江西银山铅锌矿床成矿流体特征

银山铅锌矿床产于前震旦系地层中，容矿围岩主要为千枚岩，矿体呈脉状受构造裂隙控制，流体包裹体及同位素研究表明金属元素及硫主要来自上地幔，流体主要是岩浆水，矿床属中低温岩浆热液矿床，为燕山期成矿。     

川滇黔地区天宝山、会泽铅锌矿床成矿流体来源初探:来自流体包裹体及氦氩同位素的证据

为限定川滇黔地区大型铅锌矿床成矿流体来源,选择天宝山大型铅锌矿床和会泽超大型铅锌矿床中热液矿物进行流体包裹体及氦氩同位素研究.结果显示:（1）天宝山矿床为中低温、中等盐度流体成矿,成矿流体主要来源于盆地卤水;会泽矿床为中高温、中等盐度流体成矿,成矿流体也主要来源于盆地卤水,但具有不同性质流体混合特征;（2）两矿床硫化物3He/4He值范围介于0.02~0.32 Ra,证明成矿流体以地壳流体为主,但混有少量（< 5.3%）地幔成分,40Ar/36Ar值（345.0~1 698.8）表明成矿流体以饱和大气水为主;（3）综合两个矿床地质特征、流体包裹体及氦氩同位素研究认为天宝山矿床和会泽矿床的形成与右江盆地演化及峨眉山大火成岩省的岩浆活动有关.      

西藏冈底斯罗布真铅锌矿床成矿流体特征

西藏罗布真铅锌矿床位于冈底斯西缘,其矿体主要产于古新世林子宗群英安岩及斑状二长花岗岩中,并受断裂控制。成矿过程可分为石英-黄铁矿阶段(Ⅰ)和石英-多金属硫化物阶段(Ⅱ)。Ⅰ阶段石英中分布三种类型的包裹体,即:纯气相包裹体(成分为CO2或CH4)、水溶液包裹体(液相组分主要为H2O,含微量CO2,气相组分主要为H2O和CO2)和含子矿物多相包裹体。Ⅱ阶段石英中的包裹体类型及对应的成分与Ⅰ阶段石英大体相似,但部分水溶液包裹体气液相成分均为H2O;Ⅱ阶段闪锌矿中分布水溶液包裹体和含子矿物多相包裹体,二者液相组分和气相组分主要为H2O,子矿物为方解石。Ⅰ阶段包裹体均一温度集中在200~320℃,盐度集中在8%~16%Na Cleqv,Ⅱ阶段包裹体均一温度集中在180~240℃和280~320℃两个区间,盐度集中在6%~12%Na Cleqv。成矿流体为中温、中低盐度的H2O-Na Cl±CO2体系。成矿流体的δDH2O值为-91‰~-125‰,δ18OH2O值为3.9‰~6.6‰,表明其来源主要为岩浆水。以气液相分离为标志的流体不混溶是矿区硫化物沉淀的重要机制。     

会泽铅锌矿床成矿流体研究

云南会泽铅锌矿床位于扬子板块西缘川黔滇铅锌银多金属成矿域的中南部,严格受断裂带的控制.流体包裹体、铅同位素和锶同位素的证据表明,成矿流体为不同性质流体的混合物,具有多源性.大部分矿物流体包裹体均一温度变化于150～250℃之间,部分包裹体大于300℃;盐度变化范围5%～21%,w(NaC1)平均为13.24%;密度0.546～1.129 g/cm3;均一瞬间压力145×105～754×105Pa;成矿深度2 200～2 450 m.流体混合后,由于大幅度的降压作用,使得成矿流体发生沸腾,流体产生过饱和,并最终导致金属矿物的析出.因此,这明显有别于MVT矿床,是一个新型的铅锌矿床.     

