蓖麻油引起的小肠性腹泻。对麻醉大鼠有明显利胆及抗实验性血栓作用。     

泻必康治疗慢性腹泻的作用机制

目的：探讨泻必康对小鼠免疫作用及肠运动功能的影响。方法：以0.85％氯化钠溶液为对照组，参苓白术散为阳性对照组，采用100％大黄水煎剂灌胃的造模方法，泻必康中药按大、小剂量分别灌胃给药，测定小鼠胸腺和脾脏指数，观察小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬功能；采取皮下注射新斯的明的造模方法，泻必康中药按大、小剂量分别灌胃给药，观察泻必康对小鼠小肠推进运动、肠容积以及排便时间和数量的影响。结果：泻必康可显著提高小鼠脾脏指数，明显增强腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬功能．其吞噬指数及吞噬率均提高，此作用明显优于0．85％氯化钠溶液，与参苓白术散作用相当。泻必康还可显著减缓新斯的明小鼠小肠墨汁的推进速度，对抗肠容积的异常增大，延缓小鼠排便时间，减少排便数量。结论：泻必康具有较强的免疫增强和较好的调整恢复胃肠运动功能作用，这可能是其治疗慢性腹泻的主要作用机制。     

参苓白术散对腹泻小鼠胃肠运动功能的影响及机制探讨

目的 通过对腹泻小鼠胃肠运动和腹泻大鼠结肠中胃肠肽蛋白表达影响的研究,探讨参苓白术散对腹泻的作用及其机制.方法 采用番泻叶泻下法复制模型,观察小鼠的排便次数、腹泻率、稀便级、稀便率、腹泻指数；用碳末推进法观测小肠碳末推进率的变化；免疫组织化学法检测结肠中P物质(SP)、血管活性肠肽(VIP)蛋白表达,观察参苓白术散对其干预作用.结果 经番泻叶泻下法复制模型后,小鼠的排便次数、腹泻率、稀便级、稀便率、腹泻指数升高；大鼠结肠中SP和VIP蛋白表达升高.参苓白术散治疗后,腹泻小鼠排便次数、腹泻率、稀便级、稀便率、腹泻指数降低,小肠推进被抑制；大鼠结肠中SP、VIP蛋白表达降低.结论 参苓白术散可以明显抑制胃肠运动,降低SP、VIP蛋白表达可能是其作用机制之一.     

外用药“泻克星”抗腹泻作用和对胃排空、肠推进影响的实验观察

外用药“泻克星”主要由丁香、肉桂、苍术、吴萸等组成，实验观察发现，本品有抗腹泻作用和抑制亢进的胃排空、肠推进的作用，这为本品临床治疗腹泻和推广运用提供了依据。     

乳糜泻的研究进展

乳糜泻的研究进展吴晰鲁重美乳糜泻（ｃｏｅｌｉａｃｄｉｓｅａｓｅ，ＣＤ）又称为成人乳糜泻，麦胶敏感性肠病，非热带口炎性腹泻。它是由于含麦胶食物引起小肠的黏膜损害，以小肠吸收不良为主要表现。病理改变包括小肠黏膜平坦，绒毛萎缩，隐窝肥大，细胞增生，黏膜内炎...     

夏幼周教授防治小儿腹泻的经验

本文介绍了著名老中医夏幼周教授运用祖传秘方“儿泻宁”治疗小儿腹泻的临床经验，并附有１３８例病案资料。本组患几经用“儿泻宁“治疗后，痊愈１０６例，占７７％；好转２９例，占２１％；无效３例，占２％。总有效率为９８％。其治疗关键在于治疗不离脾胃，久泻宣补肾，食滞则攻补兼施。     

