葡萄多种群种间杂种后代抗病性特征研究

本研究以含山葡萄血统的欧山杂种与含有河岸葡萄、美洲葡萄、欧亚种葡萄血统的杂种后代进行杂交获得的多种群杂交群体后代16个典型株系为材料,以‘北玫’‘北红’‘威代尔’‘贵人香’为对照;通过田间自然鉴定法和室内接种鉴定法,鉴定了露地越冬葡萄多种群种间杂种后代对霜霉病和白粉病的抗性。结果表明:杂种优系表现出明显的抗病优势。田间调查发现,有15个优系对霜霉病表现高抗和抗性,12个优系对白粉病表现免疫和高抗。在室内条件下接种霜霉病后,有11个优系为高抗或抗性级别,明显优于对照品种。因此认为,利用含美洲血统的葡萄基因可选育抗病性能强的新优品种,本试验中的优系‘5-1-247’和‘5-1-444’表现抗病性极好,明显优于其他优系。     

欧亚种葡萄品种间杂交一代霜霉病抗性的遗传

通过田间自然鉴定研究了欧亚种葡萄品种间２２个杂交组合１１０９株杂种对霜霉病的抗性及其遗传。结果表明，后代组合群体的抗性呈连续性分布，表现出数量性状遗传的特征。欧洲葡萄品种中存在霜霉病的微效抗基因，品种间杂交后代出现了一定比例的抗性单株。抗性基因的作用表现为加性效益。     

葡萄种间杂种抗霜霉病的遗传

东亚种山葡萄不抗霜霉病,其种内杂交后代亦均为感染型,抗感比0:1,在遗传上似为纯合隐性。山葡萄与欧亚种葡萄杂交,杂种一代(F_1)抗病力因欧亚种亲本中的不同品种而有差异。以F_1中的某些株系与欧亚种回交,后代(F_2)抗病力增强,出现抗病单株较多。以F_2与欧亚种再回交,第三代(F_3)抗病力的分布F_2近似,表现了多对基因控制的遗传特点。用“贝达”葡萄与欧亚种或欧美杂种杂交,后代抗病力强,抗感比为1:0,遗传上表现有显性基因的作用。认为,利用不抗霜霉病的山葡萄与欧亚种葡萄多次回交,可以培育出抗霜霉病的后代。具有高度抗寒力的野生种山葡萄(Vifisamurensis Rupr)是葡萄抗寒育种的重要亲本,多年来,我们在进行葡萄抗寒育种工作中,对山葡萄与栽培种葡萄杂交后代的抗寒力、花器官类型、果粒大小、果皮颜色、香味及含糖量等均已进行研究并作了报导。但山葡萄对霜霉病[Plasmopara viticola(Berk et Curt)Berl et de Toni]的抵抗力弱为其重要缺点。为了研究山葡萄在种间杂交中抗霜霉病这一特性的遗传,我们进行了以下调查研究。     

‘摩尔多瓦’与‘红地球’葡萄杂交后代对霜霉病抗性的遗传分析

以欧美种葡萄‘摩尔多瓦’与欧亚种葡萄‘红地球’杂交组合的160个F1代群体为试材,采用室外自然发病和室内离体叶盘接种两种鉴定方法,研究杂交群体各单株对霜霉病的抗性并分析其遗传特征。结果表明:母本‘摩尔多瓦’的病情指数为0.42,表现高抗霜霉病;父本‘红地球’的病情指数为91.6,表现为高感霜霉病。杂交群体后代的抗病性发生显著分离,表型表现出免疫、高抗、中抗、感病和高感共5个级别。其中,中抗占比最大,免疫占比最小,表现出数量性状遗传的特征。另外,室内离体接种霜霉病抗性与当年田间抗性调查趋势大体一致,但群体后代中各抗性级别所占比例存在差异。本试验中杂交群体后代发现了部分免疫霜霉病单株,为选育出优质抗霜霉病品种奠定了基础。     