川滇密西西比河谷型铅锌矿床成矿流体来源研究:流体Na-Cl-Br体系的证据

应用流体包裹体滤液分析方法，测定了川滇7个MVT铅锌矿床成矿流体的Na,Cl,Br含量，结果表明成矿流体的x(Na/Br)和x(Cl/Br)的平均值分别为185和73，并与高度蒸发浓缩的残留海水的x(Na/Br)和x(Cl/Br)相近。成矿流体的Na,Cl含量呈正相关，在lgNa-lgCl图解中呈线性分布。根据这些事实以及矿床地质特征，认为原始成矿卤水起源于蒸发浓缩的残留海水，原始含矿卤水与富含有机质的大气降水混合导致矿质沉淀而成矿。     

云南会泽矿山厂铅锌矿床流体包裹体特征及成矿物理化学条件

通过会泽矿山厂铅锌矿床闪锌矿流体包裹体显微测温和成矿物理化学条件参数计算,结合前人研究结果,得出以下认识:会泽矿山厂铅锌矿床闪锌矿流体包裹体均一温度为126280℃,具有较宽的变化区间,盐度(w(NaCl))为3.2%22.8%;白云石流体包裹体均一温度为86163℃,大部分盐度较低,为1.1%-14.8%。3个成矿阶段闪锌矿和白云石中流体包裹体均一温度和盐度具有较明显的分布特征:从热液成矿期Ⅰ阶段→Ⅱ阶段→Ⅲ阶段→围岩蚀变,流体呈现中高温-高盐度→中温-中高盐度→中低温-中高盐度→中低温-低盐度的演化规律。在整个热液成矿过程中,有两种不同盐度的流体参与了作用,流体混合可能是矿物沉淀的主要机制。pH值计算结果表明,迁移阶段时,成矿流体呈酸性,从成矿阶段Ⅰ—Ⅳ,流体pH逐渐增大,主成矿阶段Ⅱ—Ⅲ时,闪锌矿和方铅矿在中性、弱碱性下大量析出。受控于CO、CO_2、O_2间逸度平衡的CO_3~(2-)和HCO_3~-缓冲对调节了成矿流体的pH值,碳酸盐岩在铅锌的运移沉淀中起了至关重要的作用。     

新疆塔木—卡兰古铅锌矿床成矿流体地球化学特征

新疆塔木-卡兰古铅锌矿产于塔里木板块西南缘晚古生代碳酸盐岩沉积台地中，矿体受碳酸盐岩中的角砾岩带控制。对塔木，卡兰古，乌苏里克，卡拉牙斯卡克等矿区的流体包裹体化学成分的研究表明，成矿流体具有低温，中高盐度，高密度富含有机物质及硫化氢气体的特征。流体气相成分中H2O和CO2占主要成分，盐水中阳离子以Ca^2 ,Mg^2 为主，含Na^ ,K^ ,Li^ ，阴离子含Cl^-,HCO3^-,SO4^2-,F^-等。流体的δD值于-114‰--70‰间，δ^18O值在-1.7‰--15.2‰间。流体来源于大气降水参与的盆地热卤水，矿床成因属密西西比河谷（MVT）型。     

西藏洞中拉铅锌矿床成矿流体研究

洞中拉铅锌矿床是念青唐古拉山地区扎雪-亚贵拉多金属成矿带内新发现的矿床。通过对洞中拉矿床各矿化阶段石英和方解石中的流体包裹体均一温度、压力、深度、盐度、密度和流体包裹体成分等诸多方面的初步研究表明,洞中拉铅锌矿床成矿流体属中低温(106.80℃～296.70℃)、低等盐度(0.88～5.86wt%NaCleq)、中低等密度流体(0.83～0.95g/cm3)、属Cl-SO42-K+-Na+型水化学类型,成矿环境为低压(26.47～67.03MPa)浅成环境(0.96～2.44km)。流体包裹体气相成分以H2O为主,次为CO2;液相组分中,阳离子以Na+和K+为主,阴离子以SO24-和Cl-为主。流体包裹体H和O同位素,流体包裹体成分N2-Ar-He图解和离子比值研究表明,成矿流体可能主要来源于大气降水。     

