微机网络系统在医院制剂生产中应用的体会

近年来，计算机技术已广泛应用于医院各项工作的管理。我院药剂科制剂室自1996年为所属办公室、生产库房、药检室和5个生产车间配备了微机，并开始应用微机于制剂生产管理。国内某些医院也开发了一些制剂生产管理方面的微机软件[1～4]，但多数内容面较窄均非网络化操作。为进一步提高制剂生产科学化管理水平，1997年我们根据我院制剂室生产单元和产品品种较多的实际情况，开发研制了制剂生产微机网络化管理系统（简称“系统”），实现了全室微机联网。“系统”的硬件环境为：1台具有32兆内存、20G硬盘的康柏服务器，8台IBM．PC／AT微机…     

医院制剂登记表格介绍

医院制剂在国内仍然是药剂科业务的爽组成部分。目前医院药剂科大多自行设计制剂登记表格，但其内容不一。现介绍禄劝县医院自行设计的一套制剂登记表格（表1与表2），供同行借鉴。此表格具有以下优点。1内容齐全，便于质量管理；2资料齐全，便于总结提高；3实用性好，记录简便；4检验的原始记录和报告书贴在表格的背面，便于质量跟踪。医院制剂登记表格介绍@焦道忠$昆明市禄劝县医院!禄劝,651500     

论儿童医院制剂的存在与发展前景

探讨广州市儿童医院制剂的存在与发展前景以及面临的困难。结合我国对医院制剂管理的有关法规政策以及本院制剂的现状，并与国内外医院制剂概况相比较。本院药品542种的调查结果：药品规格125mg以下的293种，占本院药品种类规格54．1％(293／542)；药品规格50mg以下的87种，占本院药品砷类规格16．1％(87／542)。本院制剂共有45个规格品砷，占本院用药品种的8．3％(45／542)。因此，儿童医院制剂应该存在，并不断发展与完善。     

医院制剂与上市商品药物的价格比较及其对军队医疗机构药品费用的影响分析

目的：考查军队医疗机构医院制剂的使用情况，评价医院制剂对节约药品经费的作用和意义。方法：提取样本医院2005年7月1日～2006年6月30日期间患者的用药资料，分析比较医院制剂与上市商品药物的价格差异及其对药品经费的影响。结果：医院制剂的价格平均只有相同市售药品的62％，全年为医院节约药品经费614．4万元。除节约经费外，医院制剂还为临床提供了38种市场无法有效供应的药品。结论：合理使用制剂可有效缓解军队医疗机构药品经费投入不足的状况。     

浅析医院自制制剂的质量

自《药品管理法》颁布实验以来，各医院单位制剂室不同程度的改善了工作环境，仪器和设备；完善了规章制度培训人员，制剂有显著提高。但近年来，有些医疗单位出现了重经济效益，轻药品质量的情况，致使医院自制剂质量下降。     

重视普通制剂的使用期限

重视普通制剂的使用期限袁惠英（江苏省无锡市第一人民医院２１４００２）自《药品管理法》和《药品生产质量管理规范》（ＧＭＰ）颁布实施以来，医院制剂实行了《制剂许可证》制度，为医院制剂生产建立了一套规范化的管理制度，制剂质量得到了明显提高。但是，近几年来许...     

浅谈我院制剂室在GPP建设中的几点体会

《医疗机构制剂配制质量管理规范》（Good Preparation Practice，GPP），是国家食品药品监督管理局在《药品生产质量管理规范））GMP）的基础上制定的，可以说是适合医院制剂特点的GMP，是GMP的一种特殊体现。二者指导思想是一致的，即：将人为的差错降到最低限度；尽量防止和减少产品的污染机会；建立高标准的严格的质量管理体系和规章制度。     

紫外分光光度法测定汞溴红溶液的含量

汞溴红溶液的含量测定，《中国药典》及《中国医院制剂规范》未作介绍，其它资料[1~3]均采用剩余碘量法，操作繁锁费时，且回收率低。本文采用紫外分光光度法测定其含量，操作简便，结果准确。现报告如下：1仪器与试药UV－260分光光度计（日本岛津）；751－GW分光光度计（上海分析仪器厂）；汞溴红（安徽省药品检验所提供）；汞溴红溶液（本院配制）。2方法与结果2．1紫外吸收光谱的测定：精密称取汞溴红适量，用煮沸放冷的蒸馏水溶解，配成10μg／ml的溶液，以水作参比，用UV－260分光光度计于200～350nm波长扫描得紫外吸收光谱（见附图…     

