栽培稻叶结构、水分生理与抗旱性关系研究

摘 要：增强栽培稻品种的抗旱性是稻作节水生产的重要途径。稻作种质资源抗旱相关指标的研究是改良稻作品种抗旱性的重要依据。选择抗旱性差异明显的四种类型稻作种质,采用三种干旱胁迫方式,对孕穗期植株叶片的叶肉厚、中脉粗、叶片相对含水量及叶片保水率进行了考察,分析稻作种质在三种处理下各性状相互之间的内在关联及其与品种抗旱性的关系;结果表明叶肉厚、中脉粗、叶片相对含水量及叶片保水率在干旱胁迫下均表现为旱稻类型高于水稻类型。轻度干旱下的叶肉厚与成熟期生物量抗旱指数DRIm2-B极显著相关,与孕穗期生物量抗旱指数DRIm2-H显著性相关。重度干旱下的中脉粗与DRIm2-B极显著相关,重度干旱下的叶片保水率与重度干旱产量抗旱指数DRIm2-Y显著相关,中脉粗和叶片相对含水量在四种种质类型中差异不明显;孕穗期叶肉厚和叶片保水率可分别作为稻作种质抗旱性研究和评价的两个指标。     

Distribution Pattern of Free Proline in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Grown under Low Light Irradiance

The variation in free proline levels of two rice ( Oryza sativa L.) cultivars grown under normal and low light intensities was studied. The aim of the present investigation was to find the distribution pattern of free proline in the whole plant. Free proline levels were determined in Flag leaves, culm and pollen grains, milky, dough and mature grains of Swarnaprabha (SP) and Ratna cultivars. The Flag leaf of Ratna had higher proline levels compared with (SP) under both light levels. Among the parts studied, pollen grains had the maximum free proline content in both the cultivars. Low light irradiance did not alter free proline levels of pollen grains in both the cultivars, indicating that proline could be important for the pollination process. Milky, dough and mature grains had lower proline levels under low light. The varietal, treatment and their interaction was not significant for mature grains of both low light tolerant 'SP' and standard Ratna Cultivars. It was indicated that low light stress is unique with regard to free proline.     

Rapid Assessment of Specific Leaf Area and Leaf Nitrogen in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) using a Chlorophyll Meter

The present study investigates the potential use of a hand-held portable SPAD chlorophyll meter for rapid assessment of specific leaf area (SLA) and specific leaf nitrogen (SLN), which are surrogate measures of transpiration efficiency (TE) in peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.). The effects of sampling (leaf position, time of sampling and leaf water status) and climatic factors (solar radiation and vapour pressure deficit, VPD) on SLA and SPAD chlorophyll meter reading (SCMR) were studied in a range of peanut genotypes grown under field and greenhouse conditions. The correlation between SLA and SCMR was significant (r=−0.77, P < 0.01) for the second leaf from the apex but the correlation declined for leaves sampled from lower nodal positions. The diurnal fluctuation in SLA ranged from −20 % to +10 %, whereas SCMR was relatively unaffected by these diurnal changes. Solar radiation and VPD during the sampling period had a significant influence on the relationship between SLA and SCMR, largely through their effects on SLA. However, standardization of SLA for these environmental factors significantly improved the relationship between SLA and SCMR from −0.50 to −0.80 (P < 0.01), suggesting that, when protocols for leaf sampling and SLA measurements are followed, SCMR can be a surrogate measure of SLA. There were significant relationships between SLN and SCMR (r=0.84, P < 0.01) and SLN and SLA (r=−0.81, P < 0.01). These significant interrelationships amongst SLA, SLN and SCMR suggested that SCMR could be used as a reliable and rapid measure to identify genotypes with low SLA or high SLN (and hence high TE) in peanut.     

Rl(t)卷叶基因在杂交水稻中的遗传表达及效应研究

以Rl(t)卷叶基因的一对近等基因系卷叶珍汕97B、珍汕97B为母本, 分别与明恢63、盐恢559杂交, 研究Rl(t)卷叶基因在杂交稻中的遗传表达及效应. 结果表明: (1) 开花期, 相同叶位间, Rl(t)卷叶组合的叶片卷曲度极显著大于其对应组合; 不同叶位间, 卷曲度均以倒1叶最大, 倒2叶次之, 倒3叶最小. 相同叶位的叶基角, 卷叶组合小于对     