辽宁榛子沟铅锌矿床热液叠加成矿作用特征及成矿流体来源

榛子沟铅锌矿矿床是青城子矿田代表性矿床之一,矿体赋存于高家峪组和大石桥组之中,呈层状、似层状和脉状产出,受地层、岩浆和构造联合控制。矿床的形成经历了海底喷流、变质变形和热液叠加三期成矿作用,其中热液叠加成矿作用对脉状矿体的形成与层状矿体的局部热液改造起到了重要作用,可划分为Ⅰ黄铁矿-方铅矿-闪锌矿-石英和Ⅱ黄铁矿-方铅矿-石英-方解石两个阶段。流体包裹体和碳、氢、氧同位素研究表明:I阶段石英中发育气液两相和少量的富气相、CO₂三相流体包裹体,成矿流体属中高温、低盐度、低密度的CO₂-H₂O-NaCl体系热液,含H₂O、CO₂、CH₄和N₂,流体包裹体的δD_H2O-SMOW为-96.5‰和-95.4‰、δ¹⁸O_H2O-SMOW为-0.62‰和0.04‰、δ¹³C为-4.8‰和-4.4‰,具有大气降水与岩浆水混合流体的特点;Ⅱ阶段石英中主要发育气液两相包裹体,成矿流体属低温、低盐度和低密度的H₂O-NaCl体系热液,流体包裹体δD_H2O-SMOW为-88.4‰~-80.0‰、δ¹⁸O_H2O-SMOW为-7.93‰~-5.57‰,具有大气降水的特点,δ¹³C为-12.6‰~-7.9‰,具有岩浆水特点。综合分析表明,热液叠加成矿期成矿流体来源于岩浆水与大气降水的混合热液,且成矿后期大气降水的混入比例增加。     

REE Geochemistry of Sulfides from the Huize Zn-Pb Ore Field, Yunnan Province： Implication for the Sources of Ore-forming Metals

REE abundances in sulfides from the Huize Zn-Pb ore field were determined with the ICPMS after preconcentration. The REE abundances in 26 sulfide samples （including pyrite, galena and sphalerite） are very low, with the ~REE ranging from 1.6×10^-9 to 166.8×10^-9. Their LREE/HREE ratios range from 7.6 to 98, showing LREE enrichment relatively. The JEu values are below 1, indicating that they were deposited from an Eu-depleted and reducing fluid-system. Similar to the ore-hosting carbonate strata, calcite separates from carbonate veinlets filling in the fractures or faults crosscutting the carbonate strata also show clear Eu-depletion. This indicates that the carbonate veinlets and their parent fluid was possibly sourced from the strata and inherited the REE geochemical features of the strata. Therefore, REE-geochemical characteristics of both the sulfides and calcites, which were deposited from an ore-forming hydrothermal system, are similar to those of carbonate strata, and strongly suggest that the ore metals were mainly sourced from carbonate strata.     

REE and C-O Isotopic Geochemistry of Calcites from the World-class Huize Pb-Zn Deposits, Yunnan, China: Implications for the Ore Genesis

<正>The world-class Huize Pb-Zn deposits of Yunnan province,in southwestern China,located in the center of the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou Pb-Zn polymetallic metallogenic province,has Pb+Zn reserves of more than 5 million tons at Pb+Zn grade of higher than 25%and contains abundant associated metals,such as Ag,Ge,Cd,and Ga.The deposits are hosted in the Lower Carboniferous carbonate strata and the Permian Emeishan basalts which distributed in the northern and southwestern parts of the orefield.Calcite is the only gangue mineral in the primary ores of the deposits and can be classified into three types,namely lumpy,patch and vein calcites in accordance with their occurrence.There is not intercalated contact between calcite and ore minerals and among the three types of calcite,indicating that they are the same ore-forming age with different stages and its forming sequence is from lumpy to patch to vein calcites. This paper presents the rare earth element(REE) and C-O isotopic compositions of calcites in the Huize Pb-Zn deposits.From lumpy to patch to vein calcites,REE contents decrease as LREE/ HREE ratios increase.The chondrite-normalized REE patterns of the three types of calcites are characterized by LREE-rich shaped,in which the lumpy calcite shows(La)_N(Ce)_N(Pr)_N≈(Nd)_N with Eu/Eu~*1,the patch calcite has(La)_N(Ce)_N(Pr)_N≈(Nd)_N with Eu/Eu~*1,and the vein calcite displays(La)_N(Ce)_N(Pr)_N(Nd)_N with Eu/Eu~*1.The REE geochemistry of the three types of calcite is different from those of the strata of various age and Permian Emeishan basalt exposed in the orefield.Theδ~(13) C_(PDb) andδ~(18)O_(Smow) values of the three types of calcites vary from-3.5‰to-2.1‰and 16.7‰to 18.6‰,respectively,falling within a small field between primary mantle and marine carbonate in theδ~(13)C_(PDb) vsδ~(18)O_(Smow) diagram. Various lines of evidence demonstrate that the three types of calcites in the deposits are produced from the same source with different stages.The ore-forming fluids of the deposits resulted from crustal -mantle mixing processes,in which the mantle-derived fluid components might be formed from degassing of mantle or/and magmatism of the Permian Emeishan basalts,and the crustal fluid was mainly provided by carbonate strata in the orefield.The ore-forming fluids in the deposits were homogenized before mineralization,and the ore-forming environment varied from relatively reducing to oxidizing.     

