芜湖地区储藏物粉螨名录初报

目的 了解芜湖地区储藏物粉螨孳生情况,为防制粉螨对储藏物及人的危害提供依据.方法 于芜湖地区(三县四区)对储藏物、副食、干果蜜饯进行取样调查.不同种类样本共计300份,每份10g,过筛,进行粉螨的采集、分离、鉴定与计数.结果 300份样本中孳生粉螨共计20种,隶属于7科16属.其中以腐食酪螨分布最为广泛,其次为粗脚粉螨.结论 芜湖地区(三县四区)的粉螨危害广泛且较为严重.应加强对粉螨的防制,以保护储藏物、预防人体螨病.     

安徽临泉居家常见储藏物孳生粉螨的群落研究

目的 调查安徽省临泉地区居家常见储藏物中孳生粉螨的种类及群落多样性。方法 采集临泉县居民家中常见的储藏物样本共48种,采用直接镜检法分离其中的孳生粉螨。结果 共获得粉螨19种,隶属于6科14属。多样性分析表明3种生境的物种数、丰富度指数、多样性指数排序均为[其他储藏物类>储藏干货类>储藏粮食类]。结论 临泉地区储藏物中孳生粉螨数量较多,物种丰富,应采取积极措施控制粉螨孳生以降低其危害。     

黄山地区储藏物孳生粉螨的群落组成及多样性分析

目的调查黄山地区储藏物中粉螨群落的物种组成和多样性。方法采集30种储藏物样本,分别进行粉螨的分离、计数及鉴定,并利用统计学方法进行多样性分析。结果30种储藏物中共检获粉螨19种,分别隶属于7科17属。粉螨的平均孳生密度为68.67只/克,物种丰富度指数为1.47,物种多样性指数为3.16,物种均匀度指数为1.07。结论储藏物中粉螨的孳生密度较大,其群落组成多样化。     

亳州地区储藏中药材粉螨孳生情况调查

目的对亳州地区储藏中药材粉螨孳生情况的调查研究。方法对亳州地区采集54种储藏中药材采用直接镜检法及电热集螨法对540份样本进行分离、鉴定、计数等数据处理。结果在四种不同储藏物中分离出粉螨38种,隶属粉螨亚目7科21属,孳生密度17.69只/g～452.75只/g,平均孳生密度达71.25只/g。结论亳州地区的储藏中药材中粉螨危害情况严重,应加强对亳州地区储藏中药材的粉螨危害的防治,提高储藏中药材的经济价值,防止人体螨病。     

农户储藏物孳生粉螨种类的初步调查

目的 调查农户储藏物中孳生粉螨的密度及种类。方法 采集安徽省临泉县农户家中的储藏粮食、调味品、食物、果蔬等储藏物样本,分离其中的孳生粉螨,制作成玻片标本并进行螨种的鉴定、分类。结果 从66种储藏物样本中共分离出粉螨21种,隶属于7科15属,其中以小米中粉螨的孳生密度最高（3 888.89只/g）,茴香中粉螨的孳生密度最低（2.03只/g）;以孳生腐食酪螨（Tyrophagus putrescentiae）及害嗜鳞螨（Lepidoglyphus destructor）的储藏物种类最多。粮食类粉螨平均孳生密度为383.94只/g,优势螨种为长食酪螨（Tyrophagus longior）;调味品类粉螨平均孳生密度为149.53只/g,优势螨种为害嗜鳞螨和拱殖嗜渣螨（Chortoglyphus arcuatus）;食物类粉螨平均孳生密度为85.15只/g,优势螨种为腐食酪螨、长食酪螨、阔食酪螨（Tyrophagus palmarum）、家食甜螨（Glycyphagus domesticus）和粉尘螨（Dermatophagoides farinae）;果蔬类粉螨平均孳生密度为49.15只/g,优势螨种为罗宾根螨（Rhizoglyphus robini）和阔食酪螨;其他粉螨平均孳生密度为25.05只/g,优势螨种为腐食酪螨和害嗜鳞螨。结论 农户储藏物中孳生的粉螨物种丰富,应采取积极措施控制粉螨孳生以降低其危害。     

芜湖地区储藏动物性中药材孳生粉螨种类及其多样性研究

目的 目的 了解芜湖地区储藏动物性中药材中孳生的粉螨种类及其群落与生境相互关系。方法 方法 从安徽省芜湖市中药房采集30种储藏动物性中药材样本, 采用直接镜检法和水膜镜检法分离其中的孳生粉螨, 光镜下鉴定粉螨种类并计数, 计算粉螨生态参数。结果 结果 30种储藏动物性中药材样本中有28种孳生粉螨, 粉螨孳生率为93.3% （28/30）; 共检出粉螨13种, 隶属于4科9属。粉螨孳生密度最高的前6种中药材依次为刺猬皮、 九香虫、 水蛭、 地龙、 海参和红娘子, 九香虫和水蛭中的粉螨丰富度指数最高, 水蛭中的粉螨多样性指数最高, 海参中的粉螨均匀度指数最高。结论 结论 芜湖地区部分储藏动物性中药材中有粉螨孳生, 在储藏和加工中药材过程中应采取相关措施以防粉螨孳生。     

