胫骨高位楔形截骨治疗创伤性膝关节内翻畸形的临床研究

目的探讨胫骨高位楔形截骨治疗成人膝关节内翻畸形并发单间室退变的应用价值。方法在2000年6月至2008年6月间,对11例（男7例,女4例,平均39岁）存在膝关节内侧单间室退行性改变伴内翻畸形患者进行胫骨高位楔形截骨术治疗。术前膝内翻畸形4°。-18°,平均10．5°;不伴有其他关节间室病变;6例伴有内、外侧副韧带或交叉韧带断裂,行韧带重建手术后二期进行截骨矫形术。术前膝关节症状以内侧间室疼痛为主。8例行闭合型楔形截骨术,3例行开放型楔形截骨术,手术前后测量患者关节活动度的大小,并对患者进行Lysholm评分,术前平均41．5分。术后对患者进行主观满意度调查。结果术后随访平均22．5个月。无神经血管损伤,内固定失败等并发症出现,截骨处均获得骨性愈合,矫正角度5°-17．5°。X线检查下肢力线维持在术后水平,关节间室均未发现明显退变进展。手术总体效果优良率为90．9％,术后Lysholm评分平均72．5分（t=-26．65,P〈0．01）,内翻角度术后为1．05°（t=4．49,P〈0．01）。结论胫骨高位楔形截骨术可有效用于中青年膝关节内翻畸形伴单间室退行性改变患者。     

Outcome of osteotomies for the treatment of haemophilic arthropathy of the knee

Background and aims The knee is one of the most commonly affected joints in haemophilic arthropathy leading to stiffness and disability. It is the aim of this study to investigate the outcome of corrective osteotomies around the knee.Patients and methods We report on the long-term results of ten osteotomies around the knee for severe haemophilic arthropathy and axial deviation at an average of 7.25±1.8 years postoperatively. Seven high tibial (preoperatively 7.2±2° varus) and three supracondylar osteotomies (preoperatively 7±3° valgus) were performed on seven patients (three of them bilateral).Results The clinical score of the Advisory Board of the World Federation of Haemophilia (average 7.4 points preoperatively) remained unchanged in two patients, improved in three patients and deteriorated in five patients. The radiological Pettersson score (average 8.2 points preoperatively) showed a worsening of 2.5 points over the time. Patients reported a subjective improvement for seven osteotomies, with sports activity in three patients, although the range of motion did not change significantly. Total knee arthroplasty was considered to be a failure, i.e. endpoint of follow-up. Six knees were replaced in four patients by total arthroplasty after a mean of 6.6 years.Conclusion Although survival of osteotomies around the knee in haemophilic arthropathy is lower than in non-haemophilic patients, we think that it is a choice of treatment, which, at least, postpones the indication for total knee arthroplasty in this young patient group.An equal contribution was made by K. Trieb and J. Panotopoulos     

开放胫骨高位楔形截骨术治疗膝关节内翻畸形

目的 评价双平面开放胫骨高位楔形截骨治疗成人膝关节内翻畸形的手术效果.方法 回顾性分析2001年6月至2008年7月存在膝关节内侧单间室退行性改变伴内翻畸形且进行双平面开放胫骨高位楔形截骨术治疗的12例患者的一般资料.术前膝内翻畸形5.0°～19.0°,平均11.5°;膝关节屈伸活动度大于90°;不伴有其他关节间室病变;1例伴有外侧副韧带及前交叉韧带断裂,行韧带重建手术后二期进行开放截骨矫形术.术前膝关节症状以内侧间室疼痛为主.手术前后测量患者关节活动度的大小,并对患者进行Lysholm评分.术后对患者进行主观满意度调查.结果 12例患者术后平均随访时间32.5个月.截骨处至术后12～16周均获得骨性愈合.矫正角度5.5°～18.0°,平均9.5°.在随访期间内X线检查下肢力线维持在术后水平,内外侧间室及髌股间室均未发现明显退变进展.手术总体效果优良率为83.3%,Lysholm评分、内翻角度变化在手术前后均有统计学显著性差异.结论 双平面开放胫骨高位楔形截骨术对中青年膝关节内翻畸形伴单间室退行性改变有良好的早、中期效果.     

