Cryopreservation of sperm of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L.

Milt of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. was cryopreserved in pellet form with the use of 12 extenders. Most efficient were: BE2 original extender (containing 85 mM NaCl, 50 mM KCl, 3 mm CaCl₂, 1 mm MgCl₂ with 10% dimethyl-acetamide (DMA) and 10% addition of hen's egg yolk) and Kurokura et al.'s extender with 15% DMA and 10% yolk (about 73% and 69% of eyed eggs, about 61% and 52% of swim-up larvae, respectively). Within the most effective treatments, survival from the eyed-egg stage to the swim-up stage was similar to that observed in the control group. Survival from the eyed-egg stage to the swim-up stage (percentage of eyed eggs was considered as 100%) was highly significantly and positively correlated with the actual rate of swim-up larvae.     

The developmental cycle of epitheliocystis in carp, Cyprinus carpio L.

Abstract. Epitheliocystis infections in the gills of carp from Israel and Portugal occurred in lining epithelial cells as well as mucus and chloride cells. Ultrastructural studies of infected cells revealed several morphological forms of epitheliocystis showing the existence of a pleomorphic developmental cycle. The following stages were observed: chlamydia-like round cells (RC), non-dividing round cells (NRC) and bullet-shaped small cells (SC). All these were identical in shape to RC and SC described from epitheliocystis of other fish, The rickettsia-like cells (PLC and ILC) which occur in epitheliocystis from other fish species and produce the SC were absent in carp epitheliocystis and instead the RC were seen transforming into SC. Transformation to SC, however, occurred at any stage of the developmental process, even before the replication potential of the RC was exhausted, i.e. before reaching the NRC stage.     

A calcified fibroma in the common carp, Cyprinus carpio L.

Abstract. A large tegumental tumour was observed in a common carp from the pool of the Jardin des Plantes, Montpellier. The tumour was a fibroma characterized by centripetal fibrogenesis and intense calcification of the central region.     

Artificial spawning of carp, Cyprinus carpio (L.)

The effect of reproduction was investigated on females of Hungarian strain W, French strain F, and their cross‐breed 1X whose ovulation was stimulated with carp pituitary (0.3 mg kg^?1and, after 12 h, 2.7 mg kg^?1) or Ovopel (one‐fifth of a pellet per kg and, after 12 h, one pellet per kg). It was found that in the case of Ovopel treatment, the percentage of spawning females of strain F and the cross‐breed 1X was higher than in the hypophysed fish compared. The applied ovulation stimulators did not significantly affect the weight of obtained eggs, whereas the significant (P ≤ 0.01) effect was recorded with respect to the quality of eggs after 12‐, 24‐, 36‐ and 48‐h of incubation. After Ovopel stimulation, the quality of eggs was better. The origin of the females had no statistically significant effect on the weight of eggs although the yield of eggs from fish of strain W was much smaller than that from females of strain F and the 1X cross‐breed. The interaction between the ovulation stimulator and the provenance of the females was significant (P ≤ 0.05) for the percentage of live embryos after 48‐h of incubation of eggs. Eggs of the best quality (and highest weight) were obtained from fish of strain F and cross‐breed 1X treated with Ovopel. In females of strain F that spawned within 6 and 10 h after the second Ovopel injection, the effect of the ovulation time on the weight of eggs was non‐significant. It was significant with respect to the percentage of egg fertilization and of live embryos after 36‐h of incubation (P ≤ 0.01 and P ≤ 0.05 respectively). The better quality of eggs (and their higher weight) was recorded when this time was shorter.     

Apparent digestibility coefficient of protein sources for carp, Cyprinus carpio L.

The digestibility of various diet components as protein sources for common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., at 500–800 g was studied by using an inert marker in the feed and collecting the faeces by stripping. Protein in fish meal (83.8%) and soybean meal (69.8%) were significantly more digestible than that of poultry meal (47.2%). Energy digestibility tests gave the following results: fish meal 93.4%, soybean meal 74.7% and poultry meal 63.9%. It was evident that the ability of carp to digest proteins is very high, and that they can utilize proteins as the main component of their diet.     

