Electrical characterization of megabit DRAMs. 1. External testing

An approach to the electrical characterization of dynamic RAMs in which chip design and DRAM process technology are verified and optimized concurrently is reported. Both parametric and functional tests were performed. The authors describe an information and scheduling system for analysis and testing that handles the required electrical measuring data from the testers. It is shown how data analysis supports the interpretations by data correlations on a real statistical basis. The short learning cycle required by this approach was obtained by ensuring the smooth cooperation of all those involved in the overall analysis     

基于内部阵列电极的电容层析成像系统

为了研究电容层析成像系统在测量高介电常数流体中的应用,设计了一套具有内部阵列电极的电容层析成像传感器,改善了传统传感器的灵敏度和非线性特性,拓宽了系统的测量范围。用蒸馏水作为连续相介质进行了数据采集和图像重建,并进一步研究了介质电导率对系统成像的影响。实验表明,该系统可以实现高介电常数介质的测量,并且可用来测量具有微弱导电能力的物体。     

Electrical performance analysis and characterization of two port piezoelectric resonators

The electrical behavior of two port piezoelectric resonators employing sputtered aluminum nitride as active layer is investigated in this paper. The resonator was tested in a vacuum chamber under controlled pressure from 0.1 mbar to normal atmosphere. The resonator output was found to be a superposition of the mechanical resonance behavior and electrical crosstalk, the latter coming mainly from the coupling feed-through capacitance. A general equivalent circuit model is derived to analyze the resonator’s electrical performance. In a polar diagram, the crosstalk introduces an offset of the resonance circle toward the first quadrant, which makes the characterization of the resonator more difficult. Three different methods to calculate the quality factor and resonance frequency of the resonator are discussed.     

Electrical characterization of micromachined AlN resonators at various back pressures

In this work, the fabrication process of piezoelectric cantilevers based on aluminum nitride films is presented. The cantilevers were electrically characterized in a vacuum chamber offering the possibility to close-loop control the back pressure from atmospheric conditions down to 10^?2 mbar. The quality factor is an important figure of merit to evaluate the performance of micro resonators. In particular, three different modes were detected and analyzed: the first flexural mode, the second flexural mode and the first torsional mode. Among these three investigated modes, the first torsional mode has a higher quality factor compared to the others, which makes this mode more suitable for mass change detection applications as higher sensitivities are feasible. With the first torsional mode, quality factors of up to 4,557 are achievable at low chamber pressure, where the intrinsic damping is the dominating loss mechanism. The quality factor decreased to 1,050 at atmospheric pressure and is limited by viscous losses.     

Mechanical characterization of post-buckled micro-bridge beams by micro-tensile testing

A micro-tensile testing system has been developed to measure the mechanical properties of post-buckled silicon dioxide micro-bridge beams. A kind of vernier-groove carrier is presented to improve alignment precision and repeatability of the measurement, and the stiffness coefficient of the tensile system is calibrated in situ in order to obtain the deformation of the tensile beams. Through analyzing a series of stress states in the beam over film preparation, post-buckling and unfolding of the beam, the initial residual stress in the film is obtained from the original load–displacement curves. The residual stress of 354 MPa is consistent with that calculated from the theory of finite deflection of buckled beams. Young’s modulus and tensile fracture strength are also obtained from the load–displacement curves. The measured modulus and strength are 64.6 ± 3 GPa and 332–489 MPa respectively. The measured properties of the thermal silicon dioxide film are reasonably coherent with other reports.     

Electrical and dielectric characterization of a biological liquid using an interdigitated microelectrodes

Microsystem Technologies - In this work, we propose a geometrical analysis of a biosensor with microelectrodes of interdigitated structures, based on the method of impedance spectroscopy in the...     

Electrical characterization of a RF power transistor ceramic package including multiple wirebonds

This article presents an approach for modeling of RF power transistor packages including bondwires. The approach is based on measurements of a real package in which the transistor chip was replaced with a 2‐port of known parameters and connected to the package leads with multiple parallel wirebonds. Using the measurement results, an equivalent circuit of the package is constructed. The response of the circuit is then compared to measurements and results obtained through full‐wave electromagnetic modeling to reveal good agreement. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2013.     

Electrical characterization and modelling of top‐emitting PIN‐OLEDs

Abstract— Positively doped, intrinsic, negatively doped organic light‐emitting diodes (PIN‐OLEDs) have been shown to exhibit high efficiency and a long lifetime compared to conventional small‐molecule OLEDs (SM‐OLEDs). The improved performance of PIN‐OLEDs makes them attractive for use in display applications. Knowledge of the electrical load exhibited by these devices is used to develop an equivalent electrical‐circuit model. Such models are used by circuit designers to assist with the precise design of active‐matrix‐display driver circuits used in such applications. In this paper, the development of a SPICE model for a top‐emitting PIN‐OLED stack is reported.     

