南海暖季天气系统与中尺度对流过程研究进展

本文总结了近几十年来暖季(5～10月)南海热带天气系统及中尺度对流过程的相关研究进展.聚焦暖季南海中尺度对流过程,概述性回顾了与南海中尺度对流过程相关的热带大气环流和夏季风的基本特征,影响南海中尺度对流发生、发展的重要天气系统,并着重归纳了南海中尺度对流系统的活动规律、结构特征与形成机理.在此基础上,探讨了当前及未来南...     

A Numerical Study of the Evolution of a Mesoscale Convective Vortex on the Meiyu Front

The Advanced Research WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting） model is used to simulate the evolution of a mesoscale convective vortex（MCV） that formed on the Meiyu front and lasted for more than two days. The simulation is used to investigate the underlying reasons for the genesis, intensification, and vertical expansion of the MCV. This MCV is of a type of mid-level MCV that often develops in the stratiform regions of mesoscale convective systems. The vortex strengthened and reached its maximum intensity and vertical extent（from the surface to upper levels） when secondary organized convection developed within the mid-level circulation. The factors controling the evolution of the kinetic and thermal structure of the MCV are examined through an analysis of the budgets of vorticity, temperature, and energy. The evolution of the local Rossby radius of deformation reveals the interrelated nature of the MCV and its parent mesoscale convective system.     

一场初冬“雷打雪”天气的中尺度特征分析

利用探空资料、T639数值预报产品和多普勒天气雷达资料,对2009年11月郑州地区的一场"雷打雪"天气过程进行了中尺度特征分析,结果表明:大尺度环流背景为暴雪的产生提供了有利条件,而中尺度露点锋是"雷打雪"天气发生的直接影响系统,中低层强烈的逆温层和"上干中湿下冷"的大气垂直结构为对流天气的产生储备了充足的不稳定能量,干暖盖指数对冬季对流天气的发生有一定的预报指示意义;多普勒天气雷达的径向速度产品是制作"雷打雪"天气短时临近预报的重要依据。     

Contributions of various classes of convection to rainfall in the Atlantic Ocean

Summary Whilst the tropics comprise only 50% of the Earth's surface, 75% of the annual, global rainfall occurs there. Hence, the tropics are the latent heat engine for the general circulation of the atmosphere. In this environment, all manner of convective weather systems exist: intense and destructive tropical storms (TS), organized mesoscale convective systems (MCCs and CCCs here) and much weaker, short-lived convection (DSL). The relative importance of these differing convective weather systems to the hydrologic cycle of the Atlantic Ocean basin is considered here. An automated, satellite-based climatology and classification of these four different classes of convective weather systems is used to define system characteristics and contribution to basin-wide rainfall over an 18 month time period.It is found that short-lived thunderstorms (DSL class) are the largest contributors to the basin-wide rainfall, however their contribution represents only about half of the total diagnosed rainfall. Organized mesoscale systems contribute the balance. Hence, mesoscale organized weather systems seem to play an important rôle in the Atlantic Ocean hydrologic cycle.Due to the potentially large error bounds on the satellite rainfall climatologies used here, the results of this study are contransted with the recent climatology of Cotton et al. (1995), which incorporates some estimates of rainfall characteristics for mesoscale systems based on numerical model simulations. Comparison of these two climatologies showed good agreement in the relative magnitudes of rainfall determined for each class of convection.With 11 Figures     

江淮流域持续性强降水过程的多尺度物理模型

本文对江淮流域持续性暴雨事件（PHREs）的多尺度物理模型和能量转换特征以及青藏高原东部对流系统东移影响下游地区降水的研究成果进行了总结。从欧亚大陆Rossby波列能量频散的角度揭示了江淮流域PHREs中纬度系统槽脊稳定的机制,定量分析了冷暖空气的源地和输送路径,提出了江南型和江北型PHREs的多尺度物理模型。从天气尺度和次天气尺度之间的能量转换角度呈现了不同尺度系统相互作用的物理图像,指出背景场的能量供给是直接触发暴雨的次天气尺度系统维持的最重要因子,尤其是在对流层的低层,动能的降尺度级串（即能量由背景场传递给次天气尺度系统）最强。研究表明青藏高原东部对流系统东移影响江淮流域的降水是一系列天气系统配合和活跃的结果,主要由青藏高原和四川盆地、二级地形和东部平原之间的热力环流、西南涡、二级地形以东中尺度涡旋和对流系统的共同影响。除了本文总结的内容,还有一些影响PHREs的因子值得深入研究,多尺度相互作用中的Rossby波源及其波列如何影响天气系统,中尺度系统对其背景场的能量反馈等。     

