季铵盐型双子表面活性剂及其改性黏土的研究和应用进展

综述了季铵盐型双子表面活性剂的合成及其在改性黏土吸附水中有机污染物中的应用。从烷基季铵盐型双子表面活性剂的合成出发,重点从改变连接基结构、疏水基结构、阳离子连接点结构及反离子四个方面举例介绍了不同类型的季铵盐型双子表面活性剂的合成。同时概述了季铵盐型双子表面活性剂在改性不同种类的天然黏土中的应用。最后基于绿色化学的发展背景,阐述了未来双子表面活性剂的发展方向及其应用于治理水污染中的机遇与挑战。     

吗啉双子表面活性剂的性能研究

通过对新型阳离子双子表面活性剂α,ω-二(烷基吗啉鎓)烷烃的性能测定,研究了表面活性剂结构中疏水基和连接基碳链长度对表面性能、润湿性能、泡沫性能以及乳化性能的影响,确定了产物结构与其性能的关系.结果表明,α,ω-二(烷基吗啉鎓)烷烃双子表面活性剂的表面张力、泡沫性能以及乳化性能均优于其相应单子表面活性剂,润湿性能单子表面活性剂要比双子表面活性剂好;双子表面活性剂中,疏水基相同时,缩短连接基,表面活性剂的性能更优;连接基相同时,缩短疏水链,表面活性剂性能下降.     

对称型双子表面活性剂的合成研究进展

简要介绍了对称型双子表面活性剂的合成原理,包括极性头基加入法、疏水链加入法和联接链加入法;详细综述了各种对称型双子表面活性剂按照不同原理的合成路线,包括阳离子型双子表面活性剂、阴离子型双子表面活性剂、非离子型双子表面活性剂、两性离子型双子表面活性剂、具有特殊结构和功能的双子表面活性剂及多聚体等;简单总结了各种合成路线的优缺点,并对对称型双子表面活性剂的发展趋势和应用前景进行了展望。     

双子表面活性剂的研究进展

双子表面活性剂依次由长链烷基、极性头基、联接基团（spacer）、第二个极性头基、第二个长链烷基组成,现有的研究数据表明并联结构的双子表面活性剂具有比串联结构的双子表面活性剂高的降低表面张力的能力。     

双子表面活性剂的结构特点与表面活性

双子型表面活性剂由于极性头基区域的键合,阻抑了极性头之间的斥力,突破了传统表面活性剂的结构概念,具有比传统表面活性剂高得多的表面活性,现有的研究数据表明并联结构的双子表面活性剂具有比串联结构的双子表面活性剂高的降低表面张力的能力。     

双子表面活性剂的研究进展

双子表面活性剂（gemini或dimeric）是由两个单链单头基普通表面活性剂在离子头基处通过化学键联接而成，这种特殊的结构使其具有比传统表面活性剂更优的性能，本文介绍了双子表面活性剂的发展简史、研究概况以及结构特点，表明这种表面活性剂具有重要的实用价值。     

非对称双季铵盐表面活性剂的制备及表面性能

双子表面活性剂开发于20世纪90年代,与传统单链表面活性剂分子相比,双子表面活性剂分子中有连接基团,连接基团的性质及位置对双子表面活性剂物化性能影响很大。双季铵盐表面活性剂分子中有两个疏水基团、两个亲水基团和一个连接基．与传统的单季铵盐表面活性剂结构模式有很大差别,具有更为优良的性质。     

一种双子表面活性剂中间体的合成及表征

双子表面活性剂是由一个连接基在其亲水头基或接近亲水头基处通过化学键将两个传统表面活性剂分子连接在一起而形成的一类新型表面活性剂。由于其特殊的结构,与传统表面活性剂相比,双子表面活性剂具有能高效降低水的表面张力、更低的临界胶束浓度（CMC）、特殊的流变学性质等独特性能,因此在洗涤、杀菌、乳化、分散、防腐以及化妆品、印染、三次采油、基因治疗、有序介孔材料的合成等领域具有较大的应用潜力,     

新型抗菌剂氨基酸型表面活性剂的研究进展（续完）

<正>1.3双链表面活性剂1.3.3双子表面活性剂双子表面活性剂是利用化学法,通过刚性或柔性的间隔链将2个单链表面活性剂在其头基或靠近头基的位置键合的一种化合物。由于每个分子含烃量大,其cmc比相应的单链表面活性剂低1个数量级,而且这类表面活性剂对水的表面张力和界面张力的降低能力是传统表面活性剂的10倍甚至100倍。1.3.3.1胱氨酸阳离子表面活性剂胱氨酸是一种合成双子表面活性剂的新型材料,Pinazo     

