不同冷藏温度条件下金枪鱼保鲜效果的分析比较

为探究不同温度下金枪鱼的保鲜效果,实验设置了-4℃微冻贮藏、-2℃冰温贮藏和4℃冷藏三组实验,以p H、K值、组胺、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、高铁肌红蛋白百分含量以及微生物等理化指标的变化为依据测定了金枪鱼在不同贮藏温度下的品质变化,结果表明:随着贮藏时间的延长,不同温度下金枪鱼的K值、组胺、TVB-N和高铁肌红蛋白含量以及菌落总数均出现不同程度的上升,且温度越高上升速率越快,微冻组和冰温组其TVB-N值到60 h时分别为10.83 mg/100 g和12.77 mg/100 g15 mg/100 g(一级鲜肉指标值),而4℃冷藏组在56 h时TVB-N值达到17.12 mg/100 g超过一级鲜度肉指标,且冷藏组组胺变化明显而微冻组和冰温组在整个贮藏过程中组胺变化平稳。综合各项理化及感官指标可知金枪鱼在微冻和冰温条件下保鲜效果明显优于冷藏。     

金枪鱼在不同浓度CaCl_2载冷剂冻结下的渗盐量及品质变化研究

盐水冻结金枪鱼的品质受盐水温度和质量浓度的影响,提高冻结速度和降低冻结中的渗盐量是提高盐水冻结金枪鱼肉品质的关键。为研究不同浓度Ca Cl2载冷剂冻结对金枪鱼渗盐量、感官指标和理化指标(解冻汁液流失率、质构、TBA值、高铁肌红蛋白含量等)的影响,以-25℃空气冻结作对照,将新鲜金枪鱼块分别在-25、-30、-35、-40℃的Ca Cl2盐水冻结至中心温度-18℃后进行品质测定。结果表明:冻结至-18℃时,金枪鱼-40℃的Ca Cl2盐水冻结时间较-25℃Ca Cl2盐水减少5680s;-40℃Ca Cl2盐水冻结后鱼块的各品质指标较-25、-30、-35℃均好,其感官值、咀嚼性、TBA值分别为9.48、237.48和0.58mg/100g。与低浓度Ca Cl2盐水长时间冻结相比,高浓度的Ca Cl2盐水提高了金枪鱼的冻结速率,降低了渗盐量;Ca Cl2盐水温度越低,越利于维持鱼肉的口感和理化品质。     

不同冻结方式对大鲵肉品质的影响

研究了不同冻结方式对大鲵肉贮藏期间品质的影响,采用液氮速冻(-60℃)和鼓风空气冻结(-25℃)法冻结大鲵肉,测定冻藏期间大鲵肉色差值、持水性、pH值、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA),结合其质构特性(硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、内聚性)和感官评定,比较2种冻结方式对大鲵肉品质的影响。结果表明:2种冻结方式的pH值均呈现先下降后上升的趋势,液氮速冻样品解冻失水率、TVB-N值、TBA值均低于鼓风空气冻结组,质构特性和色泽明显优于鼓风空气冻结组。但液氮组的蒸煮损失率略高于鼓风空气冻结组,贮藏至60 d时肉品表面有轻微龟裂现象。大鲵肉贮藏过程中,液氮速冻能更好地保持大鲵肉品质,延长产品货架期。     

冻贮温度对生食金枪鱼品质变化的影响

研究普通冻贮条件下金枪鱼品质变化规律。以大目、黑鳍和红鳍3种金枪鱼前腹肉为研究对象,以高铁肌红蛋白含量、硫代巴比妥酸反应活性物质(thiobarbituric acid reaction substances,TBARs)值、鲜度指标K值、pH值为检测指标,研究其在-18、-30℃条件下金枪鱼品质随时间的变化规律。结果表明:随着贮藏时间的延长,3种金枪鱼的pH值、鲜度指标尺值、TBARs值及高铁肌红蛋白含量等指标均呈现上升趋势,且-18℃条件下贮藏的金枪鱼各项指标的变化速率明显高于-30℃条件下贮藏的金枪鱼;相较于TBARs和K值,高铁肌红蛋白含量更能反映金枪鱼生食产品的食用品质;-18℃冻贮金枪鱼14 d时高铁肌红蛋白含量已超过30%,金枪鱼颜色由红色向红褐色转变.感官品质明显劣化,而-30℃冻贮条件下则可达28 d。     

不同包装方式对金枪鱼保鲜效果的分析比较

为改善金枪鱼在常规冷藏中颜色褐变快,汁液流失严重,货架期短等情况,实验以空气包装为对照组,采用真空包装,气调包装(60%CO2+10%O2+30%N2),生物抗氧化剂(姜精油)结合气调包装(60%CO2+10%O2+30%N2)对金枪鱼在(0±1)℃冷藏条件下进行保鲜实验,通过对金枪鱼感官、色差、汁液流失率、高铁肌红蛋白百分含量、K值、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)菌落总数和硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA)的测定,发现生物抗氧化剂结合气调包装能较好地保持金枪鱼品质,冷藏至8 d时,金枪鱼的菌落总数为3.74 log CFU/g,TVB-N值为21.3 mg/100 g,仍在金枪鱼生食标准范围内,与其他组相比,尤其是能有效的延缓金枪鱼颜色变化和减少汁液流失,并明显延长架期。     