会泽铅锌矿床成矿流体浓缩机制

云南会泽铅锌矿床位于扬子板块西缘川-黔-滇铅锌银多金属成矿域的中南部, 严格受断裂带的控制.长期以来, 对于该矿的成矿流体来源存在着较大的争论.研究表明, 矿石中脉石矿物方解石的C、O同位素组成相对均一, 其δ13C (PDB) 为-2.1×10-3~-3.5×10-3、极差-1.4×10-3、均值-2.8×10-3, δ18O (SMOW) 为16.7×10-3~18.6×10-3、极差1.9×10-3、均值17.7×10-3, 不同矿体(不同标高)、不同产状以及相同矿体不同产状方解石的C、O同位素组成不具明显差别; 除了纯液相包裹体(L) 和富液相的气液两相包裹体(L+V) 外, 还存在含子晶的三相包裹体(S+L+V) 和不混溶的CO₂三相包裹体(V_CO2+L_CO2+L_H2O), 流体包裹体均一温度介于110~400℃之间, 具有双峰现象; 矿床的(87Sr/86Sr) ₀ (0.713676~0.717012) 不仅明显高于地幔(0.704±0.002) 和峨嵋山玄武岩(0.703932~0.707818;85件样品) 的(87Sr/86Sr) ₀, 也相对高于矿区赋矿地层(C₁b) 的(87Sr/86Sr) ₀ (0.70868~0.70931;3件样品), 但明显低于基底岩石的(87Sr/86Sr) ₀ (0.7243~0.7288;5件样品), 且成矿过程中流体基本没有发生Sr同位素分馏现象.因此, 成矿流体为均一流体, 是不同性质流体的混合产物, 具有多源性.而从气液两相包裹体盐度-均一温度图解可以看出, 在300~400℃区间, 包裹体盐度基本被孤立为两群: 一群为5%~6% (w (NaCl)), 另一群为12%~16% (w (NaCl)).而在100~300℃特别是150~250℃区间, 包裹体盐度则基本均匀分布在7%~23% (w (NaCl)) 之间.断裂带形成压力为(50~320) ×105Pa, 矿体上覆岩石压力为(574~640) ×105Pa, 矿床成矿压力为(145~754) ×105Pa.流体在上升到断裂带后压力的剧降, 导致了沸腾作用的发生.在混合作用和沸腾作用的双重影响下, 受狭窄断裂带控制的成矿流体高度浓缩, 金属矿物得以大规模地从流体中沉淀出来, 形成品位极高的铅锌矿石.      

