A Microcprocessor-Based Noninvasive Arterial Pulse Wave Analyzer

A microprocessor-based noninvasive arterial pulse wave analyzer is described which detects the peripheral, arterial pulse of an individual and extracts from the pulse waveform clinically important features. Continuous-wave Doppler microwaves (24.125 GHz) are employed to measure the arterial wall movements associated with the pressure pulse wave. Through the use of feature extraction techniques, key landmarks are located on the pulse contour. Then the pulse rate, the foot-to-systolic peak time period, and the foot-to-dicrotic notch time period are calculated. Preliminary results are presented which indicate that the arterial pulse wave analyzer can accurately determine the movement of the arterial wall and is able to analyze the pulse wave contour for clinically important features.     

Transcutaneous Blood Flow Measurement by Electromagnetic Induction

A new induction flowmeter which can measure the blood flow from the skin surface is discussed theoretically and experimentally. A pair of electrodes placed on the skin detect the EMF induced by the interaction of the blood flow and a magnetic field applied from outside the skin. The relation between the EMF and the flow rate, which is obtained theoretically, is also confirmed experimentally within the error of 10 percent.     

Rhythm Analysis of Arterial Blood Pressure

Rhythms identified in the power spectra of blood pressure and ECG recordings were used as probes of the intact cardiovascular control systems. A prominent vasomotor rhythm was detected in human subjects and experimental dogs, with a period ranging between 15 and 30 s. This rhythm did not depend on specific rhythms of heart rate but was dependent on the sympathetic nervous system, and was identified as a third-order rhythm of blood pressure. The parasympathetic nervous system appears to mediate a separate rhythm having a slightly shorter period. Another rhythm studied was a subharmonic of heart rate that appeared during episodes of tachycardia. Electrophysiological mapping of the ventricular surface in dogs revealed that tachycardia induced an alternating pattern of electrical conduction in ischemic areas of the ventricle, coincident with the appearance of subharmonics in pressure and ECG. Our results illustrate the potential utility of spectral analysis of cardiovascular signals in assessing cardiovascular regulation.     

Transcutaneous Blood Flow Measurements Using Pseudorandom Noise Doppler System

In order to obviate the limitations of the conventional coherent ultrasonic Doppler flowmeters we have developed a new device. In this apparatus the continuous wave is replaced by a pseudorandom signal. We show, both theoretically (Waag et al. [12]) and experimentally, that the pseudorandom system offers advantages. The most important result concerns the improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio which can be as large as 20 dB. Furthermore, it is possible to decrease the frequency and the distance ambiguity by a factor of two. Compared to the "random noise flowmeter" (Newhouse et al. [7], Jethwa et al. [5]) our system measures flow near the wall of vessels or in ultrasonic field in which there are important fixed echoes. To illustrate the feasibility of this new device, we show some results obtained by the transcutaneous method.     

Noninvasive Determination of Central Blood Pressure by Impedance Plethysmography

A new algorithm based on impedance plethysmography provides reliable determinations, on an experimental basis, of arterial blood pressure. Signals over the brachial artery are picked up by four Velcro-type electrodes attached to the skinward side of a regular blood pressure cuff. Mathematical formulas are used to define those impedance pulses that correspond to systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure values. The envelope of the impedance pulses recorded during cuff deflation can be defined by linear regressions, function of just one normalized independent variable, which is the ratio between the amplitude of the pulse with maximum amplitude and of the amplitude of the pulses with constant amplitude. These linear regressions are assumed to be universally applicable, the influence of individual anatomic variations having been eliminated by the use of a normalized variable. The results of this study prove that the variable pulse amplitude obtained during a cuff deflation is a quantifiable reaction of the circulatory system to arterial constriction.     

无损伤血氧饱和度检测系统研究

无损伤血氧饱和度检测系统能够快速实时进行血氧饱和度的测量,在临床中得到广泛的应用.介绍了无损伤血氧测定法的测量原理,并以微处理器ADuC848单片机为核心控制器,设计了血氧饱和度检测系统各硬件组成部分及主要软件流程图.设计优化了无创脉搏血氧仪的硬件及软件设计方案,使系统具有精度高、体积小、工作稳定、硬件结构简单等特点.     

