地下水数值计算中断层处理的“切割一导通法”

从对断层导水性能的分析出发，提出了地下水数值计算中断层处理的“切割－导通法”，既考虑断层侧向导水性，又考虑了其垂直向导水性，更符合断层导水的实际情况，也易于描述较大断裂在走向上的导水性差异。     

鸡西新发煤矿断层富(导)水性分析

新发煤矿位于鸡西盆地北部坳陷的北侧,断层及裂隙带是矿井与地表水、第四系含水层的主要通道。综合钻探、测井、抽水试验、电法勘探及矿井生产揭露等资料,对矿区9条典型断层特征及富、导水性进行分析,确认强富水性断层1条(F25),但导水性差;弱-中富水性断层4条(F7、F10、F11、F28),其中3条断层导水性差,仅1条具有导水性;弱富水性断层4条(F2、F3、F5、FXS3),但其中2条具有一定的导水性。通过分析还发现,矿井涌水多沿断裂面渗入,其导水以断层为主、裂隙次之;断层的富水性取决于断层与地面水体及冲积层的水力联系,而导水性取决于断层本身的破碎程度及与断层两侧含水层的接触关系。     

淮南煤田阜凤推覆构造带导水性研究

一般认为，张性的正断层导水，而压性的逆断层不导水。阜凤逆冲断层是—压性断层，使寒武系灰岩、砂泥岩推覆于二叠纪煤系地层之上。该断层是否导水，对推覆体下安全采煤具有重要影响。本文测试了阜凤推覆体岩石化学成份并进行了含、导水性分析；研究了阜凤断层带构造岩的微观特征，并通过崩解试验分析了断层带介质的水稳定性及地下水迳流的有利条件：最后利用灰岩浸溶试验及碳酸平衡原理进一步研究了阜凤断层带的开放性与封闭性，结论是：阜凤推覆构造带属开放系统，具有地下水补给和迳流的必要条件，是导水的。其导水性随煤矿开粟规模的扩大而增强，此结论已在煤矿生产实跋中得到验证。     

双鸭山煤田安泰煤矿DF27断层富(导)水性探测研究

安泰煤矿构造较为复杂,断层较发育,各断层纵横交错,对煤层形成割裂。DF27断层目前已在井下实际揭露,涌水量较大且水文地质条件不清,严重影响了煤矿下一步的开拓布局。由于以往并未对该断层富(导)水性进行过专门研究及评价,因此对该断层开展富(导)水性探测研究工作极为必要。采用地面瞬变电磁、水文地质钻探、抽水试验、水化学测试、示踪试验等多元地学信息相结合的勘查方法对DF27断层富(导)水性进行探测研究,将DF27断层的富(导)水性特征划分为两个区段:北段富水性中等,导水性差;南段富水性强,导水性好。依据水样中6大常规离子的含量,采用灰色关联度分析方法,判别断层的涌水来源主要为白垩系裂隙水。     

淮南煤田阜凤推覆构造带水文地质特征研究

淮南煤田阜凤逆冲断层是一压性断层,使寒武系灰岩、砂泥岩推覆于二叠系煤系地层之上。该断层的水文地质特征,对推覆体下安全采煤具有重要影响。本文测试了阜凤推覆体岩石化学成份并进行了含、导水性分析;研究了阜凤断层带构造岩的微观特征,并通过崩解试验分析了断层带介质的水稳定性及地下水径流的有利条件;最后利用灰岩浸溶试验及碳酸平衡原理进一步研究了阜凤断层带的开放性与封闭性,结论是：阜凤推覆构造带属开放系统,具有地下水补给和径流的必要条件,是导水的。其导水性随煤矿开采规模的扩大而增强,此结论已在煤矿生产实践中得到验证。     

良庄煤矿51101W工作面突水机理

新汶矿业集团良庄煤矿51101W工作面因底板突水导致工作面被淹。通过水质分析,判定突水水源是奥陶系灰岩岩溶水。根据工作面附近的地质构造推断,突水通道为延伸到奥陶系与石炭系不整合面的铲状滑动断层(该断层最大落差只有7 m左右)。结合工程实践指出,在该矿,根据断层落差来判断断层导水性的观点并不正确,并提出了“用断层落差(H)与其倾角(α)之比值(S)来说明断层对突水影响程度”的观点。      