湘西—鄂西地区铅锌矿的大范围低温流体成矿作用研究

对湘西—鄂西地区狮子山、李梅、耐子堡、茶田、打狗洞、董家河、唐家寨、冰洞山、凹子岗等典型铅锌矿床中闪 锌矿、方解石、白云石及石英等矿物进行了流体包裹体均一温度、盐度、流体包裹体气相成分、流体包裹体群体液相成分 测定,结果表明:成矿流体温度主要分布在 80~230 °C,总盐度一般>15%,密度多>1g/cm3,成矿压力为 223×105~777× 105 Pa,是以钠和钙氯化物为主的高浓度溶液,属于低温度、高盐度、高密度的地下热卤水性质的含矿热水溶液。成矿流体 阳离子成分主要为 Cl-, Na+, Ca2+, K+, Mg2+,流体包裹体氢氧同位素组成表明成矿流体来源与建造水有关,后期可能有雨水和 少量变质水的渗入。矿物流体包裹体中含有机质,流体包裹体气相成分中 CH4 普遍存在,表明成矿与有机质相关,处在控 矿构造内容矿层中的有机质使矿床中的硫酸盐硫还原为还原硫,促使成矿流体中的铅、锌沉淀形成矿床。相邻的低温成矿 域川滇黔地区典型铅锌矿床成矿温度约为 90~280°C,湘西—鄂西地区铅锌矿与川滇黔铅锌矿相比,具有相同的低温成矿特 征,矿床类型均为 MVT 型,两者可能受控于相同的动力学背景。     

Study on the multi-sources of ore-forming materials and ore-forming fluids in the Huize lead-zinc ore deposit

TheHuizelarge sizedPb ZndepositinYunnan ProvinceislocatedinthecenteroftheSichuan Yun nan GuizhouPb Zn Agpolymetalmineralizationzone(SYGPb ZnMMD)inwesternYangtzePlateandis oneofthefamousPb Zn GebasesinChina(Wang Jiangzhenetal.,2003;WangXiaochunetal.,2000).Thisdeposit,whichischaracterizedbylarge scale(Pb+Znmetallicreservesarehigherthan5mil liontons),highPb+Zngrade(thePb+Zngradesof mostoresare25%-35%),highabundanceofuseful associatedelements(Ag,Ge,Cd,Ga,etc.)and someimportantbreakt…     

滇东北会泽超大型铅锌矿床矿质来源与改造成矿作用

"改造成矿作用"理论是中国科学院涂光炽院士提出的完善矿床成因分类学"四分法"的新理论,是中国学者对世界地球科学的重要贡献。该文根据会泽铅-锌(银、锗)矿床地质地球化学特征,列举其沉积改造的充分证据,用改造成矿的四大要素审视其矿床成因,认同它是典型而独特的沉积—强烈改造矿床,并以重要的宏观地质为依据,注意到峨眉山玄武岩(260 Ma)本身及昆阳群褶皱基底均未赋存一定规模的铅锌矿床,认为玄武岩与基底供给会泽铅锌矿(245~246 Ma)成矿物质有限,成岩与成矿时差太大,且成矿断层切割玄武岩,说明玄武岩成岩在先,铅、锌成矿在后,二者无直接成因联系。对会泽铅锌矿床的物质来源,有主张来自地层、基底、玄武岩或多来源者,但以何者为主,多种金属是否同源尚缺深入讨论,文章特别对地层、基底、峨眉山玄武岩中各成矿元素的含量、富集系数及富集类型进行系统的求算与分析研究,以讨论各种成矿金属的可能来源几率及其对成矿的贡献估计。结果显示:银在各地质体中均高倍富集,可提供充沛矿质,铅次之;锌则相反,多为正常元素或亏损元素,锗、镓、铟亦然,故矿石中的锌、锗、镓、铟,更可能为深部提供。结合大量的微量元素、稀土元素、铅、硫、锶、碳、氢、氧同位素等地球化学资料分析研究,认为地层,特别是震旦—寒武系、泥盆系、下石炭统摆佐组(C1b)与深部是主要的矿质来源,不同金属可同源或异源。矿床受地层岩性与构造的双重控制,与岩浆活动无关,具备改造成矿要素,属典型的沉积—强烈改造铅锌矿床,且具超大、特富、多金属富集的独特性。海西期下石炭统摆佐组已沉积成岩成矿或形成矿源层,后经印支期构造运动强烈改造而超常富集成矿,多掩盖其沉积特征,它属于沉积改造矿床"会泽式"。     

Concentration Mechanism of Ore-Forming Fluid in Huize Lead-Zinc Deposits, Yunnan Province