Multivariate Decomposition of Arterial Blood Pressure Variability for the Assessment of Arterial Control of Circulation

In order to analyze the information carried by arterial blood pressure (ABP) variability, a multivariate parametric model of interactions involving systolic ABP (SAP), diastolic ABP (DAP), pulse pressure (PP), heart period (HP), and respiration is proposed. The model defines SAP as sum of the preceding DAP and PP values; DAP model accounts for arterial baroreflex, diastolic runoff; PP reflects changes in stroke volume related to respiration and HP, afterload; equation residuals reveal other vascular and cardiac output modulations. The model was applied to data from nine young volunteers (aged 29plusmn6 years) during supine cycling at 10%, 20%, and 30% of their maximum effort. Significant basal values and changes across the epochs of the experiment were found in all hemodynamic parameters describing fast, beat-by-beat responses; in SAP and PP total power, DAP low- and high-frequency power (LF, HF), PP very low frequency (VLF), and LF and HF power. A primary role of vascular control through DAP and PP was emphasized by the considered feedbacks and the model residuals. The model proved to be able to assess beat-by-beat cardiovascular interactions and offer a comprehensive view of arterial tree control.     

光谱法用于血氧饱和度无损测量

综述了血氧饱和度无损测量的方法,泰勒级数法、近红外光谱法、氧指数(IOK)法以及基于蒙特卡罗的多元线性回归法等,分析了这些方法的优缺点.基于光动力疗法治疗机制(PDT),提出了一种修正的氧指数法,初步分析表明该法能够监测光动力疗法治疗鲜红斑痣(PWS)过程中血氧饱和度变化情况.     

Spectral Analysis of Arterial Blood Pressure in the Rat

In the present study, a low-compliance passive pressure transducer and a microprocessor-based data acquisition system were used to obtain recordings of time-varying blood pressure in the femoral arteries of anesthesized rats. Discrete spectral analysis techniques were used to analyze the pressure-time records and to quantify the contributions to the arterial pressure profile of frequencies in the band from 0 to 128 Hz. In accordance with previous studies in other species, most of the energy in the spectra obtained was concentrated in narrow bands corresponding to harmonics of the cardiac and respiratory cycles. The spectra also provided evidence consistent with either an autoregressive component or an ultra-low-frequency blood pressure rhythm of unidentified origin, but did not indicate the presence of either Traube-Hering or splenic "waves" in the arterial system of the rat.     

温室气体监测仪星上光谱定标及不确定度分析

大气主要温室气体监测仪(greenhouse gases monitoring instrument, GMI)采用空间外差干涉技术,能有效探测759~2058 nm波段大气高分辨率吸收光谱信息。星上定标是GMI光谱图像数据定量化应用的基础,在阐述了GMI成像和光谱定标原理的基础上,探讨了星上光谱定标方法,确定了外部光源特征谱线法的星上光谱定标方案。通过对模拟数据的计算,进一步分析了定标不确定度,得出星上光谱定标不确定度为0.030 nm。定标结果显示定标不确定度主要受定标光源不确定度,以及回归不确定度影响,该方法满足仪器的定标要求,为大气主要温室气体的定量化反演提供了依据。     

基于光声效应的无创血糖检测仪的研究

为了验证基于光声效应的无创血糖检测方法,应用分子振动原理分析了葡萄糖分子的近红外吸收光谱和吸收峰,对组织内含有相同官能团的几种分子的红外吸收峰进行了比较,分析了由光谱重叠导致的干扰问题.通过实验验证了葡萄糖水溶液对800nm～1100nm近红外波段光的吸收的强弱,在970nm波长处得到了最强的声压信号.     

Noninvasive Versus Invasive Doppler Renal Blood Velocity and Flow Measurements

We compared simultaneous noninvasive and invasive determinations of blood velocity and flow in the renal arteries of 5 mongrel dogs. Noninvasive measurements of blood velocity spectra (?FN) were made using an ultrasonic echo-Doppler duplex scanner. Vessel diameters (DN) and Doppler angles (?N) were measured from sector images of the renal artery. Invasive measurements of blood velocity spectra (?F1) were made using a catheter Doppler velocimeter. Vessel lumen diameter (D1) and Doppler angle (?1) were measured angiographically. Using the Doppler and continuity equations, temporal mean blood velocities (VN, V1) and flows (QN, Q1) of five cardiac cycles were calculated. The ranges of velocity (8-48 cm/s) and flow (40-380 ml/min) were varied by pharmacological intervention. Standard linear regressions (n = 33) were Results suggest that simultaneous noninvasive echo-Doppler and invasive catheter Doppler measurements of canine renal artery blood velocity and flow correlate significantly. Nevertheless, large standard errors of the estimates exist which suggest that important systematic and experimental errors are present in both methods.     

红外无创血糖检测与阵列信号处理

红外无创血糖检测是一种不需收集血样进行人体血糖浓度测量的新方法.它不仅可以减少患者的痛苦,还能进行连续测量.由于无创血糖检测技术市场利益巨大是各国研究的热点,且技术相互之间保密,可参考的数据不多.常用的技术是利用一束一定波长的红外光传过人体部分血管区域,从光谱中提取相应的血糖浓度信息,但在测量精度和稳定性方面存在着问题.为了克服红外无创血糖检测中存在的难题,使微弱的光谱信号变化能正确的体现人体血糖浓度,作者根据朗伯-比尔定律原理,分析了人体葡萄糖的吸收谱,设计了多波长红外血糖检测传感器阵列,采用MOE和MADALINE整合神经网络方法建立了传感器阵列信号处理模型,使红外无创血糖检测的精度和稳定性得到了改善,同时讨论了红外无创血糖检测中需要注意的问题.     