多尺度大气数值预报的技术进展

随着计算机和计算理论的发展,数值模式正在向全球化、精细化发展,以适应多尺度、多目的应用的要求,从而模糊了大气环流模式和中尺度数值模式的界限,其主要手段就是改进模式动力框架、离散化手段、计算方法、物理过程的普适性。在实际应用中如何提高模式的多尺度计算性能则是问题关键。该文从模式球面坐标系、网格构造、离散化方法的动力特性、垂直坐标和地形处理以及对物理过程的要求出发,探讨分析多尺度大气数值模式的特点:全球/区域可选、非静力近似、具有良好的频散关系和详细的物理过程,垂直高度坐标和"剪切"地形对多尺度通用模式的改良十分重要。除上述特点外,模式所采用的计算方法也应该最大限度地描述大气动力过程特性,采用高性能计算方案有利于多尺度预报。结合当前多尺度预报的国际研究热点和开发前沿,探讨我国新一代多尺度数值预报系统GRAPES的进一步发展及改进方向。     

2008年台风“风神”强迫次级环流的诊断分析

利用WRF（weather research and forecasting）模式模拟资料对2008年06号台风“风神”进行诊断分析,采用准地转PV-ω方程对台风外围中尺度对流系统较强的6月20日10时（世界时）的资料进行分析.通过PV-ω方程诊断了潜热、摩擦及干动力过程对台风次级环流的作用,结果显示潜热强迫产生的次级环流最强,摩擦强迫主要集中在边界层,而干动力过程则在台风中心附近产生影响.加入摩擦、潜热得到的准平衡流场能够描述70％左右的台风环流.环境垂直切变在台风中心附近强迫产生横向次级环流的垂直切变与环境垂直切变相反,次级环流会使得台风一侧的上升气流减弱而另一侧上升气流增强,从而使得台风不对称增强.同时,发现垂直切变可能在其最大垂直切变方向右侧激发台风外围中尺度系统.通过构造理想的准平衡的台风及叠加在其上的中尺度系统环流,选择不同的切变和环境平均气流,发现增大切变会使得强迫次级环流增强,而增大环境平均气流不一定能够使得强迫次级环流增大,反而可能使得强迫次级环流减弱.通过诊断发现由切变强迫次级环流造成的中尺度对流系统上方扰动可能是中尺度对流系统持续存在的原因.     

1211号“海葵”台风登陆后引发两段大暴雨过程的对比分析

利用地面加密自动站观测资料以及NCEP再分析资料,对1211号“海葵”台风登陆后在江苏引发的两段降水对流特征差异明显的大暴雨天气进行对比分析。结果表明:第一段区域性大暴雨天气发生在台风环流中心及北侧偏东风急流附近,此时台风环流完整,中心维持正压结构,环流中心及其北侧偏东急流附近伴有较大范围的水汽辐合和强上升运动,有利于区域性大暴雨天气发生,但降水发生在近乎中性的层结下,降水分布较均匀,发展平缓,降水期间对流活动较弱;第二段大暴雨则发生在远离环流中心的台风倒槽顶部,降水期间暴雨区中高层伴有较明显的冷平流,有利于对流不稳定层结发展,降水发展过程中,地面风场出现中尺度扰动,增强了局地辐合和气旋性涡度,加之地面锋区发展,促进了中尺度对流系统的形成和发展,此段降水中尺度特征显著,发展迅速,雨强大,伴有明显的对流特征,导致出现局地特大暴雨天气。     