潞安矿区古城煤矿首采区中部安昌—中华大断裂导水性研究

古城煤矿首采区中部安昌断层、中华断层及其伴生断层形成一地堑,地表宽度约500m,断层最大落差达240m。断层带岩石破碎、裂隙发育,可能使奥陶系灰岩岩溶水与太原组灰岩岩溶水通过断层带产生一定水力联系,给矿井大巷掘进及正常生产造成隐患。通过地面瞬变电磁勘探、矿井大巷掘进、水文地质试验、水质分析等多种方法,对断层的富水性及导水性进行了分析,结果表明:安昌—中华地堑在水平上两侧水力联系较弱,在水平上呈阻水特性;大断裂区域顶板二叠系含水层与地表水、第四系孔隙水和奥陶系岩溶灰水的水化学特征差异较大,富水程度不同,水位标高不一致,判断各含水层在纵向存在水力联系的可能性不大,说明中华-安昌大断层在纵向上几乎不导水。     

CSAMT法在断层含水性评价中的应用

在河南省平顶山地区小屯正断层上进行勘查,采用CSAMT法对落差较大断层的含、导水性进行了测量,结果表明该法不仅可以有效控制断层的空间位置,而且可以定性判断断层的富水性。说明CSAMT法的应用在断层含水性评价方面有积极的效果。     

基于多孔抽水试验的水文地质条件分析 ——以马城铁矿为例

为分析马城铁矿基岩顶部风化裂隙含水层以下基岩中发育的三条断层的导储水作用、断层间的连通性,确定矿坑涌水的直接和间接水源,运用Aquifer test软件和时间-降深曲线对该矿区抽水试验数据进行分析,以确定矿区的水力联系情况和含水层类型.结果表明,三条断层中F2断层南段导水性好,北段差,F1断层西南段导水性良好,F1东北...     

综合勘探技术在范各庄矿区中的应用

文章介绍了在范各庄矿二水平南三、南四采区运用高分辨率三维地震、高精度磁法、瞬变电磁法进行采区综合勘探的成果, 表明以采区高分辨率三维地震为主的综合物探技术, 在查明断层、岩浆岩侵入、岩溶陷落柱发育、采空区以及断层导水性等方面取得了较好的效果,尤其是 Ｆ０ 断层在各煤层中落差的准确确定, 及其赋水性探查, 对跨断层开采各煤层的工程设计和施工, 具有很大的指导意义; 大大减少了超前钻探工程量,减少了大型防治水工程投入,减少了防水煤柱宽度,获得了显著的经济效益。     

河北强震发生的地震地质条件与构造模式

地壳表层构造和深部构造互相制约是控制河北地区许多强震发生的必要地质条件。由此地质条件,在水平与垂直两个相互叠加的应力场作用下,使河北地区发生许多强震。这个构造-应力场模式,对华北地区许多强震的发生可能具有普遍意义。     

Role of shear along horizontal plane in the formation of helicoidal structures

An unusual structural paragenesis, complicated by brachyanticlines, is revealed for the first time in the sedimentary cover of the West Siberian Plate by 3D seismic surveying. These are linear (in plan view) systems of en-echelon arranged low-amplitude normal faults related to wrench faults in the basement. On different sides off a wrench fault, the planes of normal faults dip in opposite directions, forming a helicoidal structure that resembles the blades of a propeller. In the section parallel to the wrench fault, the boundaries of the beds and normal fault planes dip in opposite directions as well. In the section across the strike of the normal faults converging toward the basement, the beds take the shape of an antiform with a crest sagged along the normal faults (flower structure). This structural assembly was formed as a result of interference of stress fields of horizontal shear in the vertical plane (induced by faulting in the basement) and in the horizontal plane (caused by gravity resistance of the cover). In this case, the displacements along the normal faults develop in both the vertical and, to a greater extent, horizontal directions, so that the faults in cover are actually characterized by normal-strike-slip kinematics. The regional N-S-trending compression of the West Siberian Plate is the main cause of shearing along the NW- and NE-trending faults in the basement, which make up a rhomb-shaped system in plan view. Petroliferous brachyanticlines, whose axes, notwithstanding tectonophysical laws, are oriented in the direction close to the maximum compression axis, are known in the large wrench fault zones of Western Siberia. Our experiments with equivalent materials showed that a local stress field arising at the ends of echeloned Riedel shears within a wrench fault zone may be a cause of the formation of such brachyanticlines. The progressive elongation of Riedel shears leads to the corresponding elongation of the brachyanticlines located between their ends. The performed study has shown that the known types of interference of elementary geodynamic settings such as horizontal shear along the vertical plane + horizontal compression (transpression) and horizontal shear along the vertical plane + horizontal extension (transtension) may be supplemented by combination of horizontal shears along the vertical and horizontal planes, resulting in tectonic lamination. By analogy, we propose to name this type of interference of elementary shear settings translamination. Petroliferous helicoidal structures arise in the given geodynamic setting of translamination.     