施用河道污泥对水稻氮素吸收利用的影响

为了探索污染河道污泥农业资源化利用的有效途径,本研究以河道污泥为研究对象,设计施N量为120、240 kg/hm2 2 个水平,研究河道污泥农田施用对不同生育时期水稻氮素含量、氮素吸收、氮素分配和氮素利用效率的影响。结果表明：（1）施用河道污泥使不同生育时期水稻植株含氮率显著提高,使各生育时期氮素累积量显著提高;（2）使水稻抽穗后氮素在茎鞘中的分配比例显著提高,使水稻抽穗后氮素在叶片和穗中的分配比例明显下降;（3）使不同生育时期水稻氮素干物质生产效率以及氮素籽粒效率均显著或极显著降低,但对水稻氮素收获指数影响不显著;（4）河道污泥×N的互作效应对稻株氮素吸收利用无显著影响。施用河道污泥使水稻植株含氮率、氮素累积量显著增加,而水稻氮素干物质生产效率和氮素籽粒效率则显著降低。     

Response of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Tillering to Sub-ambient Levels of Ultraviolet-B Radiation

The negative impact of enhanced ultraviolet‐B (UV‐B) radiation has been demonstrated for rice, but few studies have examined the effects of low UV‐B radiation on rice growth and physiology. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of low UV‐B radiation on rice physiology with special emphasis on tiller initiation and development in two popular US rice cultivars, ‘Cocodrie’ and ‘Clearfield 161 (CL161)’. Plants received no natural UV‐B radiation because of the UV‐absorption characteristics of the greenhouse glass, hence UV‐B was artificially supplied by supplemental UV‐B lighting. Plants were grown in soil collected from research plots, and were exposed to UV‐B radiation of 0, 4 (sub‐ambient) or 8 kJ m⁻² day⁻¹ (ambient) for 29 days in one experiment and 87 days in a second experiment. ‘Cocodrie’ had no differential response among 0, 4 and 8 kJ m⁻² day⁻¹ UV‐B treatments for all the parameters measured except for plant height, which showed 5% decrease at ambient UV‐B conditions. For ‘CL161’ sub‐ambient UV‐B radiation exposure decreased vegetative tiller production (25%) and total panicle dry weight (15%). The decrease in tiller production was not due to a decrease in carbohydrate content or increase in auxin content under the low UV‐B radiation.     

水稻叶片保绿相关性状的QTL分析

以籼稻窄叶青8号（ZYQ8）与粳稻京系17（JX17）为亲本的DH群体为材,考察叶片保绿相关性状,并利用该群体的分子连锁图谱进行QTL分析。共检测到7个与水稻叶片保绿有关的QTL,包括与黑暗下保绿面积相关的3个QTL,位于第1、6和8染色体上,贡献率分别为11.07%、10.31%和11.21%;与黑暗下保绿程度相关的2个QTL,位于第1和12染色体     

不同水、氮供应条件下水稻锰素营养状况研究

为探明不同水、氮供应条件下水稻锰素营养状况，观察了不同地下水埋深模拟水分胁迫、铵态氮和硝态氮施用比例对水稻锰素养分吸收的影响，并分析比较了8个水稻品种在水、旱作条件下分蘖期和成熟期植株样品的锰含量。结果表明，在10~50 cm范围内，随着地下水埋深增加剖面各层土壤中有效性锰含量显著下降，平均从3.96 mg·kg相似文献   

水稻突变体的创制

为功能基因组学研究提供较好的基础材料,利用0.75%甲基磺酸乙酯溶液和γ射线双重诱变处理‘晋恢21’M1、‘中花11’、LR001种子进行研究。结果表明,经过M2筛选,获得716份叶、茎、穗、粒等性状变异的突变体,突变频率较高,达1.79%,还获得一些如不分蘖、多分蘖、白化苗、mini-plant、稀粒、花器官等极具研究价值的突变类型。双重诱变可以获得各种类型的突变体,所有的突变类型在3种材料中均有出现,说明该技术可为功能基因组研究提供大量的实物材料。     

Nitrogen Uptake by Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Exposed to Low Water Temperatures at Different Growth Stages

The responses of nitrogen (N) uptake by rice (Oryza sativa L.) to low water temperatures at different growth stages were examined during a 3‐year field trial in northern Japan. Cool irrigation water was applied at two to three temperature levels (16–25 °C) for 20–34 days during the vegetative stage and then during reproductive growth. We measured the N uptake rate, N content and canopy radiation interception during both growth stages. Exposure to low water temperature during either the vegetative or the reproductive growth stage slowed N uptake, and the magnitude of the decrease differed between the growth stages; the decrease was greater during vegetative growth than during reproductive growth. Consequently, total N uptake at maturity was most strongly reduced by low water temperature during vegetative growth and was not affected by low water temperature during reproductive growth, even though N distribution to the panicle was greatly reduced. The variations in N uptake during the growing season among growth stages and years were explained better by the amount of canopy radiation capture than by the number of degree‐days based on water temperature. This strong dependency on canopy radiation capture improves our understanding of the factors responsible for variations in N uptake under different levels of water temperature, and this knowledge will provide an opportunity to simplify the modelling of N uptake.     

