Long-term cigarette smoking increases the prevalence of carotid artery calcification seen on panoramic dental radiographs in male patients

Panoramic dental radiographs are commonly used in general dentistry and oral and maxillofacial surgery to examine upper and lower teeth, maxilla, mandible and the surroundings simultaneously. Carotid artery calcification, a specific indicator of atherosclerotic change of the carotid arteries, can be seen on the radiographs. Many studies have suggested that cigarette smoking is a risk factor of atherosclerotic change as well as cerebral infarction. We hypothesized that smoking could increase the prevalence of carotid artery calcification, and compared the radiographs of smokers and non-smokers aged 50 years and over: 146 male smokers, 165 male non-smokers, 42 female smokers and 422 female non-smokers. This is the first study to focus on carotid artery calcification seen on panoramic dental radiographs to show the connection between smoking and atherosclerotic change. In male patients, carotid artery calcification was seen in 18 (14.1%) of the smokers, and in 8 (4.8%) of the non-smokers, which clearly shows that male patients aged 50 years old or over are more likely to develop carotid artery calcification if they smoke. However, there is no significant difference between female smokers and female non-smokers in the same age group. Dentists are in a good position to find carotid artery calcification on radiographs. When this is found on a radiograph, the patient should be advised to stop smoking and be referred to a physician for further tests. Clinicians should be aware that this radiographic finding indicates the presence of atherosclerotic change of the carotid arteries.     

1.5T磁共振DWI和SWI序列检查在脑梗死与急性脑出血诊断中的临床价值

目的分析1.5T磁共振扩散加权成像(DWI)和磁敏感加权成像(SWI)序列检查在脑梗死与脑出血诊断中的临床价值。方法选择28例脑梗死患者为对照组;选取28例急性脑出血患者为观察组。采用飞利浦1.5T磁共振成像系统,患者先进行轴位T_1WI、T_2WI常规序列扫描进行颅脑部检查,然后取DWI和SWI序列图像。比较2组患者病灶周边和中心SWI和DWI的不同特征,并测量病灶周边及中心区,进行PV和ADC值的测量。结果急性脑出血和脑梗死患者的T_1WI和T_2WI信号无明显区分,但DWI序列和DWI序列有明显差异。MRI常规检查,2组T_1WI序列、T_2WI序列的检出率无显著差异(P0.05),但观察组DWI序列检出率低于对照组,SWI序列检出率显著高于对照组(P0.05)。观察组的中心区ADC显著优于对照组,血肿区PV值显著低于对照组的血性转化区(P0.05)。结论采用磁共振分别采集脑梗死和脑出血患者的DWI和SWI序列图像,两种患者的图像特点有明显区别。     

Out-of-hospital diagnosis of cerebral infarction versus intracranial hemorrhage

OBJECTIVE: To establish a model based on clinical and anamnestic data easily available in the out-of-hospital setting, which facilitates the differential diagnosis between cerebral infarction and intracranial hemorrhage. DESIGN: Retrospective study that simulates a prospective approach. SETTING: Emergency Department of the University Hospital in Vienna, Austria. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS: Data of 224 patients with either intracranial hemorrhage or cerebral infarction were prospectively collected. Uni-and multivariate analysis was performed to identify neurological symptoms and anamnestic data, which were associated with either intracranial hemorrhage or cerebral infarction. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Unilateral weakness or sensory loss was observed more frequently in patients with infarction compared to hemorrhage (69.8 % vs 11.9 %, P < 0.001). The frequency of patients with impaired level of consciousness was significantly higher in the hemorrhage group compared to the infarction group (59.3 % vs 3.8 %, P < 0.001). A multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that hypertension (OR = 0.31, 95 % CI = 0.12-0.76, P = 0.01), diabetes (OR = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.04-0.68, P = 0.01), and unilateral weakness or sensory loss (OR = 0.10, 95 % CI = 0.04-0.26, P < 0.001) were significantly associated with cerebral infarction. Impaired level of consciousness was significantly related to hemorrhage (OR = 13.41, 95 % CI = 3.92-45.91, P < 0.001). On the basis of the logistic regression analysis, we generated a scoring system for the out-of-hospital diagnosis between infarction and hemorrhage. The values of the score lay between -3 and +3. The probability of infarction increases when the score becomes negative, and the probability for hemorrhage increases when the score becomes positive. CONCLUSION: Our model is a useful guideline for the differential diagnosis between cerebral infarction and intracranial hemorrhage in the out-of-hospital setting, as it is based on easily available clinical and anamnestic parameters.     

