增强液体衰减反转恢复序列在脑膜瘤诊断中的应用价值

目的 探讨增强液体衰减反转恢复(FLAIR)序列在诊断脑膜瘤中的价值. 资料与方法 38例脑膜瘤患者行增强T1WI和FLAIR成像,比较两种序列增强图像上脑膜瘤的强化方式、"脑膜尾征"的显示、肿瘤强化程度、肿瘤与白质及肿瘤与灰质的对比率(CR)和对比噪声比(CNR). 结果 38例中25例(65.8%)在增强FLAIR上呈环状强化,而增强T1WI上仅7例(18.4%)呈环状强化."脑膜尾征"在增强FLAIR和增强T1WI上的显示率分别为36.8%和47.4%.肿瘤在增强FLAIR和增强T1WI上强化程度分别为57.0和301.3,两者间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001).增强FLAIR和增强T1WI上肿瘤与灰质CR分别为0.9和1.5,两种序列上肿瘤与白质的CNR分别为50.6和72.6,肿瘤与灰质CNR则为44.3和80.1,两种序列间差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.001).肿瘤与白质CR在两种序列间无差异. 结论 增强FLAIR有助于脑膜瘤包膜的显示和判断,但在显示肿瘤本身及"脑膜尾征"上不及增强T1WI.     

FLAIR增强扫描在脑转移瘤诊断中的价值

目的通过与平扫液体衰减反转恢复(FLAIR)及增强T1WI的比较研究,探讨增强FLAIR序列在脑转移瘤诊断中的价值。资料与方法20例脑转移瘤患者行增强前后T1WI和FLAIR成像,计数两种序列上转移瘤的数目,测量肿瘤强化程度、强化百分比和肿瘤体积,计算肿瘤与白质、肿瘤与脑脊液的对比率(CR)和对比噪声比(CNR)。结果20例中1例仅增强T1WI发现3个点状强化灶,余19例共327个转移灶中平扫FLAIR序列发现100个,增强T1WI发现292个,两者共发现298个;增强FLAIR序列发现181个。与增强T1WI相比,仅增强FLAIR序列显示的35个转移灶中,26个位于皮层或皮层下;2个小脑半球灶直径达14mm,余33个直径均<5mm。受血管结构的影响,增强T1WI上7个病灶假阳性,9个为假阴性,而在增强FLAIR序列上均明确诊断。在T1WI上肿瘤的强化程度和强化百分比高于FLAIR序列,而肿瘤与白质、肿瘤与脑脊液的CR和CNR则以FLAIR序列为高,增强T1WI和增强FLAIR序列上的转移瘤体积平均为(4.2±6.2)cm3和(4.0±6.5)cm3,两者差异无统计学意义。结论增强FLAIR序列在脑转移瘤的诊断中有一定的价值,尤其是对位于皮层表面的病灶,其与增强T1WI具有很好的互补性。     

对比T2FLAIR序列与增强T1WI序列在诊断脑转移瘤过程中的诊断价值

目的：比较增强T1WI及增强T2FLAIR两种序列对脑转移瘤的诊断价值。方法：回顾分析本院2008年9月～2010年3月34例经临床和影像检查确诊为脑转移瘤的患者资料,所有病例均行常规MRI平扫及SET1WI和T2FLAIR增强扫描,比较两种序列上转移瘤的数目、大小和部位以及转移瘤的强化显著性、病变强化区的边界等,并分析两者间偏差的原因。结果：34个病例,MRI平扫共检出129个病灶,增强T1WI发现194个病灶,而增强后T2WI FLAIR共发现185个病灶,4例增强后T2FLAIR较增强后T1WI显示的病灶多,6例增强后T2FLAIR显示的病灶少于增强后T1WI,25例两者显示的病灶相同,增强后T1WI因为脑浅表层血管混淆而漏诊误诊7个病灶,在对比增强后T2FLAIR均可明确诊断。大多数转移瘤在T1WI的强化程度高于T2FLAIR序列。转移瘤的肿瘤与灰质、肿瘤与白质的CR（对比率）以FLAIR序列为高,而转移瘤的肿瘤与灰质、肿瘤与白质的CNR（对比噪声比）以T1WI为高,两者有显著性差异（P〈0.01）。结论：增强后T2FLAIR序列可以有效显示脑转移灶,很好地鉴别大脑浅表部位的血管和转移瘤,增强T1WI序列能更明显地显示转移瘤的强化,两者同时使用,可以提高转移瘤的检出率与诊断准确性。     