The Huize Pb-Zn deposits of Yunnan Province, located in the south-central part of the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou (SYG) Pb-Zn multimetal mineralization district (MMD), are strictly controlled by fault zones. The sources of ore-forming fluid in the deposits have been debated for a long time. Calcite, a gangue mineral, has uniform C and O isotopes. The δ13CPDB and δ18OSMOW values vary respectively from -2.1×10-3 to -3.5×10-3 (mean -2.8×10-3) and 16.7×10-3-18.6×10-3 (mean 17.7×10-3). No obvious difference can be found in C and O isotopes among occurrences and elevations and even ore-bodies. Types of inclusions include those of pure liquid (L), liquid-rich gas-liquid (L V), and three-phase ones containing a daughter mineral (S L V) and immiscible CO2 with three-phases (VCO2 LCO2 LH2O). Their homogenization temperatures vary from 110 to 400 ℃, and two peaks are shown. (87Sr/86Sr)0 ratios of calcite in the deposits are higher than those in the mantle and Emeishan basalts, and slightly higher than those in the Baizuo Formation, which the Huize lead-zinc deposits are found in. All of the (87Sr/86Sr)0 are low relative to those in the basement rocks. Fractionation of Sr isotope did not occur in the ore-forming fluid during the precipitation of minerals. The results indicate that the ore-forming fluid is homogeneous and derived from the mixing of different fluids. Gas-liquid inclusions can be separated into two groups in 300-400 ℃ with a salinity of 5 %-6 % and 12 %-16 % NaCl respectively. However, the salinities of inclusions vary from 7 % to 23 % NaCl in 100-300 ℃, especially in 150-250 ℃. The formation pressures of faulted zones are (50-320)×105 Pa. The estimated pressures of the overlying rocks on the ore bodies are 574×105-640×105 Pa. The pressures of ore-forming processes would be 145×105 to 754×105 Pa. Therefore, pressure sharply reduced and boiling occurred when the ore-forming fluid flew into the fault zones. As a result, the ore-forming fluid was highly concentrated, and metallic minerals began to precipitate from the fluid on a great scale. The high-grade lead-zinc deposits were formed when the fluid was under saturation or over-saturation conditions.     

北祁连清水沟—白柳沟矿田铜多金属矿床流体包裹体研究

清水沟—白柳沟矿田是北祁连西段重要的铜多金属矿田之一。采用显微测温和激光拉曼光谱分析技术对该矿田与矿石矿物共生的石英中的流体包裹体进行了研究,结果显示,清水沟—白柳沟矿田的流体包裹体类型主要有纯液相包裹体、气-液两相包裹体和含液体CO2包裹体等3类,气-液两相包裹体液相成分主要以盐水为主,气相成分主要以CO2为主。成矿流体均一温度和盐度变化范围较大,具有中等密度的特征,可能为岩浆热液与海水的混合来源。     

Fluid Inclusions of Calcite and Sources of Ore-forming Fluids in the Huize Zn-Pb-(Ag-Ge) District, Yunnan, China

The Huize Zn-Pb- (Ag-Ge) district is a typical representative of the well-known medium-to large-sized carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb- (Ag-Ge) deposits, occurring in the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou Pb-Zn Ore-forming Zone. Generally, fluid inclusions within calcite, one of the major gangue minerals, are dominated by two kinds of small (1-10 um) inclusions including pure-liquid and liquid. The inclusions exist in concentrated groups along the crystal planes of the calcite. The ore-forming fluids containing Pb and Zn, which belong to the Na+-K+-Ca2+-Cl--F--SO42- type, are characterized by temperatures of 164-221℃, medium salinity in 5-10.8 wt% NaCl, and medium pressure at 410×105 to 661×105 Pa. The contents of Na+-K+ and C1--F-, and ratios of Na+/K+-Cl-/F- in fluid inclusions present good linearity. The ratios of Na+/K+ (4.66-6.71) and Cl-/F- (18.21-31.04) in the fluid inclusions of calcite are relatively high, while those of Na+/K+ (0.29-5.69) and Cl-/F- (5.00-26.0) in the inclusions of sphalerite and pyrite are rela