The mid-term clinical outcomes of total knee arthroplasty in the management of end-stage hemophilic arthropathy

Objective:This study aimed to evaluate the mid-term clinical outcomes of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in the management of end-stage hemophilic arthropathy.Methods:Eleven patients (15 knees) undergoing TKA with stiff knees were retrospectively evaluated. TKA was performed in all patients without additional surgical interventions such as posterior capsular release, hamstring release, synovectomy, VY quadricepsplasty, or tibial tubercle osteotomy. All patients were evaluated for clinical and radiological results at follow-ups. Functional evaluation and pain status were assessed using the Knee Society Score and Visual Analogue Scale.Results:The mean age at the time of operation was 40.8 ± 11.8 years (range = 30–64 years). The mean follow-up was 51.2 ± 20.6 months (range = 24–95). The mean flexion contracture significantly decreased from 17.6 ± 11.3 to 1.7 ± 2.8 degrees, and the mean maximum flexion increased dramatically from 55.6 ± 20.5 to 109.2 ± 16.2 degrees (P < 0.001). Statistical significant improvement in flexion and flexion contracture degrees continued up to the postoperatively 18 months. The mean Knee Society Score increased from 22.7 ± 2.4 points preoperatively to 87.8 ± 3.8 points at the last follow-up (P < 0.001). The mean cost of coagulation factor consumption and blood transfusion accounted for 78% of the total cost. Conclusion:This study has shown that TKA is an effective treatment for relieving pain and improving both ranges of motion and quality of life in managing end-stage hemophilic arthropathy of the knee joint.Level of Evidence: Level IV, Therapeutic Study     

Complex osteotomy assisted with navigation and arthroscopy around knee

Objective  The aim of this work is to describe the procedure used, which combines navigation, arthroscopy and fluoroscopic control, and to evaluate its usefulness in complex osteotomies round the knee. Materials and methods  We present three cases of complex deformities of the lower limb where we have used navigation and arthroscopy to improve the precision of the corrective osteotomies. Results  In all the cases, the consolidation of the osteotomy was obtained without complications, obtaining a correct axis of the limb in three spatial planes. Conclusions  It is a precise and reproducible technique. It does not need specific software associated with navigation. Simultaneous arthroscopy also allows the correction of certain intra-articular defects in the same operation, and the precise evaluation of the cartilage’s state.     

行胫骨高位截骨全膝关节置换手术患者的对照研究

目的探讨胫骨高位截骨术对随后进行的全膝关节置换术的影响。方法对23例行胫骨高位截骨术后行全膝关节置换术患者的术中情况以及术后膝关节功能与对照组进行了比较,两组患者在年龄、疾病和关节畸形方面具有可比性。结果胫骨高位截骨术后行全膝关节置换术患者的手术时间（118．5±32）与对照组（98．9±20．5）比较差异有统计学意义,伤口的并发症也较对照组多。但两组患者的围手术期的出血量和术后膝关节功能比较差异无统计学意义。结论胫骨高位截骨术后行全膝关节置换术患者的膝关节功能和活动范围与对照组相似,但其手术的技术要求较高,并发症也相对较多。     

3D打印截骨模块在全膝关节置换术中的应用研究进展

3D打印技术是基于计算机三维数字成像技术和多层堆叠打印技术的一种新兴应用技术。该技术改变了传统的减式材料制造模式,带来了制造工艺和生产模式的变革。该技术应用于人工膝关节置换领域,制作个体化的截骨模块,能够使手术获得精确的下肢力线,具有个体化、精准化、数字化、符合加速康复外科理念等诸多优点,可以对膝关节置换术起到良好的辅助作用。随着该技术在临床中的应用越来越广泛,其缺点和不足逐渐显现。近年来对于改进3D打印截骨模块在全膝关节置换术中应用的研究报道逐渐增多,本文就新研究和进展进行文献综述。     

Tibial tubercle osteotomy to improve exposure in complex knee fractures: A cadaveric study and case series

