巴西固氮螺菌（Azospirillum brasilense）吸氢酶基因的研究及展望

固氮生物在固氮过程中不可避免地将产生电子的消耗和能量的损失;固氮酶每转化一分子儿为氨需消耗4对电子和16个ATP,同时释放出一分子H2。而吸氢酶对所产生氢气的氧化作用可提供固氮过程中所需的还原力,从而提高了固氮微生物的固氮效率。通过分子生物学的实验手段可进行巴西固氮螺菌吸氢酶基因（hup基因）的定位和分离克隆,并进一步构建含多拷贝hup基因的固氮基因工程菌,为提高固氮效率,增加农作物经济产量提供一种有效的氮素营养供给手段。氛是植物生长发育不可缺少的元素。氮气虽然占空气重量的75．54畅,但植物和大多数微生物都不…     

紫云英根瘤菌及巴西固氮螺菌的氢酶表达特征

紫云英根瘤菌氢酶表达依赖于H_2并受碳底物和高O_2浓度的阻遏及cAMP的显著促进。整体细胞的吸氢活性对O_2不敏感,受碘乙酸(50mmol L~(-1))的强烈抑制。少数氧化还原电位为正值的人工电子受体可支持吸氢活性。与紫云英根瘤菌不同,巴西固氮螺菌氢酶表达并不依赖于H_2,受碳底物阻遏及cAMP促进的效应均不显著,而对O_2敏感。整体细胞吸氢活性受碘乙酸的抑制作用不明显。无论正、负值氧化还原电位人工电子受体均可支持吸氢活性。在经饥饿的静止细胞中,H_2可支持固氮活性并增强固氮酶对O_2的耐受能力。     

固氮螺菌氢代谢与固氮作用的关系I.固氮螺菌放氢现象与吸氢能力的研究

本文研究了固氮螺菌(Azosptrillum brastlense)的放氢现象和吸氢酶活性以及与固氮作用的关系。测定了57株固氮螺菌的放氢现象及其固氮酶活性,其中不放氢41株,微放氢14株,其放氢量为2·63—31.00n mol C2H4／ml菌液·小时。放氢量较多的2株R38{和R256A都是从水稻根表上分离获得,其放氢量分别为185.75n mol H2／ml 菌液·小时和547．00 moIH2／ml 菌液·小时。测定了53株螺菌的吸氢酶活性,它们均具有吸氢能力,其吸氢量各异,0-63-27·38n mol H2／ml菌液。小时。生长在含有NH4CI培养基上的固氮螺菌既没有固氮能力,也不产氢。在无氮培养基上所产生的氢是固氮过程中放出的氢。实验结果指出,C2H2抑制氢酶的活性。当吸氢的菌株与放氢菌株混合培养时,其固氮酶活性比单株纯培养高,有氢存在时,固氮酶活性比不加氢时高。     

固氮螺菌的固氮分子调控研究进展

本文对巴西固氮螺菌周氨基因的结构和调控进行综述。其固氮基因的调控可分为两种水平：通过DRAT-DRAG系统的翻译后水平和通过NifA蛋白的转录水平。通过NifA活性进行调控的机理目前尚不明了。     

巴西固氮螺菌中PⅡ和Pz在固氮调节中的不同使用

在巴西固氮螺菌（Azospirillum brasilense)中,glnB和glnZ是两个高度同源基因,分别位于3.7kgb/EcoRI PstI和3.7kb/SalI的两个不同的染色体片段上。用卡那霉素盒（Km^r-cas-sette)插入法,对glnB和glnZ分别进行定位诱变,并获得相应的突变株,即glnB^-和glnZ^-。研究表明,glnB^-突变株丧失固氮酶活性,表现为Nif^-,glnZ^-象野生型菌株一样具有固氮酶活性。为了进一步研究这两个基因的功能,将glnB和glnZ分别构建在pVK100载体上形成重组质粒pVK-Ⅱ和pVK-Z,对glnB^-和glnZ^-突变株进行互补实验,进一步证明了glnB与固氮酶活直接相关性,而glnZ无此作用。同时,通过三亲接合法将pVK-Ⅱ和pVK-Z分别转移到巴西固氮螺菌野生型Yu62和具有一定抗铵能力的draT^-突变株中,使glnB和glnZ的拷贝数增加,进一步比较它们的固氮酶活性。结果表明多拷贝的glnB基因,能显著提高固氮酶活性,而多拷贝的glnZ对固氮酶活性无影响。同时,将pVK-Ⅱ和pVK-Z分别转移到nifA^-突变株中,结果表明glnB和glnZ均不能恢复nifA^-的固氮酶活性。     