Cell-mediated protection in carp, Cyprinus carpio L., against Aeromonas hydrophila

Abstract. The mechanism of protection against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in carp was studied. Recipient fish, into which pronephric cells from carp previously immunized by dipping in bacterial crude lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at 25°C for 2h were transferred, demonstrated almost the same level of protective ability as an immunized control group. The protective ability was transmitted by non-adherent (to nylon fibre) immune pronephric cells. These non-adherent cells were damaged by anti-carp thymocyte serum and were, thus, considered to be T-like cells. The protective ability was depressed in immunized carp treated with anti-carp thymocyte serum in vivo and was also remarkably reduced in immunized carp whose macrophage function was impaired by Dextran sulphate-500 treatment. These results indicate that the protection shown by carp immunized by dipping in crude LPS is dependent on cellular immunity regulated by a T-like cell-macrophage system.     

Urine properties in carp, Cyprinus carpio L., with sekoke disease

Abstract. Changes in the properties of urine and blood of carp with sekoke disease were studied. With the progress of this disease, the parameters of blood and particularly urine changed significantly. After 120 days, urine flow, osmolarity and concentrations of inorganic ions (K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl⁻) and organic compounds (ammonium, creatine and creatinine, protein, glucose) in the experimental group showed higher values than those of the controls. Even after 60 days, when clinical signs of sekoke disease were not evident, abnormally high concentrations of ammonium, protein and glucose in the urine were found in the experimental group.     

氧化鱼油对鲤抗应激能力的影响

在半纯化饲料中分别加入３％新鲜鱼油（ＰＯＶ１．２８ｍｅｑ／ｋｇ）和ＰＯＶ分别为５９．２８、１１８．７９和１８９．３７ｍｅｑ／ｋｇ的氧化鱼油,投喂体重１００ｇ左右２龄鱼种,１５周后进行抗应激试验,结果：氧化鱼油可导致鲁白细胞吞噬活性增强（Ｐ〈０．０５）,说明鲁非特异性的细胞免疫应答水平提高,处于应激状态,病原应激和运输应激实验结果证实,长期处于应激状态的鲤,其抗应激能力减弱。     

Magnesium status in freshwater fish,common carp (Cyprinus carpio,L.) and the dietary protein-magnesium interaction

Common carp juveniles were fed for 9 weeks one of the eight semipurified diets containing graded levels of magnesium, 0.08, 0.6, 1.1, 3, 2 g Mg kg^–1 and 25 or 44% protein.Fish growth and feed utilization were significantly affected by both Mg and protein levels in the diets. Significant interaction between these two studied variables existed in relation to the fish performance as well as to mean deposition rate of several minerals in common carp body. The fish fed diets containing 0.08 g Mg kg^–1 had reduced growth and developed deficiency signs such as muscle flaccidity and skin hemorrhages.Results indicated that a minimum Mg level of 0.6 g Mg kg^–1 was required to elevate plasma and bone magnesium content and to reduce the whole body Ca concentration (hypercalcinosis symptom). Further increase of dietary Mg up to 3.2 g Mg kg^–1 improved growth rate of fish insignificantly, but the deposition rate of dietary Mg fell to as low as 7.4 and 10.7 percent in low- and high-protein diet fed fish, respectively. In Mg-deficient fish, considerable amount of magnesium was absorbed via extra-oral routes, however, this way of the covering magnesium need becomes insufficient in fast growing fish.     

Polysaccharide-induced protection of carp, Cyprinus carpio L., against bacterial infection

Abstract. The efficacy of 10 polysaccharides (curdlan, inulin, krestin, laminaran, lentinan, levan, schizophylian, selerogiucan, yeast glucan and zymosan) to enhance protection of carp, Cyprinus carpio L., against bacterial infection was investigated. Carp were intraperitoneally injected with the polysaceharides (2–l0 mgkg^-1) on days 1 and 4, and challenged with Edwardsiella tarda on day 7. Among the polysaccharides tested, lentinan, schizophyllan and scleroglucan, which are l,6-branchcd-β-l,3-glucans, significantly increased the survival rate. They also induced a protective effect against Aeromonas hydrophila at a dose of 5 mg kg^-1. The ability of the polysaccharides to activate the alternative complement pathway (ACP) was examined by incubating the polysaccharides with carp serum and measuring the residual ACP activity. At a final concentration of 0.l mgml^-1, l,6-branched-β-1,3-glucans greatly reduced (76–77%) the ACP activity. Therefore, it is suggested that the protective effect of the l,6-branched-β-1,3-glucans may be associated with the activation of ACP.     