芍药甘草汤,四逆散对胃排空及小肠推进功能影响的拆方研究

采用葡聚糖蓝２０００为胃肠内标记物，就芍药甘草汤、四逆散对小鼠胃排空及小肠推进功能的影响，进行了拆方研究。结果表明，芍药甘草汤及甘草有明显抑制胃排空及小肠推进功能的作用，甘草为方剂中的抑制成分，芍药可加强其对胃排空的抑制作用；四逆散及其组成药物柴胡，柴胡枳实合煎及分煎合用，均有明显增强胃排空及小肠推进功能的作用。柴胡枳实合煎的增强作用明显大于分煎合用，且此二味药为四逆散中的增强成分。进而又以钡放射法证明了，柴胡枳合煎剂有明显增强功能性消化不良患者胃排空及小肠推进功能的作用。     

Serotonin and vasoactive intestinal peptide antagonists attenuate rotavirus diarrhoea

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The mechanisms underlying intestinal secretion in rotavirus diarrhoea remain to be established. We previously reported that rotavirus evokes intestinal fluid and electrolyte secretion by activation of the enteric nervous system. We now report that antagonists for the 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor (5-HT(3)) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptor, but not antagonists for 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 receptor or the muscarinic receptor, attenuate rotavirus induced diarrhoea. METHODS: Neurotransmitter antagonists were administered to wild-type or neurokinin 1 receptor knockout mice infected with homologous (EDIM) or heterologous (RRV) rotavirus. RESULTS: While RRV infected mice had diarrhoea for 3.3 (0.2) days (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.04-3.56), the 5-HT(3) receptor antagonist (granisetron) and the VIP receptor antagonist (4Cl-D-Phe(6),Leu(17))-VIP both reduced the total number of days of RRV induced diarrhoea to 2.1 (0.3) (95% CI 1.31-2.9) (p<0.01). EDIM infected mice treated with granisetron had a significantly shorter duration of diarrhoea (5.6 (0.4) days) compared with untreated mice (8.0 (0.4) days; p<0.01). Experiments with neurokinin 1 receptor antagonists suggest that this receptor may possibly be involved in the secretory response to rotavirus. On the other hand, rotavirus diarrhoea was not attenuated in the neurokinin 1 receptor knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the neurotransmitters serotonin and VIP are involved in rotavirus diarrhoea; observations that could imply new principles for treatment of this disease with significant global impact.     

Campylobacter jejuni proteomics for new travellers' diarrhoea vaccines

Travellers' diarrhoea is defined as diarrhoea that develops while a person is abroad in or shortly after return from a developing country. Different pathogens cause diarrhoea in travellers. Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most prominent agents for this illness. Diarrhoea is defined as an abnormally increased frequency or decreased consistency of stools for less than one week. Antibiotics are effective in preventing travellers' diarrhoea, but routine prophylaxis with antibiotics, should be discouraged. Vaccination is promising but no vaccine against C. jejuni is available at the moment. This article presents the ACE BioSciences strategy for the discovery of protein based vaccine candidates using a cell surface proteomics approach of C. jejuni. New targets for C. jejuni protein vaccines were identified. As proof of concept, we could demonstrate decreased colonization of C. jejuni in mice after vaccination with some of these candidates. It is likely that the proteomics based ACE-Biosciences approach will result in reliable travellers' diarrhoea protein-vaccines in the future.     

Emu Oil reduces disease severity in a mouse model of chronic ulcerative colitis

Objective: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by mucosal inflammation and ulceration of the large intestine. Emu Oil (EO) has been reported to protect the intestine against mucositis, NSAID-enteropathy, UC-associated colorectal cancer and acute UC. We aimed to determine whether EO could reduce the severity chronic UC in mice.

Methods: Female C57BL/6 mice (n?=?10/group) were orally administered (gavage) water (Groups 1–2) or EO (Groups 3: low dose-80?µl and 4: high dose-160?µl), thrice weekly. Group 1 mice consumed plain drinking water throughout the trial. Groups 2–4 mice underwent two cycles [each consisting of seven days dextran sulfate sodium (DSS; 2% w/v) and 14 days water], followed by a third DSS week. All mice were euthanized two days later (day 51). Bodyweight, disease activity index (DAI), burrowing activity, myeloperoxidase activity, crypt depth and histologically assessed damage severity were assessed. p?<?.05 was considered significant.