松香基季双子表面活性剂的合成、结构及性能(摘要)

<正>作为一种丰富的天然可再生资源,松香是一种重要的绿色表面活性剂原料。松香基双子表面活性剂将绿色和高效结合,既提高了松香的高附加值,又具有可持续发展的重要意义。本研究以松香酸、松香醇和松香胺为原料,分别通过季铵化、磷酯化、N-烷基化等反应引入了季铵盐、磷酸酯盐和聚氧乙烯等基团,合成了松香基季铵盐型杂双子表面活性剂、松香基磷酸酯盐型双子表面活性剂、松香基聚氧乙烯胺型双子表面活性剂,并对所合成的3种系列的表面活性剂进行结构表征和性能测试。     

双子表面活性剂的应用研究进展

结合双子表面活性剂的独特结构和优良性质,综述了双子表面活性剂在制备新材料、皮革加工、生物技术及石油工业中三次采油、油田杀菌、压裂液等方面的应用,并指出了双子表面活性剂今后发展的方向。     

低聚表面活性剂--两亲分子表面活性的突破

Ｇｅｍｉｎｉ表面活性剂将两个单链单头基普通表面活性剂在离子头基处通过化学键联接在一起,从而阻抑了表面活性剂有序聚集过程中的头基分离力,极大地提高其表面活性。针对当前为提高表面活性而进行的大量尝试而言,Ｇｅｍｉｎｉ表面活性剂是概念上的突破,因而被誉为新一代的表面活笥剂。由于这种特殊的分子结构,Ｇｉｍｉｎｉ表面活性剂通常生成比其单链单头基表面活性剂更低曲率的分子聚集体,这造成Ｇｅｍｉｎｉ表面活性剂水溶     

Recent advances in gemini surfactants: oleic Acid-based gemini surfactants and polymerizable gemini surfactants

Gemini surfactants recently developed by our research group are introduced from the standpoints of their syntheses, aqueous solution properties, and potential applications. Two series of gemini surfactants are introduced in this short review, the first of which is the oleic acid-based gemini surfactants, and the second is the polymerizable gemini surfactants. These gemini surfactants have been developed not only as environmentally friendly materials (the use of gemini surfactants enables the reduction of the total consumption of surfactants in chemical products owing to their excellent adsorption and micellization capabilities at low concentrations) but also as functional organic materials.     

Synthesis and Performance of a Multi-Purpose Gemini Precursor and the Derivative Alkylaryl Sulfonate Gemini Surfactants

The phenol–formaldehyde condensation reaction to synthesize a gemini precursor was renewed by using high efficient and environmentally benign resin catalysts instead of protonic acids, and the conversion, yield and selectivity of the reaction were all upgraded from the 60 % by the traditional way to over 90 % by the new way. Three alkylaryl sulfonate gemini surfactants were derived from the above gemini precursor by O-methylation, sulfonation and neutralization, that is, sodium salt of sulfonated bis(2-hydroxy-5-nonylphenyl)methane (SBHNM), sodium salt of sulfonated bis(2-hydroxy-5-dodecylphenyl)methane (SBHDM) and sodium salt of sulfonated bis(2-methoxy-5-nonylphenyl)methane (SBMNM). And their performances in aqueous solution were further investigated. The results show that the three gemini surfactants exhibit higher effectiveness and efficiency in surface tension reduction than a monomeric reference surfactant sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS). Furthermore their critical micelle concentration values are at least one order of magnitude lower than that of SDBS. It is also shown that O-methylation of the hydroxyl group in the gemini precursor is effective at improving the surface activity of the gemini surfactants, such as efficiency in surface tension reduction, foam stability and calcium stability. It is suggested that the synthesized hydrophobic skeleton could be a multi-purpose gemini precursor from which various gemini surfactants could be derived by further hydrophobic or hydrophilic modification.     

特种表面活性剂和功能性表面活性剂(ⅩⅪ)——含磷双子表面活性剂的合成

含磷双子表面活性剂具有高的表面活性、良好的水溶性、较好的热稳定性、优越的抗静电性和配伍性等特点。综述了含磷双子表面活性剂的结构类型以及合成路线和方法,并按照阴离子型、两性型、非离子型含磷双子表面活性剂及其联接基团的不同进行了归纳。最后,对含磷双子表面活性剂的发展进行了展望。     

A Review of Gemini Surfactants: Potential Application in Enhanced Oil Recovery

Gemini surfactants are a group of novel surfactants with more than one hydrophilic head group and hydrophobic tail group linked by a spacer at or near the head groups. Unique properties of gemini surfactants, such as low critical micelle concentration, good water solubility, unusual micelle structures and aggregation behavior, high efficiency in reducing oil/water interfacial tension, and interesting rheological properties have attracted the attention of academic researchers and field experts. Rheological characterization and determination of the interfacial tension are two of the most important screening techniques for the evaluation and selection of chemicals for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). This review deals with rheology, wettability alteration, adsorption and interfacial properties of gemini surfactants and various factors affecting their performance. The review highlights the current research activities on the application of gemini surfactants in EOR.     