水稻旱害及抗旱育种综述

由于雨量不均,目前全球多数地方正面临着严峻的干旱问题。水稻作为三大作物之一,而且需水量特别大,因此摆在水稻面前的干旱问题尤为突出。简要分析了广西的水稻旱害情况,除了保证水利灌溉,提倡节水农业之外,进行抗旱的水稻育种是一个非常有效的办法。水稻抗旱性的有关机理及其现阶段水稻的抗旱育种工作做了一个简要的论述。     

水稻叶色突变体高光合特性研究

标810S是温敏核不育系810S中的淡黄绿叶自然突变株,具有较高的光合速率。本文对突变体的光合色素、光合速率、荧光参数和光合关键酶活性等研究发现,标810S光合色素约为810S的一半,强光条件下标810S光合速率(P_n)比对照高,且没有明显的“午休”现象。标810S气孔导度(Gs)显著增加,叶绿素荧光动力学参数显示,标810S光量子转化效率高;光合酶1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶(RuBPCase)活性是对照的69.80%,磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPCase)和NADP-苹果酸酶(NADH-ME)却比810S分别上升79.50%和69.06%。研究结果认为,光合色素含量下降是标810S叶片呈淡黄绿叶色的根本原因。突变体通过减少热耗散和提高光合电子传递速率来提高光能利用效率,为暗反应提供足够的同化力,而较高的PEPC活性和较大的气孔导度使其能更有效地固定CO2,光反应和暗反应的协同使突变体具有较高的光合速率。     

水稻剑叶性状的遗传分析和基因定位

本研究以水稻籼粳杂交(窄叶青8号×京系17)F1经花药培养, 产生的双单倍体(DH)群体和应用该群体已构建的分子图谱为基础。 采用QTL区间作图法对5个剑叶性状进行定位分析, 结果表明, 在DH群体中, 剑叶长、 宽、 长宽比和叶面积呈连续分布, 受微效多基因控制, 并且各性状均存在一定数量的超亲遗传类型。 4个性状共检测出13     

Improving the Drought Tolerance in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) by Exogenous Application of Salicylic Acid

Drought stress encumbers the rice growth predominantly by oxidative damage to biological membranes and disturbed tissue water status. In this study, the role of salicylic acid (SA) to induce drought tolerance in aromatic fine grain rice cultivar Basmati 2000 was evaluated. SA was applied as seed and foliar treatments. For seed treatment, rice seeds were soaked in 50, 100 and 150 mg l⁻¹ aerated solution of SA for 48 h and then dried back. Treated and untreated seeds were sown in plastic pots in a phytotron. At four leaf stage, one set of plants was subjected to drought stress, while the other remained well watered. Drought was maintained at 50 % of field capacity by watering every alternate day. For exogenous application, SA was applied 50, 100 and 150 mg l⁻¹ at five leaf stage. In the control, SA was neither applied exogenously nor as seed treatment. Drought stress severely affected the seedling fresh and dry weight, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, plant water relations and starch metabolism; however, SA application improved the performance of rice under both normal and stress conditions. Drought tolerance in rice was well associated with the accumulation of compatible solutes, maintenance of tissue water potential and enhanced potency of antioxidant system, which improved the integrity of cellular membranes and facilitated the rice plant to sustain photosynthesis and general metabolism. Foliar treatments were more effective than the seed treatments. Foliar application with 100 mg l⁻¹ (FA 100) was the best treatment to induce the drought tolerance and improve the performance under normal and stress conditions compared with the control or other treatments used in this study.     

冠菌素对早稻和水稻幼苗形态及生理指标的影响

用不同浓度的冠菌素对旱稻297和水稻越富进行浸种处理。研究冠菌素对旱稻和水稻幼苗的形态指标（干物重、株高、根长、根表面积、根系体积及侧根发生量）和生理指标（根系活力和叶绿素含量）的影响。结果表明：高浓度（≥10^-5mol／L）的冠菌素处理后旱稻和水稻幼苗的株高、根系生长、根系活力、干物质积累量及叶绿素含量均明显降低：而较低浓度（10^-8-10^-7mol／L）的冠菌素处理却促进了旱稻幼苗根系生长。提高了根系活力。促进了干物质的积累,对水稻幼苗根系生长（侧根发生）也有一定的促进作用：初步认为用低浓度的冠菌素浸种培育健壮幼苗是可行的。     

