Development of an identification system for location of free metallic particles in GIS based on analysis of Lamb waves

We investigated propagation properties of Lamb waves in a gas‐insulated switchgear (GIS) tank to diagnose insulation performance of GIS. The acoustic signals excited by a free metallic particle colliding with the tank sheath were measured using AE sensors. The wavelet transform was applied to decompose the wave data into its time–frequency components. As a result, difference of propagation properties of Lamb waves is clearly seen with different sizes of GIS tank. Based on the characteristics of Lamb waves, algorithms for location identification of a free metallic particle were examined in model GIS using two AE sensors. Herein, we propose a new system for location identification of a free metallic particle in GIS. Moreover, it is verified that the new identification system is suitable as a diagnostic technique for GIS. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 167(3): 28–35, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20676     

Resonance characteristics and identification of modes of electromagnetic waves excited by partial discharges in GIS

Electromagnetic waves are used for detection of partial discharges (PD) in GIS (gas‐insulated substations). A very wide frequency band up to 1.5 GHz is utilized for detection. There are three categories of electromagnetic wave which can be excited and propagate in coaxial cylindrical structures like GIS, namely, TEM, TE, and TM modes. The characterization and identification of each mode is indispensable to understanding the partial discharge phenomena in GIS. In this paper, peaks in the frequency spectrum excited by PD are identified in each mode and the resonant characteristics of each mode are studied. The following are the major results: (1) The resonance peaks appear at the frequencies defined by the spacer distance. (2) The intensity of each mode depends on the position of discharge source along the radial direction. The lower‐order modes including TEM are excited when a discharge source is located near the center conductor. On the other hand, higher‐order modes are excited when the discharge source is at the enclosure surface. (3) The experimental profile of each mode excited by PD along the radial direction approximately agrees with the general theory of electromagnetic wave propagation in coaxial cylindrical cavity. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 131(2): 1–11, 2000     

Motion and size estimation of a free moving metallic particle in GIS based on propagation properties of acoustic waves

We have investigated the propagation properties of Lamb waves and motion characteristic of free moving metallic particle in a gas‐insulated switchgear (GIS) tank to diagnose the insulation performance of GIS. We have proposed a new identification technique for defect location in GIS based on the time–frequency analysis of the Lamb waves using the Wavelet Transform. In this paper, we measured the acoustic signals excited by a metallic particle colliding with the tank sheath. Furthermore, we measured the moving particles under a high electric field in GIS using a high‐speed video camera. As a result, we examined the relationship between maximum lifting height and the flight time during subsequent impacts of a moving particle. Moreover, we estimated particle size based on the propagation properties of Lamb waves. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 150(1): 26–33, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20023     

Time‐frequency analysis of a pressure wave caused by impulse tree using wavelet transform

This paper describes results of time‐frequency analysis of a pressure wave caused by impulse tree extension using wavelet transform. Pressure waves were measured by a piezo sensor which was located on the back of the plane electrode when high‐voltage nanosecond pulses were applied to a point electrode in a low‐density polyethylene block. Frequency of the pressure wave from induced charges on the plane electrode was higher than that of the pressure wave from tree. In addition, the frequency of the pressure wave from tree tended to decrease with increasing gap length because of the dispersion of the pressure wave during its propagation. When a large tree extension occurred between a 5‐mm gap, pressure waves of about 10 MHz propagated from the tree tip and a pressure wave of 1 MHz propagated from the tree stem. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 142(1): 1–7, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10097     

GIS局部放电的超宽频检测系统初探

针对GIS运行中存在的潜伏性绝缘缺陷,根据GIS局部放电脉冲所激发的电磁波传播特性的宽频带特诊,对一种新型超宽频带天线局部放电检测系统实验方案作了探讨.     