颅内表皮样囊肿的常规T_1WI、T_2WI、FLAIR及DWI对比分析

目的:通过定性分析和定量比较来探讨颅内表皮样囊肿(ECs)的FLAIR和DWI特征。方法:ECs16例,测量其T1WI、T2WI、FLAIR及DWI上病灶信号强度和ADC值,计算组织间对比度(CR)和对比噪声比(CNR)。结果:在FLAIR上ECs平均信号强度高于脑脊液(CSF),低于脑组织。在T1WI上,表皮样囊肿与脑脊液间的CR和CNR分别是0.11±0.06和1.02±1.11;在T2WI上,ECs与CSF间的CR和CNR分别是0.05±0.04和1.05±0.58;而在DWI上,ECs与CSF间的CR是12.56±2.87,CNR是18.23±5.42。16例患者示踪DWI图像上均呈明显高信号。ECs平均ADC值明显低于CSF(P<0.001),而高于脑白质(P=0.002)。结论:FLAIR对颅内表皮样囊肿显示优于常规MRI序列,DWI描述ECs轮廓优于其它MRI序列。     

T2 FLAIR增强扫描在颅内病变中价值的初步研究

目的探讨增强T2FLAIR在颅内病变诊断中的价值。方法58例资料完整并在增强T1WI或增强FLAIR上有强化的患者,确定增强T1WI和增强FLAIR上病变有无强化、强化的显著性、肿瘤性病变强化区的边界。结果3例脑梗塞在增强T1WI上未见强化,3例脑肿瘤在增强FLAIR上未见强化,1例脑膜瘤在增强FLAIR上呈负性强化;余51例中11例在增强FLAIR上强化更显著,16例在2个序列上强化相似,24例在T1WI上强化更显著。4例结核的脑膜病变范围和1例静脉窦血栓者回流受阻的皮层静脉在增强FLAIR上显示更加明确。结论增强T2FLAIR在颅内病变的诊断中有一定的价值,当增强T1WI显示不满意、怀疑脑膜或皮层血管病变时,应行增强T2FLAIR。     

增强FLAIR成像在诊断软脑膜转移中的价值及临床意义

目的 探讨增强FLAIR在软脑膜转移诊断中的价值.方法 收集有明确原发肿瘤病史、经临床和实验室检查证实的软脑膜转移癌23例,其中7例仅行T1WI增强,16例同时行T1WI和FLAIR增强.对2组病例的MR诊断准确率,以及两序列对病灶的显示情况进行回顾性对照分析.结果 (1)单纯T1WI增强组病例中2例漏诊,1例提示性诊断;同时行T1WI及FLAIR增强组16例诊断均与临床最终诊断相符.(2)后组病例中11例显示细线样强化及7例显示小结节样强化在增强FLAIR上更明显,但粗线样强化两序列上显示相似;4例在增强FLAIR上显示病变范围更广;在相同病变部位上,增强FLAIR强化程度高于增强T1WI.结论 增强FLAIR在软脑膜转移的诊断中具有重要价值.     

脑膜病变的增强FLAIR成像

目的 通过与平扫液体衰减反转恢复序列(FLAIR)和增强T1WI的对比研究,探讨增强FLAIR在脑膜疾病诊断中的价值.资料与方法 19例脑膜炎和10例脑膜转移癌患者行增强前后FLAIR和增强后T1WI,观察并比较各序列图像上脑膜病变的显示情况及病变的显著性.结果 平扫FLAIR、增强T1WI和增强FLAIR对脑膜炎的敏感性分别为42.1%、73.7%和89.5%,对脑膜转移癌则分别为30%、80%和100%.增强FLAIR显示了全部平扫FLAIR发现的病例,且病变范围更广.22例增强T1WI显示异常的脑膜病变中,9例在增强T1WI上病变更显著,10例在增强FLAIR上更显著,3例在两序列上相似.结论 增强FLAIR在脑膜疾病诊断中具有重要价值,与增强T1WI结合更有助于病变的评估.     