农田施用水葫芦对水稻产量形成的影响

以粳稻品种运2645为供试材料,设计农田施用水葫芦（将晒干水葫芦按4 500 kg/hm2农田施用）、不施用水葫芦处理和施N量为120 kg/hm2（LN）、240 kg/hm2（NN）处理,研究其对水稻产量形成的影响。结果表明：（1）农田施用水葫芦使水稻成熟期株高略有增加;（2）农田施用水葫芦使水稻产量平均比对照增加8.6%,其中：LN处理、NN处理条件下分别比对照增产7.5%、9.5%,处理间的差异达到极显著水平;（3）农田施用水葫芦使水稻单位面积穗数、每穗颖花数、结实率和千粒重平均比对照增加5.0%、1.6%、1.2%、和0.5%,其中单位面积穗数和结实率,处理间的差异达到显著水平;（4）农田施用水葫芦使水稻生物量平均比对照增加9.0%,使水稻的经济系数平均比对照下降0.5%,生物量的增加是农田施用水葫芦水稻产量增加的主要原因。（5）农田施用水葫芦能显著提高水稻抽穗期叶片叶绿素含量;水稻抽穗期叶片叶绿素含量与产量呈极显著正相关关系。说明农田施用水葫芦能够显著提高水稻产量、生物产量以及水稻抽穗期叶片叶绿素含量。     

Coronatine Alleviates Polyethylene Glycol-induced Water Stress in Two Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars

We studied the effects of coronatine (COR), a structural and functional analogue of jasmonates, on the drought tolerance of two rice cultivars, Handao 297 (a drought-tolerant upland rice) and Yuefu (a drought-sensitive lowland rice). Seedlings were treated with COR at the three-leaved stage at 0.01 and 0.1 μm for 24 h, followed by imposition of water deficit induced with 20 % polyethylene glycol (PEG). Water stress reduced the biomass of both cultivars and increased leaf lipid peroxidation and solute leakage. Pre-treatment with COR significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase in leaf tissues of water-stressed Handao 297 (0.01 μm ) and Yuefu (0.1 μm ) seedlings. COR supplement also increased the accumulation of 44 and 32 kDa polypeptides in water-stressed Handao 297 (0.01 and 0.1 μm ) and Yuefu (0.1 μm ) and significantly induced the expression of 29 kDa polypeptide in Handao 297. The results suggest that COR might alleviate drought stress by activating antioxidant enzymes and inducing proteins, thereby preventing membrane peroxidation and denaturation of bio-molecules. Thus, membrane permeability decreased substantially by 24–27 % in Handao 297, and 22–29 % in Yuefu. The optimal concentrations conferring drought resistance were 0.01 for the upland rice and 0.1 μm for the lowland cultivar.     

水稻条斑花叶突变体生态st(t) 的鉴定与遗传定位

利用EMS诱变育成优良籼型恢复系缙恢10号,从其后代中鉴定出一个白色条斑花叶突变体st(t),在三叶期开始表现白斑,拔节期白斑变为不规则线状,一直保持到成熟。突变体叶绿素含量明显下降,类胡萝卜素含量显著升高。透射电镜观察表明,突变体的绿色叶片部位与野生型相比,在细胞结构上无明显差异,叶绿体发育正常;突变体的白化部位细胞结构异常,质体内多含有积聚在一起的嗜锇小球,不能发育出正常叶绿体所具有的类囊体和基质片层结构。遗传分析表明该性状受一对隐性核基因调控,利用1 500株西农1A/st(t)的F₂隐性定位群体,最终把St(t)基因定位在第6染色体SSR标记RM19745和RM19762之间,遗传距离分别为0.07 cM和0.27 cM,根据9311基因组序列推测,两标记之间的物理距离约为345 kb。这为St(t)基因的图位克隆和分子标记辅助育种奠定了基础。     

水稻营养生长发育阶段系统的划分

文章综述了水稻营养器官（根、茎、叶）生长阶段的系统划分。在以往形态学和解剖学阶段划分的基础上,整合了近年来分子遗传学的研究进展,突变体的发现使发育阶段的划分更加准确和完善。从分子水平搞清水稻的结构及发育阶段可以为水稻的高产和稳产提供理论基础。     

水稻叶鞘相关性状的遗传分析

本研究以典型釉粳交(春江06/台中本地1号)的F1代花药加倍的DH群体为材料,系统考察了DH群体及其双亲在抽穗期的叶鞘长、叶鞘重、叶鞘厚等性状上的分布情况.结果表明,叶鞘长度的遗传力较高,受环境的影响相对较小,叶鞘长与叶鞘厚及叶鞘干重间大多呈极显著的正相关.QTL分析共检测到31个与叶鞘有关的QTL,分布于水稻第1、第...