Smoking and mental health nurses: a survey of clinical staff in a psychiatric hospital

There is a lack of evidence on the prevalence of smoking among mental health nurses, and the beliefs and attitudes they hold about smoking at work. This paper describes results from a cross-sectional survey of clinical staff working in a UK specialist charitable-status psychiatric hospital and focuses on the responses of registered mental health nurses. Questionnaires specifically developed for this study were sent to all 1371 clinical employees. Completed questionnaires were returned by 167 of 429 (38.9%) registered nurses (RNs), 300 of 842 (35.6%) nursing assistants (NAs), and 123 of 200 (61.5%) other health professionals (OHPs). Twenty-nine (17.4%) RNs, 93 (31%) NAs and eight (6.5%) OHPs reported themselves as current smokers. Differences in response to attitudinal questions between groups could not be attributed to age. RN smokers were significantly more likely than RN non-smokers to state that staff should be allowed to smoke with patients, and to report therapeutic value for patients in this activity. RN smokers were less likely than RN non-smokers to report that patients should be encouraged to stop smoking. RNs were significantly more likely than OHPs to report therapeutic value for patients in smoking with staff, even after controlling for the possible confounding effect of smoking status. Implications of the survey are discussed in the context of the international literature, including the disproportionately high smoking prevalence among patients living in psychiatric institutions and current guidelines to move towards no 'smoking allowed' areas for staff working in them.     

原发性高血压与脑卒中患者神经肽Y及内皮素和微循环的观察 降低高血压患者NPY、ET及改善微循环可减少脑卒中发生的建议

目的探讨血浆中神经肽Y(neuropeptideY,NPY)、内皮素(endothelin,ET)及甲襞微循环在原发性高血压和有原发性高血压史的脑卒中的发病过程中的变化及临床意义。方法采用放射免疫法ra-dioimmunoassay分别测定原发性高血压、脑梗死、脑出血患者和正常对照组血浆中NPY、ET的含量及使用微循环测定仪观察以上各组甲襞微循环变化。结果原发性高血压、脑梗死、脑出血患者与正常对照组比较,血浆中NPY、ET的含量增高,微循环异常积分增高(P均<0.01),但患者各组之间比较差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。结论原发性高血压、脑卒中患者存在神经内分泌异常,血管内皮细胞受损及微循环障碍,这些改变可能参与了这两类疾病的发病过程。     

急性脑血管疾病血浆组织因子途径抑制物活性变化及其意义

目的 :探讨脑血管疾病患者TFPI水平变化及其意义。方法 :以发色底物法检测66例急性脑血管疾病患者 ,其中17例脑出血患者、32例腔隙梗塞患者、17例脑栓塞患者 ,检测TFPI活性。结果 :脑出血和脑栓塞患者TFPI的水平 (165.77±48.8和167.45±72.7)明显高于正常人 (118.94±40.05) ,而腔隙梗塞患者的TFPI轻度下降 (108.62±35.8)。各病例组间比较经方差分析无显著差异 (P>0.05)。结论 :血浆TFPI水平与急性脑血管疾病的类型及病情的严重程度有关 ,对其治疗及预后的判断有一定的意义。     