不同类型葡萄的根系结构物质特征与抗根瘤蚜的关系

结构抗性是植物抗病虫的物质基础.本文测定了不同类型葡萄的根皮率和根系皮层组织中纤维素、木质素与果胶类物质的含量,并比较了其与根瘤蚜抗性的关系.结果发现,不同类型葡萄的根皮率与其根瘤蚜抗性呈负相关,3种物质的含量与其根瘤蚜抗性呈正相关.不同的葡萄类型中,以栽培品种欧亚种和欧美种的根皮率较高,其次是山欧杂种,砧木品种最低,其中欧亚种和欧美杂交种根皮率分别比砧木的高出17.3%、18.6%;纤维素、木质素、果胶类物质含量均以砧木山欧杂种欧美种、欧亚种;砧木品种根系皮层中,这3种结构物质的含量分别比普通栽培品种(欧亚种和欧美杂交品种)高72.9%、129.3%和39.1%,差异极显著.     

圆叶葡萄抗性种质及利用

世界范围内,主栽品种病虫害抗性差一直是葡萄产业快速健康发展的限制因子。葡萄根瘤蚜的泛滥曾给欧洲葡萄产业造成毁灭性打击,葡萄霜霉病、白粉病等多种病虫害每年给葡萄产业造成巨大损失,而圆叶葡萄[Muscadinia rotundifolia(Michx.)Small]对多种病虫害均表现为高抗甚至免疫,是非常优良的抗性资源。本文概述了多种葡萄病虫害,重点阐述了圆叶葡萄对霜霉病、白粉病、黑痘病、皮尔斯病等主要病害,以及葡萄根瘤蚜、剑形线虫、根结线虫的抗性种质挖掘,并对相关研究方法、抗性育种技术进展以及抗性种质利用等方面进行综述,提出了现阶段圆叶葡萄抗性育种中需要解决的技术难点。希望本文能增进相关人员对圆叶葡萄的了解,促进圆叶葡萄在我国的进一步推广和利用。     

葡萄对白粉病与霜霉病的抗性机制

本文结合作者近7年来对葡萄白粉病与霜霉病的抗性研究,对葡萄植物抗白粉病与霜霉病的机制从组织结构生物化学物质两方面进行了综述与探讨。     

葡萄品种光合特性的研究

在葡萄浆果膨大期,用LI-6400便携式光合作用测定仪测定17个葡萄品种的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr),并进行各指标相关分析.结果表明:不同种的葡萄品种光合作用存在明显差异,欧美杂种的葡萄品种Pn通常高于欧亚种,欧美杂种康拜尔早生Pn最高,欧亚种白毕歌布尔和玫瑰香最低,且与其它品种之间差异显著.Pn与Gs、Tr显著相关,Gs与Ci、Tr显著相关.     

南方欧亚种葡萄病害防治技术

上个世纪90年代中期以来,随着全国红地球葡萄栽培热的兴起,欧亚种葡萄开始在一些南方地区广泛引种试栽,但至今有关栽培成功的报道(除保护地设施栽培外)却甚为少见。南方一些地区欧亚种葡萄栽培的最大困难,就是病害的防治。南方的气候属温湿气候,特别在萌芽期和花后幼果期的梅雨季节,阴雨天气较多,病害难以控制。因此,笔者认为南方欧亚种葡萄栽培管理必须围绕病害防治及增强植株抗性这个重点来进行。1 选择抗性强的欧亚种作栽培品种一般来说,欧亚品种的抗病性较之欧美种弱,但在欧亚品种中,抗病性的强弱也存在着一定的差异。我们在确定栽培品…     

葡萄不同品种和架式对霜霉病感病性的观察

本文选择欧亚种群,欧美杂交种中的九个品种及篱架、棚篱架两种架式,在相同管理条件下,通过霜霉病发病情况(病情指数)的观察,认为:一般情况下,欧美杂种对霜霉病的抗性强于欧亚种;同一品种棚篱架栽植方式发病轻于篱架栽植方式。     