FLAIR和DWI序列对颅内胆脂瘤的诊断价值

目的:分析颅内胆脂瘤的MRI信号特点,探讨FLAIR和DWI序列对颅内胆脂瘤的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析20例经病理证实的颅内胆脂瘤的MRI资料,比较FLAIR、DWI序列与常规T2WI、T1WI在显示病变范围、边界及对比度方面的特点。结果:20例颅内胆脂瘤T2WI均呈显著高信号,边界、范围显示不清,与周围脑脊液对比度差;18例T1WI呈类似于或稍高于脑脊液的低信号,2例T1WI呈高低混杂信号。总体边界、范围显示模糊,与周围脑脊液对比度较差;20例瘤体均无强化。20例FLAIR序列均呈混杂的不均匀信号,总体信号略高于或与脑实质类似,病变范围、边界显示较清晰,与脑脊液对比度好,与周围脑组织对比度差;DWI序列b=1000时均呈明显高信号,病变边界、范围显示清晰,与周围脑脊液及脑组织对比强烈,极易发现病变及确定范围。结论:颅内胆脂瘤的FLAIR和DWI序列均具有其特点,综合T1WI、T2WI序列可以较准确的诊断胆脂瘤,与颅内其他囊性病变鉴别;在显示病变边界、范围、对比度方面均优于T2WI、T1WI,特别是DWI序列病变范围边界显示清晰,对比度高,具有很高的诊断价值。     

弥散张量成像技术在星形细胞肿瘤中的应用价值初探

目的：评价MRI弥散张量成像技术在星形细胞肿瘤中的应用价值。材料和方法：采用GE1.5T超导MR成像系统，对16例1-2级星形细胞肿瘤及15例3-4级星形细胞肿瘤进行了MRI检查，检查序列包括T1WI、T2WI、FLAIR、弥散张量序列（diffusion tensor imaging，DTI）及增强后T1WI。结果：正常脑白质纤维在不同解剖平面，如半卵圆中心、内囊、胼胝体、视放射、锥体束、锥体交叉及内外侧丘系等，各向异性分数图（FA）均为高信号，白质纤维受到破坏后表现为低信号，而这些表现在常规T1WI、T2WI及FLAIR图上未能清楚显示。结论：DT1可以无创性检查脑白质纤维，用于脑肿瘤诊断及术前手术方案的制定。     

颅内柔脑膜转移瘤：低场MRI FLAIR序列与T1WI增强扫描对比分析

目的:评估低场MR液体衰减反转恢复(FLAIR)序列诊断颅内柔脑膜转移瘤的价值.材料和方法:回顾性分析30例颅内柔脑膜转移瘤的FLAIR序列平扫与T1WI常规剂量增强扫描的表现.结果:T1WI增强扫描检出柔脑膜转移瘤128个,而FLAIR检出117个,T1WI增强扫描检出病灶较FLAIR序列敏感(P<0.05);T1WI增强扫描明确所有病灶边界,而FLAIR序列对所有病灶的边界显示不清.结论:对于颅内柔脑膜转移瘤的低场MR诊断,T1WI增强扫描优于FLAIR序列.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Die rechtsmedizinische Identifizierung — Bedeutung und Beweiswert —

Zusammenfassung Bei der rechtsmedizinischen Identifizierung kann die Identität im strengen Sinn allenfalls bei lebenden Personen festgestellt werden; sonst läßt sich nur von Teilen auf das Ganze (vom Untersuchungsobjekt auf die Person) schließen, wobei die verschiedenen Merkmale des Untersuchungsobjektes entsprechend der Hdufigkeit ihres Vorkommens eine unterschiedliche Beweiskraft haben. Bei der Schädelidentifizierung mit Hilfe moderner photographischer oder elektronischer Superprojektionsverfahren ergeben sich unter Berücksichtigung der Weichteildicken so viele (fiktive) Vergleichspunkte, daß bei geeignetem Vergleichsmaterial (Photographien) Identität wegen der Vielzahl übereinstimmender Bezugspunkte in den meisten Fällen evident ist.     

Imaging of abdominal nodal spread in malignant disease

This is a review of the role of imaging procedures for the assessment of abdominal and pelvic lymph nodes. The diagnosis of malignant lymphatic spread is rarely the sole purpose of imaging, because it is usually part of a general abdominal examination, most frequently with CT or US, or increasingly with MRI. These studies are often requested in order to obtain information about the situation to be encountered during surgery, or to alert the surgeon to irresectability or to unexpected metastases outside the initially planned area of exploration. In most surgically treated tumours the role of imaging for preoperative staging is limited, due either to its insufficient sensitivity or because the initial treatment is independent of the lymph node stage. Imaging is commonly used to verify treatment response to chemo- or radiotherapy and for follow-up.Correspondence to: S. Delorme