安徽省房舍和储藏物孳生粉螨物种多样性研究

目的调查安徽省房舍和储藏物中孳生粉螨的物种多样性。方法分别收集储藏物中的储粮类、干果类以及房舍灰尘类样本，进行粉螨标本的采集、鉴定、计数，分析粉螨的物种多样性。结果共检获粉螨31种，隶属于7科20属。3类样本中孳生粉螨的物种数为16～26，物种丰富度指数R为2．67～3．97，多样性指数H’为2．42～2．96，均匀度指数J’为0．87～0．92，优势度指数D为0．06～0．12。结论房舍和储藏物中3类不同样本孳生粉螨的物种多样性差异较大。     

芜湖市地区储藏物中粉螨群落的调查

粉螨(Acaroid mite)个体较小、种类繁多、生境广泛,可在储粮、干果、中草药等储藏物中大量孳生,主要以植物或动物的有机残屑为食,但以储藏物中储粮、干果、毛皮等为主。能造成储藏物的品质降低或变质。粉螨的排泄物、代谢物及螨体具有较强的变应原性,易引起过敏性疾病。近年来,过敏性疾病日益受到人们的关注和重视,2005年7月8日被定为第一个世界过敏性疾病日。目前,全球约1.6亿人患有哮喘〔1〕,50%以上的成人及至少80%的儿童患者均由过敏因素诱发,其中约80%对尘螨过敏〔2〕。为明确不同储藏物中粉螨群落组成及多样性,以控制粉螨孳生数量及…     

安徽省粮仓粉螨群落组成及多样性研究

目的调查安徽省粮仓中粉螨群落的物种组成和多样性。方法选取禾谷类、油料类和副产品3类粮仓储藏物各150个,每个采样点各采集样本2份,每份10克,过筛后留取尘渣,进行粉螨的采集、分类、鉴定及计数以及数据分析。结果3类储藏物共检获粉螨28种,隶属于6科17属。多样性分析结果表明：3类储藏物的粉螨物种数为16～21,平均孳生密度为20.61±4.78～54.13±4.27,物种丰富度指数（Margalef指数）为1.979～2.535,多样性指数（Shannon-Wiener指数）为2.160～2.431,均匀度指数（Pielou指数）为0.763～0.816,优势度指数（Simpson指数）为0.118～0.151,相似性指数（Jaccard指数）为0.321～0.65。结论3类粮仓储藏物中粉螨的孳生密度、多样性及相似性差异较大。     

粉螨的生态学研究

粉螨隶属于节肢动物门、蛛形纲、蜱螨亚纲.粉螨种类繁多,分布广泛,既可危害粮食作物及储藏物,造成经济损失;义能引起人畜疾病,如螨病、人体变应性疾病、人畜中毒等.因此,粉螨引起了很多研究者的关注.该文就粉螨个体生态学、种群生态学、群落生态学的研究作一综述.     

Patterns of infection with intestinal parasites in Qatar among food handlers and housemaids from different geographical regions of origin

Intestinal parasitic infections were surveyed among recently arrived immigrant workers in Qatar destined for employment in food handling occupations. Two overlapping datasets (female workers surveyed in 2005 and 2006, and both sexes in 2006) were analyzed. Seven species were detected, 3 nematodes (Trichuris trichiura, hookworms and Ascaris lumbricoides) and 4 protozoans (Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, non-pathogenic Entamoebae, Blastocystis hominis and Giardia lamblia). Overall prevalence of infections, all species combined was 33.9% (13.6% for nematodes and 24.8% for protozoa). There was a significant female bias in the prevalence of all species combined, all protozoans combined, T. trichiura and A. lumbricoides. Among females, the prevalence of many species fell between 2005 and 2006, but G. lamblia almost tripled and E. histolytica/dispar increased 10-fold. Africa workers were less likely to carry T. trichiura and hookworms but more likely to have gastrointestinal protozoa. The highest overall prevalence of T. trichiura was 26.3% among females from the Philippines in 2005. None of the Indonesian workers were infected with A. lumbricoides whereas those from the Indian sub-continent and the Philippines were more likely to carry hookworms. Quantitative data reflecting abundance of infection (summary statistics are provided), showed the same trends but could not be analyzed further because of the overall low prevalence of each of the species detected. Multiple species infections were not common, although some individuals (0.1%) had 5 species concurrently.     