Molecular strategies to enhance the genetic resistance of grapevines to powdery mildew

The Eurasian winegrape Vitis vinifera has little or no genetic resistance to the major fungal pathogens, powdery mildew ( Erysiphe necator ) and downy mildew ( Plasmopora viticola ). These pathogens were first introduced into French vineyards from North America in the 1800s before spreading to all major grape producing regions of the world. As a result, grape production is highly dependent on the use of fungicides. With the increasing financial and environmental costs of chemical application and the emergence of fungicide-resistant strains, the introduction of natural genetic resistance against these fungal pathogens is a high priority for viticultural industries worldwide. We are utilising a number of different molecular approaches to increase our understanding of the basis of resistance to these important major fungal pathogens and to identify potential new sources of genetic resistance. This review will outline the progress and the potential of each of these different molecular strategies to the generation of fungal-resistant grapevine germplasm.     

赤霞珠葡萄感染霜霉病后的果实品质和挥发性成分变化研究

目的 探究霜霉病对酿酒葡萄赤霞珠果实品质和挥发性物质的影响。方法 以健康无病害的赤霞珠葡萄为对照,对感染霜霉病的赤霞珠葡萄进研究,使用气相色谱-离子迁移谱法(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry, GC-IMS)分析鉴定挥发性物质,并对赤霞珠果实品质进行分析。结果 在果实品质方面,染病组的百粒重、粒径大小和可溶性固形物含量无显著改变(P>0.05),可滴定酸、总黄酮含量在染病组中极显著增多(P<0.01) ,分别增加150.26%和25.44%,单宁、维生素C含量分别极显著(P<0.01)降低40.92% 和68.38%。共鉴定出61种挥发性物质,同时指纹图谱分析结果表明,感染霜霉病后挥发性物质乙酸、乙酸己酯、2-戊酮、反-2-辛烯醛、二甲基硫醚 、异丁醛和1-己醇含量增多,采用正交偏最小二乘判别分析筛选出7类特征标志物。结论 霜霉病对赤霞珠葡萄的果实品质以及挥发性香气成分产生了影响,本研究为赤霞珠葡萄的质量控制及病害鉴别的研究提供了参考。     

Integration of strobilurins and other fungicides for the control of powdery mildew on grapes

The strobilurin fungicides Amistar (azoxystrobin) and Flint (trifloxystrobin) were evaluated in 1999/00 and 2000/01 in programs that included various combinations with Thiovit (sulfur) and Topas (penconazole) for the control of powdery mildew on grapes. In most experiments the application of 6 sprays per season that included Thiovit (3 g/L) followed by various combinations of Topas (0.125 mL/L), Amistar (0.5 g/L), Flint (0.15 g/L) and Thiovit (2 g/L) controlled powdery mildew. Although strobilurins were applied from flowering to after fruit set, the order in which various fungicides were applied had little influence on the level of powdery mildew control. In experiments where the bunch or leaf area diseased was 60% or higher in unsprayed plots, the severity was less than 5% where combinations of Thiovit and Topas with either Amistar or Flint were applied. In one experiment, 3 applications of either Legend (quinoxyfen) or Prosper (spiroxamine) following 2 applications of Thiovit also provided excellent control of powdery mildew. In programs where the application of Amistar and Flint were directly compared, Flint was the most effective fungicide for controlling powdery mildew. In the experiments where downy mildew also developed, Amistar was more effective than Flint in controlling this disease.     