我国医院制剂发展的思考

医院制剂从20世纪50年代便在我国医院存在，对开展临床医疗科研、弥补市场药品不足、保障人民健康、培养医院药学人才及开发新药等起过重要的作用。但随着发展，医院制剂面临着严峻的挑战：品种结构上与药厂制剂重复；生产条件、生产环境不能适应GMP要求；设备利用率不高，大批设备处于半停工状态；制剂质量相对较低，包装比较粗糙；制剂人员实行轮岗制，制剂专业知识欠缺；医院制剂管理不善，存在事故隐患。如何发挥医院制剂的优势成为临床药学值得探讨的课题。     

凯时的制剂特点

目的：本文将对凯时进行较系统的总结，以观察靶向制剂的一些特点，方法：本文从以下方面阐述：（1）DDS理念；（2）脂微球系统；（3）凯时的制剂优势；（4）凯时与传统制剂的比较。结果：与传统制剂相比，靶向制剂能改变药物在体内分布，延长药物在体内的作用时间，减少临床不良反应，增强药物在临床的疗效。结论：凯时作为靶向制剂与传统制剂相比有明显优势，也预示着在DDS理念下研究开发新制剂是制药工业的新方向，是为临床提供高效低毒药物的有效途径。     

A guide to drug discovery. Protecting your inventions: the patent system

Whether you work for a multi-national pharmaceutical company, a biotech start-up or a university, a knowledge of the patent system is essential for understanding how best to protect the fruits of your research. The aim of this article is to give an overview of what a patent is, how you might get one and the rights that a patent confers.     

Engaging Patients with Digital Tools: What We Think We Know

Patients who are engaged in their own care have better outcomes and cost the health care system less money. Creating the environment that supports patient engagement has been a recent focus across the United States, and digital tools have been suggested as an important piece of patient engagement. We discuss what we think we know about digital engagement, and present data of what is actually occurring.There’s no shortage of activity within the health information technology (HIT) space. Although our positions within a university afford us the opportunity to pick and choose when and how we will engage in the advancements that are rapidly confronting US hospitals and health systems, we anticipate that many of Hospital Pharmacy’s readers do not have that opportunity. From our e-mail exchanges with you and from talking with you at conferences, it’s clear that many of you face situations in which top-down decisions directly impact what your pharmacy department does as it relates to HIT. We focus this column on bringing you relevant HIT-related information.By the time you are reading this, the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge is likely to have given way to the next social media craze. But we believe that the Ice Bucket Challenge has implications that apply to the challenges and opportunities you face in your hospital setting. If you are not familiar with the Ice Bucket Challenge, take a few moments to search for it in your favorite browser. The challenge shows how social media, specifically social networks like Facebook, can provide a medium for rapid transmission of information; depending on the topic, the outcome of this rapid spread of information can have a significant impact. By the end of August 2014, the ALS Association received nearly $80 million in donations compared to $2.5 million for the same time frame in 2013.The use of Web 2.0 tools like social networks for health-related reasons is called Health 2.0. We have advocated that hospitals and health systems begin using Health 2.0 tools to engage their patients. Patient portals are a type of Health 2.0 tool that many hospitals have implemented to engage their patients. Portals are dynamic, collaborative, allow the access and management of information (by the patient or caregiver), and are largely patient-centric. Are all of your patients using your portal? Most likely they are not. Does that mean that no patients will use your portal? Also, most likely not. What about other Health 2.0 tools and emerging technologies that you are facing in your practice?We can draw on existing data to gain insight into what engagement you can likely expect from your patients. Biesdorf and Niedermann published a list of myths related to the use of Internet-based technologies and other emerging technologies for health-related reasons.¹ Susannah Fox provided her perspective on the myths, including specific data to support her argument that the myths are not true.² We will use these myths and Fox’s data to structure our presentation of data that we believe should be brought into discussion as your institution considers its plan for engaging patients.Myth 1: People don’t want to use digital services for health care. The Pew Internet Project (www.pewinternet.org) provides numerous examples that refute this myth. For example, 87% of American adults use the Internet, 70% of American adults have high-speed access at home, and, most notably, 72% of American adults have looked for health information online. Nearly 50% of adults look online for information for someone else. These “caregivers,” as they are called, are more likely to engage in online health activities like participating in support groups and contacting their providers.Myth 2: Only young people want to use digital services. The “older crowd” can be slower to adopt new digital tools, but this does not apply to all tools. For example, 87% of American adults are online. Among those 50 to 64 years of age, 88% are online. The percentage drops to 57% when we look at those 65 and older. Although there is less online participation in the oldest segment of the population, we are still looking at nearly 6 in 10 adults. Certainly, it’s not just the younger crowd using online tools.Myth 3: Mobile health is the game changer. This myth may seem to contradict previous articles we have written describing the potential value in mobile devices as tools to gather, analyze, and share health-related information, including information that the patient manages. Our rule of thumb with mobile is the same as with any technology – you must know your audience. Eighty percent of people with 2 or more chronic conditions track a health indicator. However, only 4% use an app to do so. We believe that patients’ use of apps is influenced by many factors, including general comfort with the device, concerns over security and privacy, lack of encouragement to use apps by trusted individuals (ie, providers), and a general wait-and-see attitude. We do believe mobile will profoundly change health care, but it is not there yet.Myth 4: Patients want innovative features and apps. For those adults who track health indicators, 49% keep track in their heads, 34% use paper records, and 21% use some form of technology. The message is clear that knowing who you serve and what fits their daily routine (as well as their comfort level) is paramount in designing tools to engage your patients.Myth 5: A comprehensive platform of services is a prerequisite for creating value. As your institution starts to digitally engage patients, it will be easy to identify a wide range of tools for immediate implementation based on the expectation that “if you build it, they will come.” We believe a systematic approach to selection and implementation is best. The process should be guided by direct input from the target users (ie, patients) in terms of what tools they believe they will use. Existing data and reports suggest that patients prefer portal-based communication tools like secure messaging over apps.In discussing the myths above, we have not touched on the pharmacist’s role in these activities. We believe that pharmacy should be involved in any discussions of technologies or tools that touch the medication use process at any time in the patient’s interaction with the health system, whether that is an acute stay, an outpatient experience, or an ambulatory clinic setting. We welcome your questions and comments about the work you have before you or the work you have completed related to engaging patients with digital tools (Brent at ude.nrubua@nerbxof and Bill at ude.nrubua@gbeklef).     