阿司匹林在不同年龄段脑梗死患者中二级预防的效果

目的 探讨阿司匹林在不同年龄段脑梗死患者中二级预防的效果。方法 将脑梗死患者分为暴露组(服用阿司匹林)与非暴露组(不服用阿司匹林或任何抗血小板药物),回顾性分析不同年龄段(41～50岁,51～60岁,61～70岁,71～80岁,81～90岁)脑梗死的复发、脑出血、蛛网膜下腔出血及消化道出血的发生率情况。结果 与非暴露组比较,各个的年龄段暴露组(长期服用阿司匹林)脑梗死复发率明显降低;上消化道出血率明显增高(P＜0.05)。在61～90年龄段,暴露组脑出血和蛛网膜下腔出血增加趋势低于非暴露组(P＜0.05)。41～80岁年龄段,各暴露组脑出血率与蛛网膜下腔出血率比较无统计学意义(P＞0.05),而在71～90岁之间,各暴露组脑出血率与蛛网膜下腔出血率增加(P＜0.05)。需治疗例数在71～90岁年龄段增加(P＜0.05);在61～70岁年龄段相对危险度最高,81～90岁年龄段归因危险度最大。结论 阿司匹林在不同年龄段脑梗死患者中二级预防效果存在差异,41～60岁之间应用阿司匹林进行二级预防获益最大,风险最小。     

探讨急性脑血管病患者血栓弹力图指标改变的临床价值

目的分析急性脑血管病患者血栓弹力图(TEG)指标改变的临床价值。方法本次研究200例急性脑血管患者均为本院2018年8月-2019年8月接收,其中急性脑梗死和脑出血患者分别有105例和95例;所选患者均接受TEG检测,并对比正常对照组(n=100)。结果相比于对照组,治疗前,脑梗阻组K值及R值降低明显,而LY30、MA值、CI值、G值提高显著,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);在K值及R值方面,治疗前,脑出血组提高明显,而LY30、MA值、CI值、G值降低显著,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);相比于治疗前,治疗后,脑梗死组患者K值、R值提高显著;而LY30、α角、CI值及G值降低明显,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);相比于治疗前,在K至及R值方面,治疗后降低明显,在LY30、α值、CI值及C值方面,治疗后提高显著,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论TEG在急性脑血管病诊断及监测中具有重要作用,其可以充分反映患者血液凝固性异常状况,为预后评估及药物指导提供数据参考。     

老年脑梗死患者高胰岛素血症的临床研究

目的：探讨高胰岛素血症（ＨＩＳ），胰岛素抵抗（ＩＲ）与老年脑梗死发病的关系。方法：３４例６０岁以上老年脑梗死患者和２０例正常人的葡萄糖耐量试验（ＯＧＴＴ）后血糖，胰岛素及其曲线下面积（ＡＵＣ）和胰岛素／血糖，血脂变化。结果；脑梗死组糖负荷后血糖，胰岛素，胰岛素／血糖，ＡＵＣ以及总胆固醇明显高于对照组，胰岛素敏感性指数及ＨＤＬ－Ｃ明显低于对照组，糖负荷后１小时，２小时胰岛素及其ＡＵＣ与舒张压呈正相关     

Nursing students' beliefs about smoking, their own smoking behaviors, and use of professional tobacco treatment intervention.

As the largest group of health care professionals, nurses are in a unique position to influence their patients who smoke. They also have more contact with patients than any other provider. The purpose of this survey study was to describe nursing students' beliefs about cigarette smoking, their smoking behaviors, and use of evidence-based tobacco treatment intervention. Of 200 surveyed, undergraduate nursing students, only 6% were smokers. The most inaccurate perception about tobacco treatment was that counseling of less than 3 minutes did not have an effect on improving smoking quit rate. Eight percent of surveyed smokers reported providing tobacco use treatment to all patients who smoke compared with 26% of non-smokers. Smoking-related morbidity and mortality warrant consistent use of clinical practice guidelines by nursing students and professional nurses.     

