Living on the edge: welfare and the urban poor in 1930s Beijing

This article examines poverty and welfare provision in early twentieth-century Beijing as dialogue and transaction between the city government and the urban poor. Earlier studies of the Chinese urban have tended to emphasize the material aspects of urban development, and the efforts of planners and city governments to modernize China’s cities, rather than the human experience of the city. This article draws on the extensive archives of the Beijing Municipal Government Social Affairs Bureau to extend our understanding of the experience of poverty and the agency of the poor. The archive confirms that Beijing’s growing and increasingly formalized welfare institutions were designed to discipline the poor as they alleviated poverty. However, the correspondence between applicants for welfare and the Social Affairs Bureau also reveals that the poor often approached these institutions instrumentally and assertively. Recourse to the welfare institute became a livelihood tactic, a claim on the authorities in pursuit of which certain sub-groups within the poor mobilized intangible assets, from social networks to understanding of the intended terms of the system, to sway the terms of their engagement with the authorities in their own favour.     

正确认识当代资本主义的新变化

当代资本主义的新变化主要表现为资本占有、经济运行、阶级关系、分配形式四个方面.引起这些变化的原因是资本主义生产关系尚有对生产力的适应力;工人阶级的不懈斗争改变了资本主义进程;社会主义的成就对资本主义产生了深刻的影响.但是,资本主义的本质没有改变,资本主义基本矛盾没有消除,社会主义代替资本主义的总趋势没有改变.资本主义的新变化借鉴了社会主义的成就,增添了社会主义的因素,这是社会主义必然性的预示.     

新时期中国工人阶级先进性的主要表现

中国工人阶级是近代机器大工业的产物,是中国最进步的阶级。随着社会的不断发展,工人阶级的先进性也在发展,主要是:在经济建设中成为推动中国先进生产力发展的主力军;在社会改革中成为勇于创新的开拓者;在精神文明建设中成为树新风的先导者;在民主政治建设中成为积极的探索者。     

思想政治理论课教师教书育人满意度调查及应对路径探析

思想政治理论课教师是思想政治理论课组织实施的中坚力量。文章在问卷调查的基础上,分析高职大学生对思想政治理论课教师教书育人的评价,提出提高教书育人满意度的路径。     

世界工厂的“中国特色”：新时期工人状况的社会学鸟瞰

面对新时代的劳工问题,特别是“新生代农民工”问题,经典理论遭遇“中国特色”的诸多挑战。本文从社会结构性视角探讨权力、资本和劳工的关系与互动,讨论在中国特定的制度背景与转型过程中,工人阶级的形成与公民社会的生成有着怎样的关系。研究认为,对工人而言,公民的基本权利就体现为各项劳动权利的实现和保障、劳工的组织化权利的落实;公民权利是工人阶级形成的前提条件,劳工阶级的出路在于形成自主的社会力量。工人的公民化过程,劳工权利亦即公民权利的获得与保护是解决劳资矛盾和转型正义的根本途径。就劳工问题而言,以能动社会的建设为先导,同时推进公民社会的建设,也许更为可行。     

19世纪末20世纪初中国商人阶层的崛起

在漫长的中国封建社会中,商业被"贬之日末务",商人也位于"四民"之末,士农工商的地位归序似乎成了中国封建社会亘古不变的模式.然而到了19世纪末20世纪初,随着民族危机日益加深,"商战"呼之欲出,商人团体相继成立,商会诞生,商人政治意识提高并且对政治广泛参与,使商人的社会地位发生了根本性的变化.商人阶层坚持不懈地努力终于迎来了清政府自上而下的重商措施的出台.清延设立商部以指导商人组织,制定商律以规范商人行动,颁行一系列工商的法规以奖商恤商,一系列新经济政策的实施使社会舆论开始从抑商转为誉商,商人在社会上广受赞扬,官员也开始纷纷投资经商.所有这些,促进了中国新的绅商阶层的形成,并进而带动了整个商人阶层随之崛起.     

Psychiatric nursing in the Netherlands and Great Britain: class,status and gender in the making of a profession

ABSTRACT

In most Western countries psychiatric nursing, from the late nineteenth century onwards, developed as a specialization under medical supervision and within one general training scheme for all nurses. In the Netherlands as well as in the United Kingdom (UK), this occupation, initiated by psychiatrists, more or less distanced itself from somatic nursing. A comparison of the twentieth-century development of psychiatric nursing in these two countries shows similarities in its basic conditions and some of the problems it faced, but also some remarkable differences, which are largely of a social nature. We argue that Dutch mental health nurses, in cooperation with asylum doctors rather than in opposition to them, succeeded in establishing a stronger professional identity than their British colleagues: earlier in time and to a greater extent they had opportunities to voice their views on their work and to define the social and didactic nature of their vocation. Our explanation of these national contrasts focuses on gender, class and social status, which had dissimilar effects in the two countries because of some fundamental differences in the hierarchies and religious affiliations of institutional psychiatry as well as in the more general class structure of the Netherlands and the UK.