固氮螺菌氢代谢与固氮作用的关系II．苯环类化合物对固氮螺菌吸氢与固氮作用的影响

本文报道了苯环类化台物对固氮螺菌的固氮及吸氢作用的影响。试验结果表明,固氮螺菌能利用苯作为碳素营养,在无其他碳源存在的情况下,生长在含有50和500m肘浓度苯的培养基中,固氮螺菌表现出固氮和吸氢活性。0.5mM的苯酚对固氮螺菌的固氮和吸氢活性略有刺激作用,而I．OmM即表现较强的抑制作用。固氮螺菌完全不能利用对硝基苯酚和2,{一二硝基苯酚作为碳源,即使是0．1mM的浓度对螺菌的固氮和吸氢活性均产生抑制作用。     

巴西固氮螺菌ntrBC基因的克隆与核苷酸序列分析

以EMBL3为载体,构建了巴西固氮螺菌(Azospirillum brasilense)Yu62的基因文库.以巴西固氮螺菌Yu62中PCR扩增出的450bp DNA 片断作为探针,对该基因文库进行筛选,得到了10个阳性克隆(EA1—EA10),其中含有两种不同类型的克隆,分别以EA4和EA9为代表.对EA4的杂交分析发现目的基因位于2.9kb EcoRI片段上.DNA序列分析结果表明该片段含有完整的ntrC编码区,其编码产物由480个氨基酸组成.分子量为53469;ntrC上游是完整的ntrB编码区,其编码产物由400个氨基酸组成,分子量为43487.对相应的NtrC和NtrB氨基酸序列进行同源性分析,说明巴西固氮螺菌与根瘤菌的亲缘关系较与其它自生固氮菌的更为接近.     

Sequencing and complementation analysis of the nifUSV genes from Azospirillum brasilense

The functionality of nitrogenase in diazotrophic bacteria is dependent upon nif genes other than the structural nifH, D, and K genes which encode the enzyme subunit proteins. Such genes are involved in the activation of nif gene expression, maturation of subunit proteins, cofactor biosynthesis, and electron transport. In this work, approximately 5500 base pairs located within the major nif gene cluster of Azospirillum brasilense Sp7 have been sequenced. The deduced open reading frames were compared to the nif gene products of Azotobacter vinelandii and other diazotrophs. This analysis indicates the presence of five ORFs encoding ORF2, nifU, nifS, nifV, and ORF4 in the same sequential organization as found in other organisms. Consensus σ⁵⁴ and NifA binding sites are present in the putative promoter region upstream of ORF2 in the A. brasilense sequence. The nifV gene of A. brasilense but not nifU or nifS complemented corresponding mutants strains of A. vinelandii.     

巴西固氮螺菌Yu62nifA基因克隆、测序及功能分析

用TD-PCR法克隆了巴西固氮螺菌(Azospirillun brasilense)Yu62的nifA基因.序列分析表明它与巴西固氮螺菌Sp7的nifA序列高度同源(96.5%),其编码的产物NifA蛋白与Sp7菌株NifA的氨基酸序列同源性为97.6%.该基因可以完全互补巴西固氮螺菌Sp7 nifA-突变株的Nif-表型.研究了NH4+和O2对Yu62 nifA基因的表达及NifA活性的影响.结果表明mfA基因在Yu62菌株中是部分组成型表达的,氨和氧不能完全阻遏其表达,在5mmol/LNH4Cl与微氧(0.5%O2)条件下表达最高;NifA蛋白在0.4%～0.5%O2时活性最高,氧分压降低和提高都使NifA活性下降,1mmol/L NH4Cl足以抑制NifA的活性.     

Plasmid transformation of Azospirillum brasilense

Abstract Plasmid transformation of the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Azospirillum brasilense is described. A modification of the method of Hanahan [1] was used to transform this bacterium with the 20-kb plasmid pRK290. The efficiency of transformation ranged from 200–1000 transformants per μg of plasmid DNA according to DNA concentration. Ca²⁺, Mn²⁺ and K⁺ were essential for competence, while Rb⁺ and hexamine cobalt(III) chloride did not appear necessary. The length and the temperature of heat-pulse during transformation affected the efficiency of transformation. The response to different numbers of plasmid molecules was linear, in the range of 0.05–1.0 μg of DNA. No transformants were obtained with pRK290 plasmid DNA linearized with Eco RI. The transformability of different strains of Azospirillum has been compared.     