Adequate exposure is fundamental to safely and correctly perform open procedures around the knee. Tibial tubercle osteotomy (TTO) has previously been described as a method to improve exposure, particularly in complex primary elective knee arthroplasty or revision surgery. We describe a tibial tubercle osteotomy technique to improve exposure in complex knee fractures and a cadaveric study and trauma case series.MethodsA cadaveric study using 8 knee specimens was conducted using a lateral subvastus approach to the knee. Standardised pictures were taken of the exposure, the tibial tubercle osteotomy was performed and pictures were taken of the new exposed area. These images were compared using a computer program that calculated the area of exposure before and after tibial tubercle osteotomy and the results analysed. The technique was then used in a case series of 6 different complex knee fractures including three distal femoral, one periprosthetic distal femur and two tibial plateau fractures. The outcomes of these patients were followed clinically and radiologically.ResultsAll specimens in the cadaveric study demonstrated an increase in area of exposure after the TTO with a mean increase of 148%. All tibial tubercle osteotomies performed in the trauma case series were united by 6 months without complication.ConclusionsTibial tubercle osteotomy is a recognised technique for improving exposure to the knee. This has been demonstrated in a cadaveric study and in a case series of six complex fractures around the knee. If performed properly, this technique can be extended to appropriate trauma cases with good results.     

Charcot arthropathy of the knee after unsuccessful spinal stenosis surgery: A case report

IntroductionCharcot arthropathy was first described in 1868 by Jean Martin Charcot as a progressive and destructive joint disease. Diabetes, polyneuropathy, syphilis, syrengomyelia and chronic alcoholism are the main causes of the disease. In this study we present a Charcot arthropathy of the knee seen after unsuccessful spinal stenosis surgery.Presentation of caseWe report here a case of 62 years old patient with Charcot arthropathy at her left knee developed one year after spinal stenosis surgery. The patient’s knee joint was already beyond the fragmentation and coalescence stages at the moment of physical examination. Patient had already been treated for Charcot foot four years before spinal surgery. Because of an unsuccessful spinal surgery, proximal migration of the level of the sensorineural loss negatively affected the polyneuropathy and eventually resulted in Charcot knee joint in a short period of time.DiscussionHowever, the etiology of the neuropathic arthropathy hasn’t been well described yet, it is usually seen at patients with diabetes mellitus as a long-term complication with or without polyneuropathy. In addition to the spinal canal pathologies, it is reported that Charcot arthropathy can be seen even after spinal anesthesia procedures.ConclusionIn conclusion, spinal procedures should be applied with extra caution on the patients with polyneuropathy or any neuropathic arthropathy. It should be remembered that it is possible to encounter unexpected complications such as proximally migration of the level of sensorineural loss and progression of the actual disease after spinal procedures of these patients.     

Pathological dislocation of the hip in neurofibromatosis: a case report

The Authors report the case of a 28-year-old patient with type 1 neurofibromatosis, who presented a pathological dislocation of the hip. This event was preceded by the development of a neurological pattern of spastic paraparesis and decreased pain sensation in both lower limbs, secondary to the progression of a dystrophic kyphoscoliosis. Pathological dislocation of the hip in neurofibromatosis has been reported in the literature as a consequence of intra-articular growth of neurofibromas. Conversely, in the case described here, clinical and radiographic features and the absence of neurofibromas in the joint, verified by means of radiographic and histological examinations, suggested the diagnosis of neuropathic arthropathy. The treatment of hip dislocation should be differentiated according to the aetiology, given the underlying articular instability in cases of neuropathic arthropathy.     

Realignment osteotomies in the treatment of chronic instabilities of the knee associated with malalignment (case report)

INTRODUCTIONChronic knee instabilities associated with malalignment are complex and unusual disorders with various treatment modalities.PRESENTATION OF CASEWe describe two cases of chronic instability of the knee with malalignment. Furthermore, we describe realignment osteotomies as the treatment of chronic instabilities for these cases.DISCUSSIONIn the literature review, there are few cases of chronic instabilities treated by realignment osteotomy. Only soft tissue procedures are not enough to treat the chronic instability of the knee with limb malalignment.CONCLUSIONDeformity analysis with good preoperative planning and then realignment of the lower extremity, lead to better results and will preserve the joint from instability.     

Shoulder arthropathy (Charcot joint) and syringomyelia: report of two patients

Neuropathic arthropathy of the shoulder is a relatively rare disorder and is mainly caused by tabes dorsalis and syringomyelia. Sensory deficit has been implicated as its causative factor. It is frequently misdiagnosed because its early symptoms may suggest a mild infection, minor fracture, tendon rupture, or a similar benign problem. The authors describe two patients with this disorder affecting the shoulder that initially presented a diagnostic dilemma. The two patients were initially misdiagnosed until X-Rays revealed destruction of the shoulder joint with marked resorption of the humeral head, and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a syrinx in the central cord associated in one patient with Arnold-Chiari malformation.     