老年人体脂分布类型与脑梗死、胰岛素抵抗相关性的研究

目的　研究老年人体脂分布类型与脑梗死、胰岛素抵抗之间的关系。方法　选取老年脑梗死病人作为研究对象 ,调查体重指数 (BMI)、腰围 /臀围比值 (WHR)、血压、血胆固醇 (TC)、甘油三脂 (TG)、高密度脂蛋白 胆固醇 (HDL C)、血糖 (FBG)、胰岛素 (INS)及胰岛素敏感性指数 (ISI)。结果　外周型超重组脑梗死发生及血压、TG、INS高于非超重组 ,HDL C、ISI低于非超重组 ;而中心型超重组脑梗死发生、血压、INS水平高于外周型超重组 ,HDL C ,ISI低于外周型超重组。结论　老年人体脂分布类型与胰岛素抵抗密切相关 ,是脑梗死的重要危险因素。     

青年急性脑梗死的MRA特点及其临床价值

目的分析青年急性脑梗死的磁共振血管成像(magnetic resonance angiography,MRA)表现特点,探讨其临床价值。材料与方法回顾性对比分析149例青年急性脑梗死及187例中老年急性脑梗死的MRA表现。结果青年脑梗死MRA表现正常率高于中老年组,局限性靶血管异常高于中老年组,动脉硬化性靶血管异常低于中老年组,靶血管阳性患者预后好于中老年组(P0.05)。结论青年脑梗死与中老年脑梗死的MRA表现差异性很大,应及时分析病因及危险因素,采取不同的措施做好治疗及防范。     

脑梗死和脑出血患者凝血和血小板状态的研究

目的　探讨脑梗死 ,脑出血患者凝血及血小板方面的变化情况。方法　脑梗死患者 4 0例 ,脑出血患者30例 ,正常对照组 35例 ,患者在发病后 72小时内抽肘静脉血抗凝。患者和对照组均未接受任何止血、凝血药物。分析脑梗死患者与健康人 ,脑出血患者与健康人 ,脑梗死患者与脑出血患者 ,大面积脑梗死患者与腔隙性脑梗死患者在凝血酶原时间 (PT)、活化部分凝血酶原时间 (APTT)、凝血酶时间 (TT)、纤维蛋白原 (FIB)、血小板计数 (PLT)、血小板平均体积 (MPV) 6项指标上有无统计学意义。结果　急性脑梗死组与健康人比较 ,FIB和MPV均明显高于对照组(P <0 .0 1)。高血压性脑出血组与健康人比较 ,FIB和MPV均明显高于对照组 (P <0 .0 1)。急性脑梗死组与高血压性脑出血组比较 ,PT ,APTT ,TT ,FIB ,PLT ,MPV 6项指标均无统计学意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。大面积脑梗死组与腔隙性脑梗死组比较 ,PT ,APTT ,TT ,FIB ,PLT ,MPV 6项指标均无统计学意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　血浆纤维蛋白原升高和血小板体积增大是脑梗死的重要危险因素 ,也是脑出血的重要危险因素。脑梗死与脑出血有共同的发病基础。较大血管闭塞引起的脑梗死与腔隙性脑梗死在凝血与血小板状态方面无统计学意义。     

吸烟和饮咖啡对局部脑血流量短期影响的动脉自旋标记分析

目的探讨吸烟和饮咖啡对正常成年人局部脑血流量(regional cerebral blood flow,r CBF)产生的短期影响。材料与方法 41名青中年健康志愿者进行吸烟试验,年龄22~55岁,平均年龄(36.6±11.8)岁,并分为吸烟史组(男21名)和无吸烟史组(男20名);19名青年健康志愿者进行咖啡试验,年龄范围22~27岁,平均年龄(24.4±1.4)岁,采用三维动脉自旋标记(three dimensional arterial spin labeling,3D ASL)磁共振灌注技术定量测量41名志愿者吸烟前后以及19名志愿者饮用咖啡前后枕叶、额叶、颞叶灰质和丘脑、基底节区r CBF。结果 (1)41名志愿者吸烟前后的各脑区r CBF差异无统计学意义(P均0.05)。(2)21名吸烟史组的吸烟前r CBF低于20名无吸烟史组,且在双侧枕叶、颞叶、丘脑以及左侧基底节区的r CBF差别较大(P均0.05)。(3)19名志愿者饮用咖啡后,双侧枕叶、额叶、颞叶灰质和丘脑、基底节的r CBF均产生明显降低的急性变化(P均0.05),且下降幅度分别为14.5%、16.5%、11.6%、11.7%、17.6%、15.7%、14.0%、14.3%、14.4%、15.4%,以右侧颞叶变化最为显著。结论基于3D ASL技术检测吸烟和咖啡对局部脑灰质血流量的短期影响,咖啡使r CBF发生降低的急性变化,吸烟对r CBF并未产生短期影响,而长期吸烟能导致r CBF降低。     