Insight into the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Qaidam Basin, Northwest China from fracture information

Fractures can provide valuable information for tectonic evolution. According to the data of outcrops, cores, thin sections and well logs, the tectonic fractures in the Qaidam Basin can be divided into four types: small faults (including small normal fault and small reverse fault), vertical open fracture, bedding plane slip fracture and horizontal open fracture. Our fracture observations provide new constraints on the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Qaidam Basin. Syn-sedimentary small normal faults in the Paleogene strata indicate the extension deformation during the Paleogene. Small reverse faults, vertical open fractures and bedding plane slip fractures occurred in the Paleogene and Neogene strata have genetic relationship. According to the burial history and homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions of gypsum and calcite filled in the vertical open fractures, it can be deduced that the vertical open fractures being formed mainly from the late Miocene Shangyoushashan Formation with age of 5.1?Ma to the end of Pliocene Shizigou Formation with age of 2.6?Ma, indicating small reverse faults, vertical open fractures and bedding plane slip fractures were simultaneously formed in the Neogene. These fractures were resulted from the compression deformation. The horizontal open fractures occurred in the Paleogene, Neogene and Quaternary strata with apertures and intensities decreasing with depth were formed by the large-scale quick uplift and denudation resulted from the strong compression deformation since the Quaternary.     

Electromagnetic sounding of the Kola Peninsula with a powerful extremely low frequency source

Experiment on electromagnetic sounding of the Kola Peninsula using unique mobile measuring complex of the low-frequency sounding was conducted, allowing to investigate a geoelectric section with a depth of several kilometers on distances up to 100 km from the stationary transmitting aerial. Excess on the order of amplitudes of the vertical component above the horizontal at all frequencies of sounding was registered in a number of points of measurements. This feature managed to be explained quantitatively by circulation of current on regional faults with the closure of current through the sea—before unknown galvanic coastal effect. Interpretation of the results of modeling and neural network solving of inverse problem essentially specifies the fault tectonics of the central part of the Kola Peninsula. Anomaly remote from the observation profile was found out—local pinch of a crustal conductive layer consisting of graphitized rocks and associated with the zone of overthrust.     

Magnetotelluric images of the crust and mantle in the southwestern Taurides, Turkey

Inversion of the magnetotelluric data across the southwestern Taurides reveals two subzones of crust with varying thicknesses: conductive lower crust (<75 Ω m), overlain by resistive (>350 Ω m) upper crust, with four resistive cores (>2000 Ω m) separated by three relatively conductive vertical zones. The first and second vertical zones coincide with surface faults interpreted in Anatolia, such as Fethiye Burdur Fault Zone. The third one is the most conductive and lies in continuity with the Strabo Fault Zone in the Mediterranean Sea. A hypocentral cross section of earthquakes along the profile shows more dense seismic activity in the second resistive core where the conductive crust is not present beneath it. The depth of the crust/upper mantle boundary varies between 30 and 50 km and has an undulating character. The resistivity of the upper mantle reaches 500–1000 Ω m.     