防霉剂在储粮中的应用研究进展

粮食在储藏期间因霉变而导致的损失一直备受关注,减少粮食储存损失是确保国家粮食安全极为重要的环节。防霉剂的开发与利用是解决粮食霉变的一个有效途径。对粮食霉变的原因,防霉剂的分类及其在储粮中的应用效果评价方法等方面进行了概述,并就生物源防霉剂在目前储粮中的应用存在的问题,提出了建议。     

羊毛脂加脂剂防霉抗菌效果

在对几种发霉羊毛脂加脂剂的霉菌进行分离、培养和鉴别的基础上 ,选用不同的防霉剂进行羊毛脂加脂剂的系列防霉试验 ,结果表明 :选择适宜的防霉剂对羊毛脂加脂剂进行防霉处理 ,可以达到加脂剂的防霉要求。     

曲霉菌株的保藏与复壮

对在发酵制曲生产中曲霉试管菌株的作用及效能作了客观分析,并对妥善保藏试管菌株,及对退化菌种进行分离复壮等保持试管菌株优良性能的方法作了详细叙述和介绍。     

储烟霉变机理与防霉技术研究进展

从烟叶霉变的病原学、发病规律、霉变检测和防霉技术等方面,综述了国内外在储烟防霉学领域取得的进展,对今后储烟防霉的研究进行了展望。     

Susceptibility of 44 grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) varieties to downy mildew in the field

Background and Aims: Downy mildew, which occurs worldwide, is one of the most destructive of all grapevine diseases. Several authors have examined the host–pathogen interaction in different Vitis species, crosses and hybrids, but only a few studies comparing this in true V. vinifera varieties have been undertaken. The aim of the present study was to examine the in‐field susceptibility to infection by Plasmopara viticola, the causal agent of downy mildew, of 44 grapevine varieties, all belonging to the collection of the Misión Biológica de Galicia. Methods and Results: Over a period of 2 years, the incidence and severity of downy mildew on the leaves and clusters of all 44 varieties was determined using a visual scale. Some of those examined showed high susceptibility (Chenin Blanc, Albariño and Prieto Picudo), others showed low susceptibility (Silveiriña, Caiño Bravo, Follajeiro and Brancellao Blanco), and still others showed intermediate susceptibility. Some varieties showed high disease incidence but low disease severity and vice versa. No significant correlation was detected between disease incidence and severity in either leaves or clusters, nor indeed between leaves and clusters. Neither berry colour, cluster compactness nor any other studied variable bore any clear relationship with susceptibility. Conclusion: The different grapevine varieties examined showed great variation in terms of their susceptibility to downy mildew. The susceptibility of most varieties was the same in both study years. Significance of the Study: The results of this work could help provide new material that might be of use in grapevine genetic improvement programs, and in the study of resistance to downy mildew. The selection of old varieties from the Iberian northwest may contribute towards the growth of organic viticulture in this area and even other winemaking regions around the world.     

Chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase in grapevine leaves: a possible defence against powdery mildew infection

Leaves were collected from 21 different grapevine ( Vitis ssp.) genotypes with varying resistance to powdery mildew disease caused by Uncinula necator . For leaves collected from field-grown vines in spring there was a correlation between resistance rating and activity of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase. The correlation was greater with the sum of the two enzyme activities. In contrast, no correlation was obtained for leaves collected during summer. With leaves from glasshouse grown vines, wounding or infection with powdery mildew increased both chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase activity. Light microscope examination of detached leaves inoculated with U. necator conidia showed that germination appeared to occur at the same rate on leaves of a susceptible (Sultana) and a resistant (Seyval) genotype. Subsequent development of mycelia was severely restricted on the resistant genotype but it was prolific on the sensitive genotype. A bioassay was developed based on germination and extension of the germ tube of U. necator conidia on agar plates. Agar preparations containing desalted crude extracts of grapevine leaves inhibited growth and caused the tips of the hyphae to rupture. The effect was not observed with boiled extracts and was greater with extracts from resistant genotypes. Chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase were purified 760-fold and 46-fold respectively from leaves of Seyval grapevines. The purified enzyme preparations inhibited germ tube growth, with the effect being more prominent in the presence of both enzymes. The results demonstrate that these two enzymes have antifungal activity against U. necator , and are consistent with these pathogenesis-related proteins having a role in defence of grapevines against powdery mildew.