Results: DSS decreased bodyweight and increased DAI compared to normal controls (p?<?.05), which was partially attenuated by both EO doses (p?<?.05). Burrowing activity was impaired in DSS-controls compared to normal controls (days 27 and 40); an effect prevented by both EO doses (p?<?.05). DSS increased colonic myeloperoxidase activity and crypt depth compared to controls (p?<?.05), with no significant EO effect. Moreover, DSS increased colonic damage severity compared to normal controls (p?<?.001). Importantly, both EO doses decreased distal colonic damage severity compared to DSS-controls (p?<?.001).

Conclusions: Emu Oil attenuated clinically- and histologically-assessed disease severity in a mouse model of chronic UC. Emu Oil demonstrates promise as an adjunct to conventional treatment options for UC management.     

Natural history and prognosis of diarrhoea of unknown cause in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

This paper is a prospective study of patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection and chronic diarrhoea for which no cause could be found after extensive investigations, including examination of multiple stool specimens for all known faecal pathogens and the histological examination of small and large bowel biopsy specimens. Of 39 such patients recruited from 155 prospectively investigated patients, eight had a possible cause of diarrhoea identified on follow up investigations, including small bowel neoplasms in three and cytomegalovirus in two. In 17 of the remaining 31 the diarrhoea resolved completely in a mean of seven months from its onset. Eleven had continuing mild or intermittent diarrhoea and three had more than 1 litre of diarrhoea daily for which no cause could be found. The median survival for patients with 'pathogen negative' diarrhoea was 48.7 months, which is similar to that of control patients with no diarrhoea and significantly longer than that of matched patients with a gastrointestinal pathogen (9.6 months).     

老年性瘙痒症小鼠模型的研制

目的 探讨一种建立老年性皮肤瘙痒症实验动物模型的方法.方法 随机挑选昆明小鼠,尾静脉取血后测全血RBC、Hb、WBC、嗜酸性粒细胞值,同时取腹部和前腿皮肤检测皮脂腺.剩余昆明小鼠控制饲料和饮水量饲养10 d后,用冷风、碱水和化纤布料连续刺激14d,录像10 min,观察和记录搔抓次数.于第27天随机抽取样本进行血液取样和皮肤取样,检测内容同前.结果 与实验前相比,动物搔抓次数明显增加,嗜酸性粒细胞数目升高,HCT值升高；RGB、HGB值升高、皮脂腺分泌较前旺盛.结论 在中医理论指导下,模拟临床发病原因采用综合因素初步制造出一种老年性皮肤瘙痒症实验动物模型.     

Lipid peroxidation and electrogenic ion transport in the jejunum of the vitamin E deficient rat.

Increased concentrations of reactive oxygen species in children with depleted antioxidant defences have been implicated in a cycle of malnutrition, malabsorption, and infection leading to protracted diarrhoea. A rat model of chronic vitamin E deficiency has been used to study the effects of antioxidant depletion on jejunal structure and function in vitro. Basal intestinal short circuit current (Isc), a measure of net electrogenic ion movement across the intestinal epithelium, was greater in chronically vitamin E deficient jejuna than controls, as was the electrogenic secretory response to aminophylline and Escherichia coli STa but not to bethanechol. The galactose stimulated current was also greater in vitamin E deficient jejuna. Indices of lipid peroxidation (concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and malondialdehyde) were increased in the vitamin E deficient small bowel. Small intestinal brush border membranes from vitamin E deficient animals displayed changes in both static and dynamic components of membrane fluidity measured by steady state fluorescence polarography. The results of these studies support the hypothesis that oxidative stress in subjects with compromised antioxidant defences results in small intestinal hypersecretion, which could predispose to or perpetuate protracted diarrhoea.     