NWP产品在强对流天气诊断分析中的应用

利用ECMWF、T213、T106数值预报产品及各物理量场,对已知中尺度系统发生发展的大尺度条件,预报中尺度环流出现的统计概率进行探讨:首先将武汉中心气象台过去总结的强对流天气模型与数值预报产品中的环流形势进行对比分析,当所预报的环流形势满足强对流天气模型时,认为大尺度条件将会促进中尺度天气的发生发展。再对数值预报产品中的有关物理要素场和值进行诊断分析,当所诊断的结果反映出有中尺度次级环流出现或有利中尺度对流天气发生时,最后对强对流天气落区、落点及降水性质进行诊断分析。同时,还利用AREM中尺度数值模式对2002年7月21~24日过程进行诊断分析,预报效果较好。,通过诊断分析,得出了强对流天气落区、落点及降水性质与各要素之间预报场和值的关系,同时也为今后精细化预报提供了启示和参考。     

一次突发性特大暴雨的中尺度分析和诊断

利用常规探测资料、TBB资料和NCEP分析资料,对2008年5月27日发生在沅陵西北部的一次突发性特大暴雨天气过程进行了中尺度分析和诊断.结果表明:这次特大暴雨是在有利的大尺度环流背景下发生的,低空西南急流为暴雨区带来了丰富的水汽和不稳定能量;产生暴雨的中βCS云团由两个对流云团合并而成,具有椭圆形结构特征,长时间维持少动,强降水出现在中BCS云团发展最旺盛的地方;在尺度分离的流场上,特大暴雨出现在850 hPa和700 hPa的两条中尺度辐合线之间的低层辐合区内;这次暴雨与暴雨区上空对流层中低层正垂直螺旋度、高层负垂直螺旋度中心的分布和增大减小变化密切相关;非地转湿Q矢量激发的次级环流的存在有利于不稳定能量的释放,促进暴雨发生发展;暴雨区特殊的地形对这次特大暴雨过程有明显的增幅作用.     

Initiation of deep convection caused by land-surface inhomogeneities in West Africa: a modelled case study

Simulations with the Consortium for Small Scale Modelling model were performed to investigate the impact of land surface inhomogeneities on the initiation of convection. A case from the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis campaign, 11 June 2006, was selected. On this day, a mesoscale convective system was observed and simulated. The simulation scenarios included a realistic and an increased initial soil moisture distribution as well as a homogeneous soil moisture and texture field. Land use and orography were the same in all runs. Heat and moisture budget calculations were applied to analyse the processes responsible for the evolution of pre-convective atmospheric conditions and convection-triggering thermally induced circulation systems. Convective cells were initiated in all experiments. However, the amount of cells, their origin, evolution, and precipitation amount differed. First shallow clouds were initiated over areas with higher sensible heat fluxes. The evolution of subsequent deep convection was triggered by secondary circulation systems caused by baroclinic conditions generated by clouded and unclouded regions. The further evolution of the precipitation cells strongly depended on convective inhibition in the areas the cells moved into.     

一次低涡切变影响云南大雨过程分析

利用昆明 3830 /CC多普勒天气雷达观测资料 ,结合MICAPS客观分析资料 ,对 2 0 0 3年 9月 2日的一次大雨天气过程进行分析。结果表明 :在有利的低涡切变和地面冷锋环流背景和有利的热力、动力条件下 ,不断触发中尺度切变线和中尺度涡旋的生成和发展。中尺度切变线和中尺度涡旋是强对流生成和发展的动力 ,先后生成“人”字型回波、飑线和两个中尺度絮状回波团直接导致大雨天气过程 ,表现出了许多中尺度特征 ,零速度线的位置、变化和正、负速度相对位置的演变与中尺度天气系统的生成和发展密切相关。     