Chronological change of serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) concentrations and pulmonary function data after cessation of smoking in subjects with smoking-associated CEA abnormality

We evaluated changes in serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), peripheral neutrophil concentrations, and ratio of the forced expiratory volume in 1 s to the forced vital capacity (FEV1%) values after cessation of smoking in subjects with smoking-associated CEA abnormality (>5.0 ng/ml) (n=119). In all 25 subjects who gave up smoking (ex-smokers), CEA concentrations 1 year after the cessation decreased within the reference range and neutrophil concentrations were lower than those while smoking. However, both concentrations after 3 years were still higher than those who have never smoked (non-smokers) (n=86). Average CEA and neutrophil concentrations in 94 subjects who continued to smoke (smokers) were stable. There was no difference between chronological changes of FEV1% over 3 years in ex-smokers and in smokers. However, FEV1% values for 3 years in ex-smokers were lower than those in non-smokers. These findings suggest that the ex-smokers who gave up smoking 3 years ago are still affected by past smoking.     

脑梗死复发的相关因素分析

目的探讨脑梗死复发的相关因素及二级预防方法.方法回顾性分析了资料完整的261例脑梗死患者,采用Logistic回归模型方法及x2检验方法.结果首次发病年龄、性别、既往短暂性脑缺血发作史、原发性高血压史、糖尿病史、高脂血症、服抗凝药及嗜烟与脑梗死复发相关(P值均小于0.05).年龄＜45岁的脑梗死患者复发高于≥45岁的脑梗死患者(P＜0.005).嗜烟≥10年的脑梗死患者复发高于嗜烟＜10年的脑梗死患者(P＜0.001).服抗凝药组(76例)与未服抗凝药组(45例)复发率比较差异有显著性意义(P＜0.01).服抗凝药≥2年的患者与服抗凝药＜2年的患者复发率比较差异有显著性意义(P＜0.01).结论首次发病年龄、短暂性脑缺血发作史、原发性高血压史、糖尿病史、高脂血症及嗜烟是脑梗死复发的危险因素,年龄＜45岁、嗜烟≥10年的脑梗死患者更易复发.服抗凝药可减少复发率,服药时间≥2年效果更好.对脑梗死患者应控制危险因素,服抗凝药预防复发.     

小量脑出血与脑出血及脑梗死临床比较分析

大脑半球脑出血≤10ml时临床症状较轻，临床表现极似脑梗死，易于误诊。作者回顾分析42例小量脑出血，CT检查前均误诊，其头痛、呕吐、颈抵抗、意识障碍及病理征等相关症状与同期多量脑出血组比较有极显著性差异，而与同期脑梗死组比较无显著差异，故较多误诊为脑梗死。为减少少量脑出血的误诊，作者建议对无颅内高压征的脑卒中患者尽早行头颅CT检查。     