Auto‐detection of partial discharges in power cables by discrete wavelet transform

One of the serious problems that can occur in power XLPE cables is destruction of insulator. The best and conventional way to prevent this is ascertaining partial corona discharges occurring at small voids in organic insulators. However, there are some difficulties in detecting those partial discharges due to the existence of external noise in detected data, whose patterns are hardly identified at a glance. For this reason, there have been a number of researches into detecting partial discharges by employing a neural network (NN) system, which is widely known as a system for pattern recognition. We have been developing an NN system for auto‐detection of partial discharges, and have input numerical data of the waveform itself and obtained appropriate performance. In this paper, we employed the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) to acquire more detailed transformed data in order to use them in the NN system. Employing the DWT, we were able to express the waveform data in time–frequency space, and achieved effective detection of partial discharges by the NN system. We present herein the results using DWT analysis for partial discharges and noise signals which we obtained. Moreover, we present results out of the NN system which dealt with those transformed data. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 152(1): 24–30, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10315     

基于ANFIS的GIS设备局部放电故障辨识

为了实现气体绝缘组合电器设备局部放电故障类型的辨识,本文通过分析四种典型绝缘缺陷局部放电时SF6气体分解组分特点,选取四种气体分解物含量比值作为特征向量,阐释了气体含量比值的物理意义,构造了三输入单输出的自适应模糊神经推理系统(ANFIS),对该模型的有效性进行了测试。测试结果表明局部放电类型的ANFIS辨识系统识别效果好,收敛速度快,且对样本数量要求低。     

气体绝缘开关设备局部放电检测及定位实例分析

对现场使用的气体绝缘开关设备(GIS)局部放电检测手段进行了介绍,通过对各种局部放电检测手段的比较,确定了采用超声波和超高频同时进行局部放电的检测和定位的方法。对现场实例进行分析,确定文中采用的定位方法有助于对故障进行精确定位。     

GIS局部放电测试技术比较

通过介绍GIS局部放电测试经常使用的几种方法的基本原理及优缺点,建议现场GIS局部放电检测应采用声-电联合使用的办法,才能更好的发现GIS内部局部放电缺陷。     

GIS中电磁波传播特性的试验研究

GIS内部的局部放电会在腔体中激励超高频（UHF）电磁波信号,局部放电信号可通过超高频传感器进行检测。为研究UHF信号在GIS中的传播特性,在GIS内设置了导体尖端和悬浮电位放电模型,内置式传感器的信号与用示波器在盆式绝缘子浇注孔测试到的UHF信号进行比较。试验结果表明,UHF信号在GIS内有一定的衰减,外置式传感器测得的信号比内置式的衰减大。     

运行GIS设备的局部放电检测技术及其应用

超高频局部放电测量技术(UHF法)可有效检测运行GIS设备局部放电信号,及时发现GIS设备内部存在的绝缘缺陷。UHF法弥补了GIS设备缺乏有效试验手段的不足,可作为现行高压电气设备预防性试验方法的补充,有助于GIS设备的运行维护。本文采用自行研制测量装置成功地捕获到运行GIS设备产生的超高频局部放电信号,为推广应用UHF法积累了经验。     

GIS绝缘缺陷局部放电的联合检测研究

建立了GIS（Gas Insulator Switchgear气体绝缘体全封闭组合电器）局部放电模型,通过在GIS腔体盘式绝缘子上制作人工气泡模型,运用脉冲电流和气相色谱分析检测两种方法对GIS内局放进行了检测。获得了绝缘缺陷局部放电的分布图谱和局部放电时SF6气体分解组分。最后,通过曲线拟合研究了绝缘气泡缺陷下SF6放电各分解组分的变化规律。     

Partial Discharge Detection with High‐Frequency Band through Resistance–Temperature Sensor of Hydropower Generator Stator Windings

In order to improve the signal to noise ratio for partial discharge (PD) detection using a resistance–temperature detector laid in the stator windings of a hydropower generator, the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) is applied as a kind of time‐frequency analysis. Relying on the combination of frequency resolution and time resolution using an applied power voltage phase angle distribution, PDs occurring in voids of stator windings are expected to be found within a mixed environment of strong noise and confusable noise. Furthermore, we found that the CWT may make it possible to calibrate the PD charge quantity in a band of a few tens of MHz under favorable conditions, where calibration is usually difficult for generator stator windings.     

基于小波变换抑制GIS局部放电监测中白噪干扰的新方法研究

针对GIS局部放电监测中的白噪干扰 ,以离散二进小波变换为基础 ,采用软硬阈值结合的混合阈值滤波方式 ,将信号的能量误差函数作为去噪的目标函数 ,提出了一种从白噪声中提取GIS局部放电信号的新方法。仿真试验结果表明 ,该方法具有抑制白噪干扰能力强 ,PD信号畸变小 ,算法简单等优点 ,能够从白噪干扰中有效地提取出局部放电信号。     

Development of partial discharge detection method using an autoregressive model in gas-insulated switchgears (GIS)