宁夏沙鼠疫源地鼠疫流行特征探讨及防治对策

目的分析1969～2006年宁夏长爪沙土鼠疫源地鼠疫流行特征,探讨防治对策,为鼠疫防治提供科学依据。方法采用描述流行病学。结果发现染疫啮齿动物6种、媒介蚤3种、螨1种、猛禽1种,共分离出鼠疫菌321株。在4个监测县（市）发现鼠疫流行17年次,盐池县11年次、平罗县（原陶乐县）、银川市和灵武市各2年次;盐池县阳性年率30.56%（χ^2=14.61,P〈0.01）。结论1987～2006年鼠间鼠疫流行呈上升趋势,盐池县监测点为高发流行区。     

首次从我国大绒鼠中检测到类似Tula样汉坦病毒

目的了解云南省鼠类携带汉坦病毒情况及其分子特征。方法在居民区和野外捕鼠,用直接免疫荧光试验检测鼠肺中汉坦病毒抗原,阳性鼠肺用RT-PCR法扩增汉坦病毒汉滩型和汉城型的S基因片段,并进行核苷酸序列测定和分析。结果 2006年9-10月在云南省泸西县共捕获鼠类4属6种267只,其中居民区146只,优势鼠种为黄胸鼠;野外121只,优势种为大绒鼠。居民区鼠类汉坦病毒带病毒率为0.85%(1/117),阳性鼠为黄胸鼠;野外鼠类汉坦病毒带病毒率为6.67%(6/90),阳性鼠为大绒鼠和高山姬鼠。对7份阳性鼠肺作RT-PCR扩增,结果从来自大绒鼠的LX378标本中检测到汉滩型病毒S片段核酸,其序列分析结果显示与Tula汉坦病毒Koziky/5276Ma/94株(AJ223601)核苷酸和氨基酸同源性最高,分别为81%、89.8%,而与汉滩型76-118株、汉城型L99株的核苷酸(氨基酸)同源性分别为73.9%(80.9%)、74.4%(77.9%)。结论首次从我国大绒鼠中检测到类似Tula样汉坦病毒的核酸序列,有关该类汉坦病毒在云南的分布、宿主动物和致病性以及全基因序列特征尚需进一步研究。     

Avian influenza surveillance in wild birds in the European Union in 2006

Background Infections of wild birds with highly pathogenic avian influenza (AI) subtype H5N1 virus were reported for the first time in the European Union in 2006. Objectives To capture epidemiological information on H5N1 HPAI in wild bird populations through large‐scale surveillance and extensive data collection. Methods Records were analysed at bird level to explore the epidemiology of AI with regard to species of wild birds involved, timing and location of infections as well as the applicability of different surveillance types for the detection of infections. Results In total, 120,706 records of birds were sent to the Community Reference Laboratory for analysis. Incidents of H5N1 HPAI in wild birds were detected in 14 EU Member States during 2006. All of these incidents occurred between February and May, with the exception of two single cases during the summer months in Germany and Spain. Conclusions For the detection of H5N1 HPAI virus, passive surveillance of dead or diseased birds appeared the most effective approach, whilst active surveillance offered better detection of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses. No carrier species for H5N1 HPAI virus could be identified and almost all birds infected with H5N1 HPAI virus were either dead or showed clinical signs. A very large number of Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were tested in 2006 and while a high proportion of LPAI infections were found in this species, H5N1 HPAI virus was rarely identified in these birds. Orders of species that appeared to be very clinically susceptible to H5N1 HPAI virus were swans, diving ducks, mergansers and grebes, supporting experimental evidence. Surveillance results indicate that H5N1 HPAI virus did not establish itself successfully in the EU wild bird population in 2006.     

Introduction of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gyrodactylus perccotti</Emphasis> (Monogenea) into Europe on its invasive fish host,Amur sleeper (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Perccottus glenii</Emphasis>, Dybowski 1877)

Monogenean parasites of Amur sleeper Perccottus glenii introduced to Europe during the last century were studied during two seasons in the Wloclawski Reservoir (Poland). Introduction of a single species Gyrodactylus perccotti with its host was confirmed in both seasons: autumn 2006 and spring 2008. Occurrence of G. perccotti in Europe was reported for the first time. Intensity of infection decreased from 2006 to 2008, but the prevalence did not differ between the seasons. G. perccotti sampled in autumn 2006 showed low morphometrical variability and high morphological similarity with parasites collected in host native range, Amur River. In contrary, high morphological and metrical variability was found within the samples collected in spring 2008. Nucleic acid sequencing of the partial ITS rDNA confirmed that despite the variation in morphology or size of haptoral hard parts, all studied Gyrodactylus specimens belonged to the same species (G. percotti) and no intraspecific variation was detected.     