国际药理学联合会(IUPHAR)贺信（英文）

<正>Better Medicines through Global Education and Research October 12,2015Dear Professor Du:On behalf of the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology(IUPHAR)we wish to extend our best wishes and congratulations to you and your colleagues as you celebrate the 30th anni-versary of the founding of the Chinese Pharmacological Society(CNPHARS).Over the past three     

Death by drug overdose: impact on families

Death by overdose is loaded with social/moral stigmas, in addition to strong feelings of anger, helplessness, guilt and shame in the families. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of these feelings on families facing death by overdose. Qualitative methodology was used to study six families with a history of death by overdose of one of their members. The interview was open, and guided by the question "What did you feel with the death of your family member by overdose and what was the impact of this death on your family as a whole?" The families were grouped into two categories: families who knew about the drug use of their family member, and families who were not aware of it. The reports show that secrecy regarding drug use followed by death by overdose arouses feelings of anger, guilt, helplessness, and deprives the family members of information that could allow them to take action. As regards families that were aware of the drug use, there seems to be a "veiled preparation" for a possible death by overdose, bringing about ambivalent situations of grief and relief. The report stresses how disturbing it is to lose a family member by overdose, and points to the need for psychological support for those families.     

Cost-effective and business-beneficial computer validation for bioanalytical laboratories

Computerized system validation is often viewed as a burden and a waste of time to meet regulatory requirements. This article presents a different approach by looking at validation in a bioanalytical laboratory from the business benefits that computer validation can bring. Ask yourself the question, have you ever bought a computerized system that did not meet your initial expectations? This article will look at understanding the process to be automated, the paper to be eliminated and the records to be signed to meet the requirements of the GLP or GCP and Part 11 regulations. This paper will only consider commercial nonconfigurable and configurable software such as plate readers and LC-MS/MS data systems rather than LIMS or custom applications. Two streamlined life cycle models are presented. The first one consists of a single document for validation of nonconfigurable software. The second is for configurable software and is a five-stage model that avoids the need to write functional and design specifications. Both models are aimed at managing the risk each type of software poses whist reducing the amount of documented evidence required for validation.     