Potential roles for the glnB and ntrYX genes in Azospirillum brasilense

Three Azospirillum brasilense mutants constitutive for nitrogen fixation (Nif(C)) in the presence of NH4(+) and deficient in nitrate-dependent growth were used as tools to define the roles of the glnB and ntrYX genes in this organism. Mutant HM14 was complemented for nitrate-dependent growth and NH4(+) regulation of nitrogenase by plasmid pL46 which contains the ntrYX genes of A. brasilense. Mutant HM26 was restored for NH4(+) regulation and nitrate-dependent growth by plasmid pJC1, carrying the A. brasilense glnB gene expressed from a constitutive promoter. Mutant HM053, on the other hand, was not complemented for NH4(+) regulation of nitrogenase and nitrate-dependent growth by both plasmids pJCI and pL46. The levels and control of glutamine synthetase activity of all mutants were not affected by both plasmids pL46 (ntrYX) and pJC1 (glnB). These results support the characterization of strains HM14 as an ntrYX mutant and strain HM26 as a glnB mutant and the involvement of ntrYX and glnB in the regulation of the general nitrogen metabolism in A. brasilense.     

Identification and sequencing of pyrG, the CTP synthetase gene of Azospirillum brasilense Sp7

Abstract An 18.5-kb DNA fragment carrying the trpGDC cluster of Azospirillum brasilense Sp7 was previously cloned, yielding cosmid pAB1005. Attempts to identify trpA in the vicinity of trpGDC failed but led to the detection of a locus strongly homologous to pyrG , the structural gene for the CTP synthetase. The function of the A. brasilense pyrG gene was verified by complementation of the cytidine-requiring PyrG-deficient mutant JF646 of Escherichia coli . A second open reading frame was identified downstream of pyrG . The deduced amino acid sequence showed homology to dienelactone hydrolases of Pseudomonas and Alcaligenes , enzymes involved in utilization of halogenated aromatic compounds.     

Effect of nitrogen compounds on nitrogenase activity in Azospirillum brasilense

Abstract The effect of certain nitrogen compounds on nitrogenase activity was studied in cells of Azospirillum brasilense strain Sp6, grown under microaerophilic conditions with nitrogenase fully derepressed. 0.5 mM NH₄Cl, 0.5 mM glutamine, 1.0 mM KNO₃ and 0.1 mM KNO₂ completely blocked nitrogenase activity. 1.0 mM asparagine, 1.0 mM aspartate, 1.0 mM histidine and 1.0 mM adenine did not caused no inhibition of nitrogenase; indeed asparagine, aspartate and histidine showed a slight stimulatory effect on N₂ fixation. The addition of 10 mM dl -methionine- dl -sulphoximine prevented the inhibitory effect of NH₄Cl and glutamine but did not counteract the effect of KNO₂. Rifampicin and chloramphenicol did not prevent the inhibition of nitrogenase by NH₄Cl.     

七株昆虫核型多角体病毒基因组同源性的测定

应用限制性内切酶图谱分析法,结合Southern印迹法和核酸杂交技术,对茶毛虫、棉蛉虫,油桐尺蠖、斜纹夜蛾以及蓖麻蚕等5种昆虫的7株核型多角体病毒DNA,进行了基因组同源性测定。结果表明,不同种昆虫多角体病毒DNA的酶切图谱不相同,DNA片段与不同源的DNA标记探针之间无杂交带出现。而同种昆虫病毒的不同分离株间,除少数DNA片段的电泳迁移率稍有不同,以及出现一些互不相同的亚克分子带之外,它们的DNA酶切图谱基本一致,並且几乎所有片段都可与同种的标记探钟杂交。对一些DNA片段迁移率的改变及亚克分子带出现的原因进行了讨论。     

nif HDK基因在W80-2上的初步定位

对几种质粒检测方法进行了比较 ,发现原位裂解法能比较满意地检测到巴西固氮螺菌 (Azospirillumbrasilense)的巨大质粒。利用改进后的原位裂解法能比较稳定地检测到W 80 2菌株中的巨大质粒。通过Southern blotting的方法将W 80 2菌的染色体及巨大质粒转到尼龙膜上 ,与用地高辛标记的含nifHDK基因的 pSA30质粒杂交 ,发现W80 2菌株的nifHDK基因定位在染色体上。