股骨远端髓外与髓内定位截骨对全膝关节置换术后失血影响的回顾性研究

背景:全膝关节置换术是治疗终末期膝关节疾病的有效方法,然而很多患者因为术后失血而发生急性失血性贫血,失血过多者还需输血治疗.这不仅影响膝关节功能康复,还可能引起各种并发症及相关问题.目的:探讨股骨远端髓外定位截骨是否能够减少初次单侧全膝关节置换术后失血.方法:选取2015年1月至2017年12月248例行初次单侧全膝关...     

Characteristics and surgical management of neuropathic (Charcot) spinal arthropathy after spinal cord injury

Background contextNeuropathic (Charcot) spinal arthropathy (CSA) is a rare but progressive and severe degenerative disease that develops in the absence of deep sensation, for example, after spinal cord injury. The diagnosis of CSA is often delayed as a result of the late onset or slow progression of the disease and the nonspecific nature of the reported clinical signs. Considering risk factors of CSA in combination with the common clinical signs may facilitate timely diagnosis and prevent severe presentation of the disease. However, there is a lack of data concerning the early signs and risk factors of CSA. Furthermore, the complications and outcomes after surgical treatment are documented insufficiently.PurposeTo investigate the early signs and risk factors of CSA after spinal cord injury, as well as the complications and outcome after surgical treatment.Study designRetrospective case series from a single center.Patient sampleTwenty-eight patients with 39 Charcot joints of the spine.Outcome measuresClinical signs, radiological signs, risk factors, and complications.MethodsThe case histories and radiological images of patients suffering from CSA were investigated.ResultsThe first clinical symptoms included spinal deformity, sitting imbalance, and localized back pain. Long-segment stabilization, laminectomy, scoliosis, and excessive loading of the spine were identified as risk factors for the development of the disease. Postoperative complications included implant loosening, wound healing disturbance, and development of additional Charcot joints. All patients were able to return to their previous levels of activities.ConclusionsRadiological follow-up of the entire thoracic and lumbar spine should be performed in paraplegic patients. Risk factors in combination with typical symptoms should be considered to facilitate early detection. Functional restoration can be achieved with appropriate surgical techniques.     

Hemophilic arthropathy of the elbow

Hemophilia is a hereditary disease in which circulating levels of coagulation factors are lacking, resulting in a propensity toward bleeding. Intra-articular hemorrhages are a hallmark of hemophilia and may lead a cascade of cytokine elaboration and?inflammatory-mediated changes, which ultimately result in cartilage loss and arthropathy. Diarthrodial joints, such as the knee, elbow, and ankle, are most commonly affected. This article highlights issues surrounding hemophilic arthropathy of the elbow and focuses on preventive measures, management strategies of the hemophilic elbow, and treatment options for established arthropathy.     

膝关节骨关节炎合并膝内翻、胫骨高位截骨的治疗

目的　观察胫骨高位截骨治疗合并内翻畸形的膝关节骨关节炎 (OA)近、远期疗效 ,确定远期良好疗效的最佳下肢力线及术后各不同阶段的临床效果。方法　术前对所有手术患者进行临床X线检查的综合评估 ,测量全下肢立位力线 ,确定矫正截骨角度 ,采用胫骨高位楔形截骨术矫正下肢力线 ,术后 1年、2年、5～ 9年按同一评估标准进行追踪观察。资料应用 χ2检验分析。 结果　随访结果参考窦宝信标准进行综合评定 ,术后 1年组优良率 98.2 8% ,2年组优良率 96 .0 8% ,5～ 9年组优良率 78.12 % ,手术最佳下肢力线为 182°～ 185°。结论　全下肢立位力线测量准确性高 ,可重复性好 ,胫骨高位楔形截骨术矫正下肢力线治疗合并内翻畸形的膝关节OA ,矫正角度易于掌握 ,截骨部位愈合好 ,近、远期疗效高 ,是单侧股 -胫关节病变为主的膝关节OA患者首选的治疗方法。     

Single stage osteotomy and total knee arthroplasty for tibio-femoral malunion with osteoarthritis of the knee