Responses of fingerling carp, Cyprinus carpio L., to dietary lysine

Abstract. The lysine requirements of fingerling carp, Cyprinus carpio L., for optimum growth and efficiency of food utilization were determined in two experiments by the addition of graded supplements of lysine to a basal diet deficient in this amino acid.
The lysine requirement was estimated to be around 14.5 g/kg dry matter at an ambient temperature of 20°C. At 25°C continuing growth responses occurred up to a dietary lysine concentration of 22.4 g/kg DM. However, when these responses are considered in relation to daily lysine intake, the gross efficiency of utilization of dietary lysine for growth appeared to be unaffected by environmental temperature.
Dietary lysine concentrations exerted no consistent effect upon carcass composition of carp. However, fat deposition tended to increase as food intakes increased in response to lysine additions or to elevated ambient temperature.     

微卫星分子标记辅助镜鲤家系构建

用微卫星标记辅助进行镜鲤(Cyprinus carpio L.)家系的建立及选育,通过对亲本遗传结构及遗传差异的分析,预测产生优良家系的最佳配组。用28个微卫星分子标记评估松浦镜鲤亲本群体的遗传潜力,结果显示,群体的多态信息含量(PIC)达到0.5627,处于高度的遗传多样性水平,具备进一步繁育筛选优良群体的潜质。用x2检验和遗传偏离指数(d)估计Hardy-Weinberg平衡,结果表明群体处于平衡状态,但在16个位点表现出杂合子缺失,这可能跟长期的人工选择有关。依据个体间的遗传距离,连续2年共建立1对1亲本的繁育家系70个,用网箱分别养殖,2月龄家系体长均值为7.24～10.60cm,体质量均值为14.02～40.63g,方差分析显示家系间体长、体质量差异均极显著;对其中4个家系1龄鱼种生长情况及遗传结构分析也表明家系间的遗传分化较大,近交系数(Fst)达到0.1537,家系的多态信息含量在0.3056～0.4077之间,保持中度多态水平。由子代家系的生长和遗传结构两方面的实验结果证实了微卫星在辅助家系建立尤其是亲本选配方面具有较好的预测性,所获得的家系差异较大,具备进一步选育优良家系的潜力,从而证实了用此方法对现有镜鲤种质进行遗传改良是可行的。     

Additive, dominance genetic effects for growth-related traits in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L.

Additive, dominance genetic effects were analysed for body weight (BW) and seven morphometric traits from three variants of red common carp, Cyprinus carpio var. singuonensis, C. carpio var. wuyuanensis and C. carpio var. color, based on a diallel cross‐mating design by using the additive–dominance genetic model. The results indicated that at 8 months of age (juvenile stage), the traits of pre‐dorsal height (PDH), pre‐dorsal width (PDW) and caudal peduncle height (CPH) were mainly controlled by additive effects; the traits of BW, total length (TL), standard length (SL), head length (HL) and caudal peduncle length (CPL) were mainly controlled by dominance effects. The narrow‐sense heritabilities of all traits ranged from 0.000 to 0.556; however, the broad‐sense heritabilities ranged from 0.453 to 0.775. At 20 months of age (adult stage), the traits of TL, SL, PDH and CPL were mainly controlled by additive effects, whereas the traits of BW, PDW, HL and CPH were mainly controlled by dominance effects. The narrow‐sense heritabilities of all traits ranged from 0.000 to 0.710; the broad‐sense heritabilities ranged from 0.629 to 0.934. Through the genetic merit prediction from three parents, it was found that the additive and dominance effects of C. carpio var. color could increase the BW and body length in their progeny, but these two genetic effects of C. carpio var. singuonensis and C. carpio var. wuyuanensis could decrease BW in their progeny. The genetic effects of C. carpio var. wuyuanensis could reduce total length, SL and caudal peduncle length, but increase body height in their progeny.