Seasonality and insecticide susceptibility of dengue vectors: an ovitrap based survey in a residential area of northern Sri Lanka

With the backdrop of a high incidence of dengue in Jaffna District, Sri Lanka, an ovitrap based survey was carried out from May 2005 to April 2006 in a residential area to study the seasonality and insecticide susceptibility of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Conventional ovitraps were placed inside and outside of 10 randomly selected houses to collect indoor breeding and outdoor breeding Aedes mosquitoes; collections took place fortnightly. A total of 3075 Ae. aegypti and 2665 Ae. albopictus were collected in outdoor ovitraps, whereas in indoor ovitraps a total of 2528 Ae. aegypti and 2002 Ae. albopictus were collected. The highest values for Aedes density and positive ovitrap percentage were recorded in January 2006. A seasonal shift was observed in the density of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Ae aegypti density was high during and after the Northeast monsoon whilst Ae. albopictus was the dominant species during the onset of the Northeast monsoon. A significant association (p < 0.05) between Aedes density and rainfall was observed. The association of these two species to site, either indoors or outdoors, was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Both the species were found to be highly resistant to 4% DDT and completely susceptible to 5% malathion. The high prevalence and the ability of both species to breed indoors and outdoors should be taken into account when formulating a dengue vector control program with community participation in the Jaffna District, Sri Lanka.     

我国医学寄生虫学发展百年历史回顾与评述

【提要】 本文对我国近百余年间(1871-2006)人体寄生虫与寄生虫病代表性研究文献作历史性回顾与评述。从学科发展的视角,对我国医学寄生虫学学科发展的历史背景,学科在酝酿、创建及发展等阶段的特征作了讨论。对1871-2006年我国人体寄生虫病首例记录作了校订,128个病原虫种列表作了说明,其中38种为本文新订正的记录。Faust(1923)的引文证实以往“胰阔盘吸虫香港1例”记录是一个荒谬的错误。林几(1924)在北京发现阔节裂头绦虫,犬弓蛔虫,微小三齿线虫等肠道寄生虫的人体感染者,均为我国首次报道。洪式闾(1944)报道重庆疑似疟原虫1例,经分析订正为我国巴贝虫病首例记录。以上实例表明,真实的病原虫种记录是寄生虫病发现史的重要基础。本文还对不同历史时期人体寄生虫病研究进展作了评述,认为我国医学寄生虫学学科的发展与寄生虫学和寄生虫病研究工作呈同步发展趋势。     

医学院校在校生蠕形螨感染调查与分析

目的了解医学院校大学生蠕形螨感染现状。方法使用透明胶纸粘贴法,对2006和2007级在校大学生感染蠕形螨情况进行调查,并鉴定虫种。结果 540名学生中,蠕形螨感染267人,感染率49.44%。其中2006和2007级学生感染率分别为52.78%和44.44%;男、女生感染率分别为48.58%(103/212)和50.00%(164/328);单纯毛囊蠕形螨感染163人(占61.05%),单纯皮脂蠕形螨感染37人(占13.86%),混合感染者67人(占25.09%);鼻部螨虫感染211人(占79.02%),额部螨虫感染78人(占29.21%),颊部螨虫感染81人(占30.34%)。结论在校大学生蠕形螨感染率较高,以毛囊蠕形螨感染为主,感染部位主要为鼻部。     

2006-2008年武鸣县人体肠道寄生虫感染调查

2006-2008年广西壮族自治区武鸣县人体肠道寄生虫感染调查显示,当地人群肠道寄生虫总感染率为46.65%,蛔虫、钩虫、鞭虫、蛲虫和华支睾吸虫感染率分别为0.39%、0.71%、0.39%、25.71%和45.49%。华支睾吸虫已成为优势虫种,应继续加强宣教和防治工作。     

系统性红斑狼疮合并深部真菌感染临床分析

目的 探讨系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)合并深部真菌感染的部位、菌种、诊断及预后.方法 回顾性分析北京协和医院2000-2006年住院治疗的1466例SLE患者中合并深部真菌感染的51例患者的临床资料. 结果 合并深部真菌感染51例SLE患者.感染的病原菌以白色念珠菌为主,其次为隐球菌和曲霉菌.感染最常见的部位是肺,其次为脑膜和血液.本组病例巾死亡10例,病死率达20%.曲霉菌感染者病死率高达4/5.低蛋白血症、多部位真菌感染、曲霉菌感染、真菌血症可能是导致SLE患者死亡的独立危险因素. 结论 SLE合并真菌感染的主要部位为肺,感染的病原菌以白色念珠菌为主;临床应重视早期诊断和曲霉菌感染.