一次梅雨锋特大暴雨过程的数值模拟研究：不同尺度天气系统的影响作用

2003年7月4~5日在江淮地区沿梅雨锋有一系列中尺度对流系统相继生成和强烈发展,导致了江淮地区特大暴雨的形成。该研究利用中尺度数值模式MM5对这次梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了数值模拟,在模拟结果的基础上重点分析了不同尺度天气系统相互作用对这次特大暴雨过程的影响作用。在这次特大暴雨过程中,位于梅雨锋北侧的东北—西南走向深厚、稳定的短波槽系统与槽前从西南移来的低涡系统相配合,加强了位于梅雨锋北侧的反气旋性扰动发展,从而导致梅雨锋北侧反气旋性涡旋的形成。该类反气旋性涡旋形成对江淮切变线的加强与维持起重要作用。中尺度对流系统的潜热释放首先导致梅雨锋低层切变线上的中尺度对流性涡旋(MCV)的形成,而中尺度对流性涡旋的形成进一步加强了切变线上的低层辐合,中尺度对流性涡旋消亡后,在切变线上形成低涡。梅雨锋附近主要存在4种不同垂直环流,它在降水的不同阶段具有不同的结构、配置与动力学作用。其中跨锋面、高层非地转两支垂直环流对锋区的对流扰动发展和暴雨形成最为重要,而降水发展可以调整锋区垂直环流的结构、配置,随降水的减弱,梅雨锋区的不同垂直环流系统又重新恢复到先前结构。梅雨锋上不同尺度、高度的天气系统之间的相互作用主要通过这些垂直环流系统调整实现。     

台湾岛地形对登陆台风“莫兰蒂”(1614)强对流雨带发展影响的模拟研究

2016年9月14~15日超强台风“莫兰蒂”（1614）登陆厦门后在福建省中北部引发了特大暴雨天气过程,特大暴雨由台风登陆后北侧至东北侧一个缓慢移动的长生命史中尺度强对流螺旋雨带活动造成。利用中尺度数值模式WRF（V3.9）对台风登陆引发福建省中北部特大暴雨过程进行了大区域无嵌套数值模拟,较准确地模拟了台风引发特大暴雨的强度和落区,并成功地再现了台风登陆后北侧至东北侧长生命史中尺度强对流螺旋雨带的发生、发展过程。分析发现,台风大风区外围几个零散的中尺度辐合区在移入台湾地形下游的弱风切变区、正涡度带、湿静力能（假相当位温、比湿）锋区后,组织发展成一个带状的中尺度辐合带而形成强对流螺旋雨带,长时间地维持和发展,并向东北方向缓慢移动。台湾地形在有利于强对流螺旋雨带长时间组织发展和维持的中尺度环境场的形成中扮演着重要角色,即地形效应在其下游形成的正涡度带（正位涡带）、雨带（位于高湿静力能区）南侧低湿静力能带（即湿静力能锋区）,对强对流螺旋雨带的长时间发展维持非常重要。地形敏感性试验的结果进一步证实了台湾地形在台风登陆后东北侧长生命史中尺度强对流螺旋雨带形成及维持中的重要作用。     

The impact of convergence zones on the initiation of deep convection: A case study from COPS

During the ‘Convective and Orographically-induced Precipitation Study’ (COPS) performed in summer 2007, deep convection developed on July 15, although convective available potential energy was only moderate and convective inhibition was high. Convection was restricted to an area east of the Black Forest crest. Data analysis revealed that the convection was triggered by different mechanisms. Due to a surface high which was situated east of the Black Forest and a surface low which approached the investigation area from the west, a mesoscale convergence zone was established between the two regions and moved eastwards. Secondly, high insolation favoured the development of slope and valley winds and high evapotranspiration resulted in an increase of moisture in the planetary boundary layer (PBL). The thermally driven circulation systems formed a convergence zone along the mountain crest. When the synoptically induced mesoscale convergence zone reached the Black Forest, the different convergence zones superimposed optimally, such that strong updraughts were observed above the mountain. These updraughts penetrated the PBL-capping inversion and nearly reached the level of free convection. About 15 min after the convergence zone had passed the Black Forest crest, first clouds developed east of it. While moving further eastwards, the convergence zone intensified and became visible as a north-south oriented cloud line in the satellite images. Some deep convective cells with precipitation formed within the cloud line. The dense COPS network allowed the capture of the position and characteristics of the convergence zone and explains why convection developed in some restricted areas only.     