汶川地震(Ms8.0）地表建筑体变形特征及其构造意义

通过汶川地震震区大量的实地考察已证实沿着早先活动断裂主要发育了两条地表破裂带：一条是沿着映秀－北川断裂产生的逆冲伴随右旋走滑破裂带,长275km,最大垂直位移达11m,水平位移达12m; 另一条纯逆冲性质的破裂带,沿着灌县－安县断裂发育,最大垂直位移达4m。活动断裂之上的地表破裂带是野外工作中确定地震断裂性质的重要现象。另外,在活动断裂相邻区域和远离区域的路面以及建筑体还大量存在变形现象。通常沿活动断裂产生的地表破裂是典型的同震破裂,相邻区域的地表路面及建筑体发育的变形属于次生变形,远离区域发育的变形则属于震后变形。对次生变形和震后变形测量数据的应用容易影响活动断裂特征的确定和性质的判断,因为路面等建筑体上的挤压拱起、叠置以及水平错断等现象多是受到地震过程中通过断裂活动突然释放的巨大能量作用在局部地表建筑体产生的变形。但是,分布广泛的挤压现象暗示了区域上挤压应力场环境,有利于地表同震破裂位置的推测及地震断裂性质的判断。     

Faults of the Baikal rift zone

Baikal rift-zone faults range in magnitude from major through regional to local. The major, transcrustal faults of pre-Cenozoic initiation frame the structural pattern of the rift zone. Rifting causes a rejuvenation of all important faults regardless of their original type, many becoming oblique-slip faults. The displacement directions correlate well with the strike of the faults in terms of a single strain field for the region. Amplitudes of vertical and horizontal displacements are discussed. The general directions of the main crustal stresses are shown on a schematic diagram which illustrates the origin of different morphogenic groups of faults, and the main stages of their evolution.     

渤海海峡跨海通道工程区断裂活动性及地震分布特征

利用近年来采集的高分辨率地震剖面资料,编制了渤海海峡跨海通道工程区主要活动断裂分布图,并对其中各断裂的垂直活动速率进行计算,发现渤海海峡跨海通道工程区内NE—NNE向断裂晚更新世以来的平均垂直活动速率为0103 mm/a,NW向断裂的平均垂直活动速率为0080 mm/a,其中NE—NNE向断裂和NW向断裂的活动速率呈由南到北逐渐增强的趋势,NW向断裂还表现出明显的自西向东活动速率逐渐增强的特点。另外,通过与现代小震资料和历史地震资料进行对比,发现研究区内地震分布具有不均匀性,地震活动性随着与断裂之间距离的增加而减弱,且在断裂交点和端点处活动性较强。研究区内地震的这些分布特征能够用弹性回跳学说解释。此外,研究区内地震活动性与断裂的水平位移速率关系可能更为密切,其与断裂垂直活动速率的关系还需要进一步研究。     

Three-dimensional compressional deformations in the Zailiski Alatau mountains,Kazakstan

Abstract

The classical model of faulting predicts that slip planes occur in two conjugate sets. Theoretically, more sets can be contemporarily active if pre-existing structures are reactivated in a three-dimensional strain field. Four to six sets of faults have been active in the Holocene in the Zailiski Alatau mountain range, Kazakstan. Faults strike with the highest frequency ENE and ESE and show mostly left-lateral reverse and right-lateral reverse motions, respectively. These faults have a bimodal distribution of dips, forming four sets arranged in orthorhombic symmetry. Locally, NNW- to NNE- striking vertical faults have also been active in the Holocene and show right-lateral strike-slip and left-lateral strike-slip motions, respectively. All these fault sets accommodated the general three-dimensional deformation, given by N-S-directed horizontal shortening, vertical extension, and E-W-directed horizontal extension. Field evidence also shows that the reverse motions, even if with a minor strike-slip component, occurred on high-angle planes with inclination of 65°-85°. ENE- and ESE-striking faults reactivated older fracture zones, whereas the other sets are newly formed. Comparison of these field results with the structures obtained from published analogue models shows a strong similarity of fault geometry and kinematics.     

探测城市断裂活动性的浅层地震方法技术

用地震方法探测城市直下型活动断裂是一种不可替代的勘探技术,对于不同的探测深度需采用不同的排列长度。试验研究结果表明,小道间距接收不但有助于准确确定断裂的空间位置,而且也有助于确定基岩断裂上断点的埋深,即采用小道间距接收,有利于综合提高地震记录的纵横向分辨率。结合北京夏垫活断裂的浅层反射地震探测结果,讨论了采用浅层反射地震技术探测城市活断层应注意的一些问题。