Extraarticular tibiofemoral malunion causing malalignment and osteoarthritis of the knee can be managed by an extraarticular osteotomy, or by compensatory distal femoral or proximal tibial wedge resection along with total knee replacement, to achieve limb alignment and improve knee function. We operated on 6 knees with tibiofemoral malunion with osteoarthritis of the knee. All knees had an extraarticular osteotomy either at the site of malunion (3 knees) or away from the malunion site (3 knees). There were 4 femoral deformities and 2 tibial malunions. In one patient a femoral osteotomy was done as a part of revision knee replacement for loosening with supracondylar malunion. 5 of these patients had a press fit stemmed superstabiliser total knee replacement. In the remaining patient with tibial malunion, a conventional total condylar total knee replacement was done along with a high tibial osteotomy. At a mean follow-up of 45 months (range 24 to 84), one osteotomy had not healed inspite of bone grafting and one patient had an above knee amputation for infection. The HSS (Hospital for Special Surgery) scores revealed a good result in 4 knees, fair in 1 and poor in 1 patient. None of the surviving knee replacement has required a revision to date for clinical or radiological loosening. All patients had a good mechanical alignment of the lower limb, with no ligamentous imbalance following surgery. Single stage osteotomy and total knee arthroplasty is a technically demanding surgery associated with complications and should be reserved for large deformities. Minor deformities should be corrected by intraarticular distal femoral or proximal tibial wedge resection taking due care that ligament balance is not compromised and a satisfactory alignment is restored.      

Lengthening osteotomy of the fibula to correct a widened mortice of the ankle after fracture

Summary The subtle diagnosis of widening of the mortice requires special radiographs which also make possible the recognition and extent of shortening of the fibula. With the help of a special compression/distraction device, a lengthening osteotomy can be carried out more easily than by conventional means.A reconstructive lengthening osteotomy of the fibula in cases of widening of the mortice is well worth while when there is absent or minimal osteoarthritic change, irrespective of the time from the original injury.

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Résumé Le diagnostic précis d'un élargissement de la mortaise tibio-péronière nécessite des incidences radiologiques spéciales qui permettent également de reconnaître et de mesurer le raccourcissement du péroné. Grâce à un appareil distracteur-compressur, une ostéotomie d'allongement peut être réalisée plus aisément que par les moyens habituels.Cette ostéotomie d'allongement du péroné s'est montrée efficace dans les cas d'élargissement de la mortaise, lorsque les modifications arthrosiques sont absentes ou mineures, ceci indépendamment du temps écoulé depuis le traumatisme initial.

     

A long-term follow-up study of high tibial osteotomy for medial compartment osteoarthrosis

Objective : To observe the long-term outcome of high tibial osteotomy (HTO) in treating medial compartment osteoarthrosis of knees. Methods: A retrospective study was carried out on 194 patients (215 knees) treated with HTO for medial compartment osteoarthritis at the Orthopaedic Hospital of Kiel University between 1985 and 1996. Resnits: One hundred and sixty-one knees (144 patients) were followed up for 1.5-12 years with an average of 7.5 years and their data were reviewed. The proportion of excellent outcome were 97.3 %, 93.6 % and 78.2 % two, five and over five years after HTO, respectively. The revision rate of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) was 11.8% (19 knees retreated with TKA for HTO failure ). The survivorship analysis of the 19 knees retreated with TKA showed an expected survival rate of 98.7%, 95.0% and 84.1% 2, 5 and 10 years after HTO, respectively. There were 5.6% complications ( 12 /161 ), including five superficial wound infections, one deep infection, five delayed bone healing, and one peroneal nerve palsy. Fifty patients (54 knees ) missed follow-up, among them 10 patients (11 knees) died. Conclusions: HTO is an effective method in treating medial compartment osteoarthritis with a varus knee. Appropriate overcorrection of femorotibial alignment is the key for the success of the operation. But as the long-term effect is concerned, there is a trend of deterioration and some of the patients may have a second operation of revision with TKA.     

分块截骨复位术治疗陈旧性眶颧骨折错位愈合畸形

目的 探讨眶颧外伤后严重错位畸形的手术矫正方法。方法 眶颧分块截骨，将眶外下截骨块向内上移位固定，将颧突颧弓块向外上提升固定。结果 治疗22例，眶外下缘向内、向上平均移位各8．1mm，颧突向上向外平均提升9．2mm并平均内旋1．5mm。平均随访6个半月，无明显复发，外形良好。结论 眶颧分块截骨异向提升术可以有效地治疗严重眶颧外伤后错位畸形。