“7·20”河南极端暴雨精细观测及热动力成因

利用分钟降水资料、FY-4A气象卫星高分辨率资料、多普勒天气雷达资料和ERA5再分析资料对2021年“7·20”河南极端暴雨过程中尺度系统精细结构及热动力发展机制进行观测分析和诊断研究, 结果表明: 该过程发生在“两高对峙”的鞍型场弱背景下, 其主导系统为500 hPa弱低压系统和低层偏东风切变线; 极端暴雨主要由水平尺度约300 km呈近乎圆形结构中尺度对流复合体产生, 其长时间维持与内部多个中尺度对流系统的合并及外围东南侧暖湿区新生单体的持续并入有关; 郑州站小时强降水(201.9 mm· h-1)由几乎静止的低质心β中尺度弓状回波产生, 其分钟降水量持续在3~4.7 mm; 边界层风场的动力辐合触发强烈对流, 使得强降水区上空θ_se锋区长时间处于中性层结, 其高层辐散气流在西北太平洋副热带高压附近构成次级环流下沉支; 中层500 hPa低压区气旋式曲率附近正涡度平流和925 hPa偏东气流持续暖平流输送、低层变形场锋生作用, 以及来自华东近海边界层急流异常强盛的水汽输送是此次极端过程发展维持的热动力学成因。     

一次中尺度强降水天气过程分析

利用常规观测资料、卫星云图、自动站气象观测资料和多普勒雷达等资料,对2011年6月16日玉林市南部一次中尺度强降水过程进行天气动力学和中尺度分析,结果表明:这次暴雨是在有利的大尺度环流下产生,通过中尺度系统激发而产生的。高空低槽和低空切变辐合是强降水产生的前提条件,中尺度对流云团强烈发展是强降水产生直接原因;分析红外云图的TBB、多普勒雷达反射率和基本速度、地形条件等方面都很好地阐述了本次强降水的暴雨中心。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE GENERATION OF MESOSCALE CONVECTTVE SYSTEMS IN LARGE－SCALE ENVIRONMENT

The generation of mesoscale convective systems is simulated by a 7-level primitive equation model. The large-scale parts of observed, data at 1200 Z June 11, 1983, which are obtained by low-pass filter, are used as the initial data. The results show that the generation of mesoscale convective systems can be simulated from fields of meteorological variables on the large-scale background. When the low-level south-west jet stream is very moist, mesoscale convective systems can develop ahead of the wind speed maximum in the warm sector of Jiang-Huai (Changjiang-Huaihe Rivers) cyclone, where the potential stability tends to remain negative. Furthermore, they are similar to the mesoscale convective complex (MCC), which appears frequently in the central part of the United States during the warm season (March to September), in dynamical and thermal structure, distribution of precipitation and the process of generation and development.     

The mesoscale balance and imbalance and the corresponding potential vorticity inversion from the view of helicity

The static balance and the geostrophic balance are the common balances in meteorology.All the synoptic systems and most of the mesoscale systems satisfy the above two balances.However,due to the strong convection and non-geostrophic feature,many mesoscale systems usually present as static imbalance,and the quasi-geostrophic approximation is no longer attainable.This paper tried to find out a kind of balance that exists for mesoscale convective system.To do this,the concrete mathematics definitions for balance and imbalance equations were defined.Then,it is proposed that the new balance equation should include the divergence,vorticity,and vertical motion simultaneously,and the helicity equation was a good choice for the basis.Finally,the mesoscale balance and imbalance equations were constructed,as well as a new balance model that was based on the helicity,horizontal divergence,vertical vorticity,continuity,and thermal dynamic equations under same approximations.Moreover,the corresponding potential vorticity(PV)inversion technique was introduced.It was pointed out that by using the PV conservation and the potential temperature conservation,the flows of the mesoscale balance model can be deduced,and their comparison with the real fields would give the degree of the imbalance.     

一次阵风锋过程的数值模拟与分析

利用中尺度数值模式ARPS,模拟了2006年6月29日发生在南京的一次由强中尺度对流系统引发的阵风锋过程,并分析了该过程的天气形势。结果表明,在对流系统经过南京站之前,近地层出现了明显的逆温,当对流系统经过南京站时中低层湿度一直在加深;背景形势显示有中低层急流和垂直风切变。在这次数值模拟中,虽然未模拟出阵风锋的细线回波...