Evaluation of the antidiarrhoeal effects of Zizyphus spina-christi stem bark in rats

The antidiarrhoeal effects of the methanol extract of Zizyphus spina-christi stem bark were evaluated in laboratory rodents. Studies on castor oil induced diarrhoea, intraluminal fluid accumulation, and gastrointestinal transit time were carried out. Results obtained revealed that the extract caused a dose dependent protection of rats against castor oil induced diarrhoea, decreased the intraluminal fluid accumulation and gastrointestinal transit. The intraperitoneal and oral LD(50) values were found to be 346+/-5.6 and 1200+/-41.2 mg/kg in mice. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of glycosides, resins, saponins, and tannins. It is suggested that the extract may contain biologically active components that may be useful against diarrhoea, thereby justifying its use in ethnomedical practice as an antidiarrhoeal agent.     

Endogenous ouabain and acute salt loading in low-renin hypertension

BACKGROUND: Endogenous ouabain (EO), which is structurally identical to the cardiac glycoside ouabain, has been isolated in human plasma. The substance EO has been implicated in states of volume expansion and in some types of arterial hypertension, especially as a factor of salt sensitivity of blood pressure. On the other hand, salt sensitivity has been described in low-renin hypertension. The aim of this study was to determine the response of plasma EO to acute sodium expansion in low-renin hypertension. METHODS: We performed an acute intravenous sodium load (2 L of saline in 4 h) in 13 hypertensive subjects with low renin values (<0.65 ng/mL/h). We measured EO in plasma extracts by a radioimmunoassay and compared it with other endocrine parameters including atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), aldosterone (ALDO), cortisol (CORT), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and plasma renin activity (PRA). RESULTS: We found that EO showed only a mild nonsignificant decrease after saline infusion (from 938.8+/-218.8 pmol/L to 781.4+/-181.4 pmol/L ouabain equivalents), whereas ALDO and PRA significantly decreased (P<.0001; P<.05 respectively). The ANP significantly increased, as a marker of effective volume expansion (P<.01). At the end of the infusion, we found that EO was positively related to ACTH levels and to ALDO changes from baseline. CONCLUSIONS: Our results do not support the hypothesis that EO is stimulated in low-renin hypertension by acute salt-volume expansion. ACTH could be a factor modulating EO secretion in this condition.     

In vitro effects of gastrin on the movement of electrolytes across the human colon

Using an in vitro system, the effect of gastrin on the colonic handling of water and electrolytes has been investigated. Gastrin converted the normal mucosal absorption of water and sodium into a net secretion. The colonic response to gastrin was done-related with respect to sodium, and the effects were greater when it was added to the serosal side. The potassium handling of the isolated colonic mucosa was not altered by gastrin. At a concentration of 800pg/ml, gastrin signficantly reduced the normal movement of sodium from mucosa to serosa (absorption) but significantly increased serosal to mucosal movement (secretion). This alteration in the bidirectional flux of ions under the influence of gastrin may be clinically important and could account in partt for the diarrhoea associated with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.     

In Vitro Effects of Gastrin on the Movement of Electrolytes across the Human Colon

Using an in vitro system, the effect of gastrin on the colonic handling of water and electrolytes has been investigated. Gastrin converted the normal mucosal absorption of water and sodium into a net secretion. The colonic response to gastrin was dose-related with respect to sodium, and the effects were greater when it was added to the serosal side. The potassium handling of the isolated colonic mucosa was not altered by gastrin. At a concentration of 800pg/ml, gastrin significantly reduced the normal movement of sodium from mucosa to serosa (absorption) but significantly increased serosal to mucosal movement (secretion). This alteration in the bidirectional flux of ions under the influence of gastrin may be clinically important and could account in part for the diarrhoea associated with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.