镁剂对脑梗死患者体感诱发电位的影响

背景随着镁离子对缺血性脑损伤治疗的研究进展,人们越来越重视镁对缺血性脑损伤的神经保护作用.镁对缺血性脑血管病的治疗已有报道,但对脑梗死患者诱发电位的研究国内外报道较少.目的通过研究镁剂对脑梗死患者体感诱发电位的影响,证实镁剂的脑保护作用.设计以诊断为依据的病例对照研究.地点和对象选择2000-01/2001-12在聊城市第三人民医院神经内科确诊脑梗死患者60例,分为治疗组30例,男16例,女14例;年龄36～72岁,平均(62±4)岁.病变部位基底核区18例,放射冠区8例,大脑半球4例.对照组30例,男15例,女15例;年龄37～75岁,平均(63±5)岁.病变部位基底核区16例,放射冠区9例,大脑半球5例.方法治疗组均在12 h内应用250 g/L硫酸镁20 mL静滴,1次/d,连用7 d,14 d后进行前后体感诱发电位的比较.对照组除不用硫酸镁外,其余治疗均同治疗组.主要观察指标体感诱发电位反应形式,神经功能缺损评分.结果治疗组体感诱发电位治疗前后变化显著且逐渐好转.治疗组治疗前神经功能缺损评分12.60±5.31,治疗后神经功能缺损评分7.41±4.35,差异有显著意义(t=4.141,P＜0.01);对照组治疗前神经功能缺损评分12.80±7.01,治疗后神经功能缺损评分12.80±5.37,差异有显著意义(t=2.99,P＜0.05).两组治疗前后神经功能缺损评分均明显降低,但治疗组较对照组减少更明显.结论镁剂对脑梗死患者体感诱发电位的好转有显著影响,说明镁剂有明显的脑保护作用.     

中国北方汉族人体MTHFR和CBS基因多态性与脑梗死及脑出血遗传相关性的研究

背景关于MTHFR和CBS基因是否为脑血管病易感基因存在争议.目的研究人体MTHFR和CBS基因多态性与脑梗死及脑出血的遗传相关性.设计病例对照研究.地点和对象中国北方汉族人群中选取54例脑梗死患者(脑梗死组)、27例脑出血患者(脑出血组)及96例健康人(对照组).干预采用限制性内切酶片段长度多态性方法(PCR-RFLP).对人的MTHFR基因C677T多态性位点、CBS基因T27796C进行检测.主要观察指标MTHFR,CBS基因PCR与限制性酶切结果.3组MTH-FR,CBS的基因型及等位基因频率分布.结果MTHFR基因的C677T位点与脑梗死及脑出血均有显著相关,脑梗死组(47.2%)、脑出血组(44.4%)与对照组(60.9%)之间T/C等位基因频率存在差异(x2=5.28,4.69,P＜0.05).TT等位基因型较CC型患脑梗死、脑出血的风险高(OR=2.53;OR=3.0).CBS基因T27796C多态性位点与脑梗死及脑出血无明显相关(P＞0.05).结论MTHFR基因C677T突变位点与脑梗死及脑出血有相关性,MTH-FR基因可能是脑卒中的一个易感基因.CBS基因T27796C多态性位点与脑梗死、脑出血无明显相关.     

急性脑梗死部位及面积与吞咽障碍严重程度的关系

目的：探讨急性脑梗死部位及面积与吞咽障碍严重程度的关系。方法：对181例有吞咽障碍的急性脑梗死患者及6例健康志愿者进行X线电视透视吞咽功能检查（VFSS）。记录异常表现。通过磁共振软件测DWI序列脑梗死的面积及部位;按照VFSS吞咽困难严重程度评分分轻、中、重3组进行比较。结果：急性期脑梗死患者中吞咽障碍发生率为66.3％(120/181),其中单侧半球为67.7%(86/127),脑干为79.1%(34/43),小脑梗死未发现吞咽障碍。脑梗死后吞咽障碍的严重程度与梗死部位、梗死面积关系密切,重度吞咽障碍多见于脑干梗死和大脑大面积梗死患者(P<0.001和0.05);而大脑半球梗死侧别与吞咽障碍的发生率和严重程度无关（P>0.05）。结论：急性脑梗死后吞咽障碍的发生率及严重程度与梗死部位及梗死面积有关,脑干梗死和大脑大面积梗死患者常合并重度吞咽障碍。