星载大气痕量气体差分吸收光谱仪0~1数据处理研究

星载大气痕量气体差分吸收光谱仪(Environmental trace gases monitoring instrument, EMI)于2018年5月9日成功发射升空,目前在轨运行状态良好,能够有效获取全球紫外-可见波段地球大气散射光信号(Digital number, DN)值(0级数据)。为对遥感数据定量化应用, EMI输出的DN值需要完成光谱定标、几何定位、辐亮度定标等处理,得到1级数据产品,1级数据用于反演获取全球大气NO$_2$、SO$_2$和O$_3$等2级产品,进而应用于定量监测全球空气质量变化以及污染气体的分布输运过程。     

利用动脉血液的时变差分光谱实现血氧饱和度的测量

血氧饱和度的无创检测已在临床医学中得到广泛应用.目前的测量方法主要基于人手指的双波长光度分析原理,存在测量重复性差、检测速率低和误差大等缺陷,而且由于它完全忽略光散射的影响,理论上有不合理性.为了改进现有技术,分析了光散 射对手指组织吸光度的影响,并根据动脉血液在红外及近红外区域(600nm～1000nm)吸光度的时变特性,引入了时变差分光谱的概念;提出了利用时变差分光谱实现血氧饱和度测量的方法,并首次推导出包含光散射因子的血氧饱和度计算公式.与现有技术的对比表明,该测量方法具有测量准确、检测速率高、抗干扰性强和方便实现的特点,在理论上更严谨、更科学.     

基于能量守恒与光谱法的无创血糖检测技术

传统的人体血糖检测方法是有创的,具有一定的局限性。文章提出一种结合能量守恒法与光谱法的血糖检测技术,该技术能够实现人体血糖的无创、实时和准确检测。首先设计了一种人体体征数据采集装置,用于实时采集血糖相关数据并上传至上位机。然后将数据分别用多元线性回归、k近邻回归和支持向量回归三种机器学习算法进行分析评估,对比得出最优算法用于无创血糖检测。实验证明,提出的无创血糖检测技术是可行的,其中基于支持向量回归算法的测量准确度最高,相关系数高达0.862,具有较高的准确性和鲁棒性。     

基于近红外光谱法进行无创血糖仪的初步研究

糖尿病是一个威胁人类健康的重要疾病,针对此研究了一种根据朗伯一比耳定律使用近红外光的漫反射原理进行血糖浓度无创检测的方法。介绍了该血糖仪的检测原理,设计相关的传感器探头,接收电路,用所研制的血糖仪器进行临床实验,得到的相关系数和预测均方根误差在允许范围。实验证明近红外光法无创血糖检测技术是可行的。     

一种动态血压数据库系统设计

为了使动态血压监测(ABPM)技术在临床诊治高血压,防治脑卒中保健及科研等方面发挥更大的作用,建立了此通用ABPM数据库.该系统使用Microsoft Office,Visual Basic和SQL建立数据库,以TM-2421(日本A&D)的ABPM为数据来源,通过Excel导入数据库.结合动态血压监测值与被测者的痛史、家族史、生活习惯等信息,将被测者的动态血压数据及个人资料输入数据库,建立简易和快速的综合管理、检索查询和科研分类分析等功能,适用于临床辅助诊断、降压药疗效观察,建立患者保健档案,积累临床数据及医学研究.初步应用表明,该ABPM数据库基本能满足用户对ABPM信息的分析处理需求.     

Servo Control of Atrial and/or Arterial Blood Pressures in Experimental Animals

A control system employing two adjustable reservoirs for the independent regulation of atrial and/or arterial blood pressures simultaneously at both sides of the heart is described. Two servo-motors position these reservoirs and thereby automatically regulate atrial filling and hence ventricular output to produce various controlled pressure wave forms.     

血液灌注率动态变化的光学监测

研究了利用激光散斑测速原理结合CCD成像技术对大鼠肠系膜上血液灌注变化进行监测的技术。设计了用于监测大鼠肠系膜上微血管血流速度的激光散斑测量系统,通过模型实验对该测量系统的技术参数、测试精度进行分析,在此基础上,对热作用下大鼠肠系膜上微血管血流速度的变化进行动态监测,结合CCD成像技术,监测血管直径的变化,从而获得不同温度下血液灌注率的变化。