蓝鳍金枪鱼脂肪氧化和鱼肉色泽的变化研究

结合脂肪氧化和鱼肉色泽指标,观察蓝鳍金枪鱼赤身肉、中腹肉和大腹肉在低温冻藏条件(-18℃)下的变化情况,并对各指标进行相关性分析。结果显示:随着冻藏时间的延长,3个部位肌肉的TBA值和metMb%(高铁肌红蛋白含量)增加;a*值、总色素含量和感官评定值都呈下降趋势;大腹肉变色最快,中腹肉次之,赤身肉最不明显;metMb%与a*值呈极显著负相关(R=-0.943,P0.01),与TBA值呈极显著正相关(R=0.914,P0.01)。分析认为蓝鳍金枪鱼各部位肌肉虽都有褐变的趋势,但速率不同,脂肪含量越高的部位褐变越快;若要保证金枪鱼鱼肉的色泽,必须采取措施防止脂肪氧化和高铁肌红蛋白的产生。     

不同冻结方式对沙光鱼品质的影响

为了提高沙光鱼冻藏期间的品质,采用静止空气冻结、送风冻结、液氮速冻处理新鲜沙光鱼,研究不同冻结方式对沙光鱼品质的影响。以蒸煮损失率、挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）、硫代巴比妥酸值（TBA）、K值、盐溶性蛋白含量、Ca2+-ATP酶活性为理化指标并结合冰晶观察和感官评价,考察沙光鱼冻藏过程的品质变化。结果表明:静止空气冻结、送风冻结和液氮速冻通过最大冰晶生成带的时间分别为315、95、8.5 min,液氮速冻耗时最短（P<0.05）。与其它两种冻结方式相比,液氮速冻的机械损伤较小形成的冰晶细小且分布均匀。在冻藏过程中蒸煮损失率、TVB-N值、TBA值、K值均呈上升趋势,液氮速冻上升速率显著低于静止空气冻结和送风冻结。盐溶性蛋白含量、Ca2+-ATP酶活性、感官评分均呈下降趋势,静止空气冻结下降最快,液氮速冻下降最慢。冻藏180 d时,液氮速冻沙光鱼的TVB-N值为13.15 mg/100 g、K值为19.78％,达到一级鲜度的标准,送风冻结为二级鲜度,静止空气冻结已不宜食用。液氮速冻能更好地抑制蛋白质冷冻变性、脂肪氧化和微生物的作用,较好地维持沙光鱼的鲜度。因此,液氮速冻优于送风冻结和静止空气冻结,保鲜效果最佳,能更好地保持沙光鱼的品质。     

不同冻结方式对红虾肌肉品质的影响

为寻找更好的冷冻方法,提高红虾品质,采用液氮喷淋冻结、平板冻结两种方式处理新鲜红虾样品。结合贮藏期间红虾的理化指标(TVB-N、TBA、Ca2+-ATPase活性、持水性和盐溶性蛋白含量)、感官品质和电镜扫描图,研究不同冻结方式对红虾品质的影响。结果表明:随着贮藏时间的延长,两种方式处理红虾的TVB-N、TBA值逐渐增大,但液氮冻结增加较慢。贮藏至176 d时,液氮冻结和平板冻结组虾肉的TVB-N值分别为20.50 mg/100 g和27.30 mg/100 g,TBA值则分别为0.74 mg/100 g和0.97 mg/100g,说明液氮能有效抑制TVB-N、TBA值的增加;且红虾的Ca2+-ATPase活性、持水性、盐溶性蛋白含量、感官品质评价均呈现下降的趋势,液氮处理的红虾下降最慢;观察电镜扫描图发现,液氮冻结对红虾的肌肉纤维损伤小。综上,液氮冻结对虾肉冻藏品质维持的效果较好。     

生食金枪鱼肉冷藏过程色泽变化

对解冻生食黄鳍金枪鱼肉0、2、4、6、8℃冷藏过程中色泽变化进行研究,用高铁肌红蛋白相对含量、色差等指标评价品质,获得生食金枪鱼肉冷藏色泽变化规律。结果表明:0、2、4、6、8℃冷藏过程中高铁肌红蛋白相对含量达到50%的时间分别为40、48、24、20、18h,同时与感官评定显著相关(p<0.01)。色泽变化配对T检验分析表明a*(红度值)和ΔE(色差值)与冷藏温度和时间有较高关联度,温度越高,色差值变化越大,6、8℃冷藏色差值变化显著,但0℃色差值变化却大于2℃。同时建立了高铁肌红蛋白含量随时间变化规律的动力学模型,模型符合一级动力学反应方程。冷藏温度对反应速率常数的影响用Arrhenius方程描述,有较高的拟合精度。     

不同冻结方式对带鱼品质影响的研究

为了提高贮藏期带鱼的品质,本文采用液氮冻结、平板冻结、冰柜直接冻结处理鲜带鱼,以贮藏期间的理化指标、感官品质和扫描电镜为指标,研究不同冻结方式对带鱼品质的影响。结果表明:三种冻结方式处理的带鱼TVB-N、TBA值均随时间的增加而增加,液氮冻结处理的带鱼TVB-N、TBA值的增加最慢,至贮藏70 d时,三种冻结方式处理的带鱼TVB-N分别达到0.12 mg/g、0.18mg/g、0.20 mg/g,说明液氮冻结能够有效的延缓TVB-N、TBA值的增加;三种冻结方式处理下的带鱼的盐溶性蛋白、持水性、感官品质、白度值均呈现下降的趋势;Ca2+-ATPase酶活和总巯基含量呈现先增加后降低趋势,其中冰柜直接冻结方式处理组下降速度最快,液氮冻结方式处理下降最慢,说明液氮冻结能够更好的抑制蛋白质的冷冻变性,保持带鱼的良好的品质;微观扫描电镜观察发现液氮冻结对带鱼肌肉纤维的损伤最小。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.