Gas-insulated switchgears (GIS) are important equipment in electric-supply stations where advanced techniques for safety and maintenance are required. As a result, a system is being developed that can automatically monitor and diagnose a GIS in service. This article focuses on some problems concerning insulating functions of GIS to discuss a method of signal processing for partial discharge detection and position identification. For sensors, potential detectors were installed on flanges of the GIS. Focusing on the potential fluctuations measured by these detectors, an autoregressive model is designed for potential fluctuation in a state without any partial discharge. This model is called a normal state model. The difference was found between potential fluctuations measured during partial discharge and those of the normal state model. The index of whiteness test method of the residual random process is a useful parameter for representing this difference, and the use of this method allowed detection of partial discharge that could not be found at normal potential levels. These results indicate bright prospects for manufacturing a monitoring system that can detect deterioration in GIS insulation with a high sensitivity in an early stage and that also operates on-line.     

GIS局部放电超高频电磁波的传播特性研究

SF6气体中的局部放电过程可激发产生超高频电磁波。为研究GIS中超高频电磁波的传播特性,采用时域有限差分法仿真计算GIS中超高频信号的传播特性。仿真计算表明,GIS中局部放电产生电磁波在传播过程中存在延迟现象,有利于局部放电点的定位。因GIS中存在不连续点,超高频信号在传播过程中产生衰减,通过绝缘子时平均衰减3dB,通过T型接头时最严重的支路信号平均衰减10dB,而传播过程中产生的谐振使其衰减变慢。     

GIS局部放电带电检测技术分析与现场应用

局部放电带电检测是诊断GIS绝缘状态最有效的方式之一。在分析特高频法和超声波法各自优缺点的基础上,提出了适合现场应用的声电联合检测法。在一起220 k V GIS现场案例中,运用方法对GIS内部缺陷进行了快速、准确的定位。随后的停电解体验证了检测结果的正确性,为GIS局放带电测试技术的应用积累了宝贵经验。     

110kVGIS局部放电异常分析与处理

目前GIS绝缘在线监测与诊断最有效的方法是局部放电监测,通过测量GIS设备运行中的绝缘状态,发现各种可能的异常或故障预兆,及时处理,确保设备安全、稳定运行。介绍了110kVGIS设备局部放电异常的检测、分析、处理过程。     

GIS中电磁波传播特性的仿真研究

为研究UHF信号在GIS中的传播特性,采用时域有限差分法进行了仿真建模和计算。GIS内部的局部放电会在腔体中激励超高频(UHF)电磁波信号,UHF法是通过对局部放电时产生的超高频电磁波信号进行检测,获得局部放电信号的有关信息以实现对设备的绝缘状态诊断和评估。UHF法抗干扰能力较强、灵敏度高。仿真结果表明,UHF信号在GIS内传播时呈现明显的时延特性,有利于局放源的定位;UHF信号的强弱和检测点与局放源的夹角Φ有关,Φ=0°和180°时信号的能量最大;局放脉冲越陡,在GIS腔体中激励的高次模波分量越大。     

Metallic particle motion and breakdown characteristics in GIS with 0.1‐Hz VLF (very low frequency) high voltage applied

VLF (Very Low Frequency) high voltage with frequency of 0.1 Hz will be utilized for an on‐site test of XLPE underground cables, instead of conventional dc high voltage test. Since XLPE cables are connected to GIS (Gas Insulated Switchgears) in substations, the influence of VLF voltage application to GIS insulation should be investigated. One of the most important characteristics for GIS insulation lies in the metallic particle contamination and its behavior, which may induce breakdown in GIS. From the above viewpoint, this paper discusses the metallic particle behavior and breakdown characteristics under VLF voltage application in GIS. Experimental results revealed that (1) Particle motion under VLF condition was similar to that under dc condition, while specific in the transient behavior at the polarity reversal. (2) Breakdown was induced by particles located in the vicinity of high voltage conductor at the instance of crossing the gap or in the firefly conditions. (3) Breakdown voltage in positive half cycle was higher than that in negative half cycle at the lower gas pressure, while lower at the higher gas pressure, which was attributed to the particle behavior and the breakdown mechanism of SF₆ gas. Consequently, metallic particles in GIS under VLF voltage application exhibited the specific behavior associated with the slow change of instantaneous voltage and polarity, and resulted in the complex pressure dependence of breakdown characteristics. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 139(4): 33–40, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.1166