Partition testing vs. random testing: the influence of uncertainty

This paper compares partition testing and random testing on the assumption that program failure rates are not known with certainty before testing and are, therefore, modeled by random variables. It is shown that under uncertainty, partition testing compares more favorably to random testing than suggested by prior investigations concerning the deterministic case: the restriction to failure rates that are known with certainty systematically favors random testing. In particular, we generalize a result by Weyuker and Jeng (1991) stating equal fault detection probabilities for partition testing and random testing in the case where the failure rates in the subdomains defined by the partition are equal. It turns out that for independent random failure rates with equal expectation, the case above is a boundary case (the worst case for partition testing), and the fault detection probability of partition testing can be up to k times higher than that of random testing, where k is the number of subdomains. Also in a related model for dependent failure rates, partition testing turns out to be consistently better than random testing. The dominance can also be verified for the expected (weighted) number of detected faults as an alternative comparison criterion     

Electrical characterization of integrated passive devices using thin film technology for 3D integration

With the development of 3D integration technology,microsystems with vertical interconnects are attracting attention from researchers and industry applications.Basic elements of integrated passive devices(IPDs),including inductors,capacitors,and resistors,could dramatically save the footprint of the system,optimize the form factor,and improve the performance of radio frequency(RF) systems.In this paper,IPDs using thin film built-up technology are introduced,and the design and characterization of coplanar waveguides(CPWs),inductors,and capacitors are presented.     

Electrical and morphological characterization of platinum thin-films with various adhesion layers for high temperature applications

In this paper we report on the morphological and electrical properties of platinum (Pt) thin-films with Titanium (Ti) and, alternatively, Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) as adhesion layers for high temperature applications. All films were sputter deposited on silicon substrates and afterwards annealed in air up to 800 °C. The results show that Ti diffuses into Pt grain boundaries forming oxide precipitates (TiO_x) in the Pt grain boundaries. The resistivity of Pt/Ti thin-films increased continuously with annealing temperature up to 500 °C and decreases again continuously above 500 °C. In contrast, TiO₂ demonstrates a dense stable oxide layer after annealing. Pt/TiO₂ thin-films show a continuous decrease in the sheet resistance with increasing the annealing temperature. Accordingly, TiO₂ thin-film is the preferable adhesive layer for Pt over Ti thin-films for high temperature applications.

     

Electrical characterization of porous BaTiO3 using impedance spectroscopy in humid condition

The humidity response characteristics of La doped BaTiO₃ with different sintered densities and room temperature electrical conductivities were investigated using complex impedance measurement. The samples with low density and high resistivity showed the large and nearly linear sensitivity to the change of humidity. The impedance spectra of samples, when exposed to high humidity, can exhibit microstructure-related features, even though they do not give rise to a noticeable characteristic change when exposed to low humidity. The observed impedance patterns were dependent upon the density, and hence the oxidation kinetics of BaTiO₃.     

Toward the characterization of software testing practices in South America: looking at Brazil and Uruguay

Software testing is an important activity in the software development life cycle. Several previous studies reported the results of surveys on software testing practices among practitioners from different countries. In this paper, we analyze these surveys aiming to get their main questions, and replicate a survey with practitioners from Brazil and Uruguay, two emerging South American software development scenarios. This survey was previously conducted in Manaus/Brazil in 2006 and Buenos Aires/Argentina in 2013. The replication’s scope includes three regions (Northern Brazil, Southern Brazil, and Uruguay). A total of 150 software testing practitioners responded to the survey. Its results are compared with the previous executions and other software testing surveys identified in the technical literature, strengthening previous findings. The Brazilian and Uruguayan participants indicate that: (1) documentation of test artifacts (plan, cases, procedures, results) are useful and important for software testing practitioners; (2) system and regression testing are the two test types deemed most useful and important; (3) tools for monitoring and management of test process tasks and bug reports are considered useful and important; (4) it is usual for software companies to have a definition of a testing process and to have a dedicated testing team; (5) there is a lack of measurement of test tasks and coverage in the industry; and (6) tools to support automation of test case generation and execution or code coverage are still poorly used in their organizations.     

内P一推理与内收敛信息的辨识

P-推理(packet reasoning)是由内P-推理(internal packet reasoning)与外P-推理(outer packet reasoning)共同构成的。P-推理是一个动态推理,具有智能特征;P-推理是由P-集合得到的。利用P-集合与P-推理理论,给出了内收敛信息与它的属性特性、内收敛信息的内P-推理生成与生成定理、内收敛信息的存在原理与辨识定理以及内收敛信息在动态信息系统中的应用。     

Ergonomics testing of consumer products 1. General considerations

This is the first of two articles describing how to test consumer products, with special reference to the ergonomics techniques employed. The procedures and methods described are appropriate for the comparative testing of competing brands of a given consumer product. This article covers essential preliminaries to the ergonomics testing programme. It discusses: brands to be tested, aspects of product use for detailed investigation, desirable product characteristics, general principles in brand comparison tests, and the place of physical tests in the brand evaluation programme.