Waste Cooking Oil-Based Novel Gemini Imidazolinium Surfactants With Carbonate Linkage: Green Synthesis,Characterization and Properties Evaluation

Imidazolinium surfactants belong to the category of cationic surfactants that have already gained the great interest of researchers due to their varied range of commercial applications. With the advancement in the field of surfactants research, imidazolinium surfactants are being converted into their corresponding gemini surfactants. Gemini surfactants are known to have exceptional self‐assembling characteristics and exclusive interfacial activity that include much lower CMC and better ability to reduce surface tension than their conventional monomeric counterparts. Long reaction time associated with conventional thermal synthetic procedures and high production costs are the two major issues involved in the synthesis of gemini surfactants. The present research work involves the microwave synthesis of novel gemini imidazolinium surfactants with carbonate linkage. In order to synthesize cost effective gemini surfactants, waste cooking oils have been used as raw materials. Structural characterization of synthesized gemini surfactants has been achieved through ¹H‐NMR, ¹³C‐NMR and FT‐IR.     

烷基四甲基胍双子表面活性剂的合成与性能

以十二烷基伯胺和四甲基脲为原料合成了十二烷基四甲基胍及其盐酸盐.后者再与环氧氯丙烷反应制备了十二烷基四甲基胍双子阳离子表面活性剂,通过IR和~1HNMR鉴定了其结构,并考察了其性能.结果表明,十二烷基四甲基胍双子表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度(cmc)为2.5×10~(-4)mol/L,γ_(cmc)为28.5 mN/m,其表面活性明显高于单十二烷基胍盐酸盐.最后以十二烷基四甲基胍双子表面活性剂为模板剂制备了纳米SiO_2粒子.     

Clay Swelling Inhibition Using Novel Cationic Gemini Surfactants with Different Spacers

Hydration of shale formation by water-based drilling fluids leads to several problems, such as the collapse of boreholes, tight holes, and stuck pipe, which may impede further drilling and time loss in rectifying the problems, leading to heavy economic losses. This study reports the development of new gemini cationic surfactants as shale-swelling inhibitors. These gemini surfactants are structurally similar but differ in terms of the spacer group. Saturated butyl group ( GS1 ) and unsaturated 2-butenyl ( GS2 ) and 2-butynyl ( GS3 ) were introduced as spacer groups of gemini surfactants. To assess the performance of new gemini cationic surfactants, two reliable clay sources were considered. The first clay is from an unconventional formation and the second clay is sodium bentonite. The inhibition characteristics of gemini surfactants were evaluated using dynamic swelling, hot rolling, rheology, and filtration experiments. Different formulations based on commercially available solutions for shale-swelling inhibitors were applied and compared with cationic shale inhibitors. It was observed that the new gemini cationic surfactants with different spacers (saturated and unsaturated) reduced the shale swelling by different percentages. The GS2 surfactant, containing an unsaturated double bond proved to be a good swelling inhibitor as compared to GS1 and GS3 . It also showed acceptable performance compared with the common shale inhibitor (KCl) used in the industry. The addition of surfactant has less impact on the rheological properties as compared to KCl. The filtration properties of the base mud were unchanged when surfactants were used. However, the commercial inhibitor, KCl, significantly increased the filtration volume that is associated with the disintegration of the clay. In summary, unlike commercial inhibitors, the synthesized surfactants reduced the clay swelling without affecting the other properties of the drilling fluids.     

非离子Gemini表面活性剂的合成进展

双子（Gemini）表面活性剂是近年来迅速发展的一类新型表面活性剂,它是指分子中具有双亲水基和双亲油基的由一个间隔基团连接的表面活性剂,与传统表面活性剂相比,Gemini表面活性剂具有许多优异性能。相对而言,近年来非离子Gemini表面活性剂研究远较阴离子和阳离子的Gemini表面活性剂研究少。本文对非离子Gemini表面活性剂的研究现状进行了概述,以期对非离子Gemini类表面活性剂的研究与应用开发有所裨益。