静坐训练对身心灵健康的效益

目的通过静坐训练，藉以提升身心健康的效益。方法运用横膈膜的伸缩运动，扩大肺呼吸，增强心肺功能。结果可放松精神压力，将精神与呼吸结合一起，使身心安定，气血通畅，增强抗病御病能力，抗衰防老延年。结论静坐训练能安定精神改善人体整体机能状态，提高生命细胞的活力。为改变体质的重要机转。对慢性疾病会有明显的好转与痊愈。体弱者，转衰为强，转危为安，脏腑安定，精力旺盛，体力充沛。此法训练为现今复杂多元社会，提供一个安定身心，不疗白疗而愈的自我养生康复方法。     

Problèmes posés par les expertises d’événements infectieux devant les juridictions civiles,administratives ou pénales

ObjectiveThe judiciarisation in the medical field currently reaches a top and does not preserve any professional of health. Various juridictions can be seized by the plaintiffs. The majority of cases lead to clear the prosecuted doctor, but during several years he is the object of annoyances which will disturb his professional exercise and its psychological stability.Material and methodsThe experience of the author and the relevant examples will make it possible to the reader to seize the depth of the subject and its legal approach.ResultsDespite the quality of physician's exercise, nevertheless, faults are regularly retained which will be the object of compensation out of civil matter by the insurance companies (they will probably not reinsure you) and the premiums will become exorbitant for the faulty expert. Penal judgments can be marked and are likely to block your professional exercise.DiscussionThe insurance company will provide you a lawyer to be your defendant in association with educated medical experts having expertal experience. Nothing is played in advance and remains function of the impartiality and the quality of the expert. You can always make appeal of one judgement following the expert report if it is not favourable: but it remains to the magistrate to make the decision according to the clearness of the report and its relevance, which will carry or not the conviction of the court for the decision regarding the expertise. The lawyers will put forward their point of view which will be followed or not. To put the finger in the legal gears is extremely unpleasant by duration and unexpected reversals.     

Gamblers seeking online help are active help-seekers: Time to support autonomy and competence

Research investigating rates of help-seeking for problem gambling has traditionally focused on the uptake of face-to-face gambling services alone, despite the World Health Organisation defining help-seeking as any action or activity undertaken to improve or resolve emotional, psychological or behavioural problems. The primary aim of this study is to examine the full range of help-seeking options utilised by gamblers, and to determine whether administering a comprehensive list of help options yields higher help-seeking rates than a single item measure. A one-item and expanded 14-item help-seeking Questionnaire (the Help-Seeking Questionnaire; HSQ) were administered to 277 problem gamblers seeking help online. We found the 14-item HSQ yielded a significantly higher level of lifetime professional help-seeking (70%) compared to the one-item measure (22%). When we included self-directed activities, 93% of gamblers reported they had previously attempted at least one activity to reduce their gambling. Current measurement of help-seeking appears to underestimate the range of activities currently undertaken by gamblers to reduce their gambling. Surveys need to include the one-item HSQ (over the past 12 months have you sought professional help or advice (online, by phone, or in person), support from family or friends, or did something by yourself to limit or reduce your gambling?) or the three-item HSQ which measures engagement of face-to-face services (i.e., counselling, advice, groups), distance-based (i.e., anonymous telephone, online) and self-directed (i.e., activities not involving professional oversight) activities separately. The full 14-item screen can be administered when brief screens are positive to ensure accurate measurement of help-seeking.     

Oral drug absorption studies: the best model for man is man!

The Discussion Forum provides a medium for airing your views on any issues related to the pharmaceutical industry and obtaining feedback and discussion on these views from others in the field. You can discuss issues that get you hot under the collar, practical problems at the bench, recently published literature, or just something bizarre or humorous that you wish to share. Publication of letters in this section is subject to editorial discretion and company-promotional letters will be rejected immediately. Furthermore, the views provided are those of the authors and are not intended to represent the views of the companies they work for. Moreover, these views do not reflect those of Elsevier, Drug Discovery Today or its editorial team. Please submit all letters to Rebecca Lawrence, News & Features Editor, Drug Discovery Today, e-mail: rebeca.lawrence@current-trends.com     

Computational approaches in the post-genomic era - how will we cope?

The Discussion Forum provides a medium for airing your views on any issues related to the pharmaceutical industry and obtaining feedback and discussion on these views from others in the field. You can discuss issues that get you hot under the collar, practical problems at the bench, recently published literature, or just something bizarre or humorous that you wish to share. Publication of letters in this section is subject to editorial discretion and company-promotional letters will be rejected immediately. Furthermore, the views provided are those of the authors and are not intended to represent the views of the companies they work for. Moreover, these views do not reflect those of Elsevier, Drug Discovery Today or its editorial team. Please submit all letters to Rebecca Lawrence, News & Features Editor, Drug Discovery Today, e-mail: Rebecca.Lawrence@current-trends.com