不同水肥用量对日光温室草莓产量和果实品质的影响

以草莓"红颜"为试材,研究了不同水肥用量对日光温室草莓植株物候期、生长、产量及品质的影响,以探索京郊日光温室草莓适宜的水肥用量。结果表明:所有处理的草莓物候期表现较一致。T2(单次灌水量90m3/hm2,施肥45kg/hm2)草莓长势较好,产量最高为24 825kg/hm2,水分和肥料生产效率较T1(单次灌水量120 m3/hm2,施肥60kg/hm2)分别提高63.8%和71.4%。其次是T3(单次灌水量60m3/hm2,施肥30kg/hm2),较T1增产22.3%,水分生产效率和肥料生产效率分别提高115.5%和144.4%。在该试验条件下,综合植株生长、产量和品质等指标,单次灌水量90m3/hm2,施肥45kg/hm2(T2)是京郊日光温室草莓栽培适宜的水肥用量。     

不同水肥配比对加工型马铃薯产量与品质的影响

研究了水肥耦合效应对加工型马铃薯经济性状及品质的影响,结果表明,在最优化水肥处理（每1hm2灌水2520．00m3,施尿素457．50kg,磷酸二氢铵825．00kg,硫酸钾247．50kg）条件下,马铃薯植株株高、茎粗、地上部干质量、块茎质量、单株块茎质量和产量等性状上表现最优,且产品干物质含量最高,还原糖含量最低,维生素C含量最高,马铃薯的品质最佳,更利于对其加工的要求。     

减施化肥配施EM菌剂对厚皮甜瓜生长及果实性状的影响

摘要：为探讨减施化肥配施EM菌剂对厚皮甜瓜生长和果实性状的影响,以常规施肥（每667 m2施用复合肥50 kg、有机肥500 kg、硫酸钾20 kg、钙镁磷肥20 kg）为对照,设置EM菌剂替代化肥方案（每667 m2施用EM菌剂20 L,复合肥30 kg,有机肥500 kg,硫酸钾20 kg,钙镁磷肥20 kg）,比较分析减施化肥配施EM菌剂对不同厚皮甜瓜品种生长发育、果实性状及品质的影响。结果表明：施用EM菌后桂蜜12号最大株高、茎粗、叶片SPAD值分别为215.00 cm、9.93 mm、39.17,均显著高于对照;果实性状除腔长（11.38 cm）、腔宽（6.74 cm）比对照显著减少外,单瓜质量、产量、果肉硬度、果长、果宽、果肉 厚、果脐肉厚和可溶性固形物含量均显著高于对照。施用EM菌后北甜1号株高、茎粗均大于对照,但不同时期差异性不同;最大株高、茎粗、叶片SPAD值和叶面积分别为193.67 cm、10.44 mm、37.62、990.38 cm2,与对照均无显著差异,果肉硬度、果长、果宽、中心可溶性固形物均比对照显著增加,而腔长、腔宽均比对照显著减少。综上,EM菌剂部分替代化肥方案能促进厚皮甜瓜植株生长、产量提高与品质改善,但对不同甜瓜品种的影响效果有所不同,对桂蜜12号甜瓜的促进作用更明显。     

水肥耦合对日光温室厚皮甜瓜光合速率及产量的影响

为了探讨日光温室甜瓜水肥耦合效应,试验采用3因素5水平二次回归正交旋转组合设计,对灌水量、施氮量、施钾量与日光温室甜瓜光合速率和产量的相关性进行了研究,并建立了数学模型。结果表明:甜瓜光合速率、产量与灌水量、施氮量、施钾量呈正相关,3因素对光合速率和产量的影响程度大小同为:X_1X_2X_3,即灌水量施氮量施钾量。当灌水量、施氮量、施钾量分别为2 250m~3/hm~2、600kg/hm~2、450kg/hm~2时,光合速率最高可达12.24μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),甜瓜产量最高可达70 272.58t/hm~2。灌水量、施氮量和施钾量对甜瓜叶片光合速率和产量影响的趋势基本一致,二者呈显著正相关。数学模型拟合较好,可用于指导日光温室甜瓜生产。     

根系分区交替灌溉条件下水肥供应对番茄中 番茄红素含量的影响

为了解根系分区交替灌溉条件下灌水量和氮、磷、钾肥用量对番茄果实中番茄红素含量的影响,
通过盆栽试验,采用四元二次回归正交旋转组合设计,建立了番茄红素含量与水肥因子的数学模型,并对
各单一因素的效应及两两因素的耦合效应进行了分析。结果表明,在其他因子为中间水平时,番茄果实中
的番茄红素含量,随灌水量的增加呈线性降低趋势,随施氮量与施磷量增加呈开口向上抛物线变化,但不
随施钾量而变化。灌水量与施钾量、施氮量与施磷量的交互作用表现为阻碍果实番茄红素的积累。根系分
区交替灌溉条件下,灌水量过高不利于番茄红素含量的增加,合理增施氮、磷肥可有效提高果实中番茄红
素含量。     

环绕滴灌施肥制度对苹果产量、水分利用和品质的影响

针对北京市果树生产水肥用量大、用工多以及环绕滴灌施肥技术参数不明的现状,采用裂区设计方法,研究了环绕滴灌施肥条件下不同灌溉施肥制度对果树生长、产量、水分利用及品质的影响。结果表明:采用环绕滴灌施肥技术,张力计读数为-25kPa时开始灌溉,每次灌水22.5~52.5mm,随水滴施水溶肥60~120kg/hm2的处理较好,与常规对照相比,节水29%、纯养分节约49%~67%,产量增加4.4%~8.5%,水分利用效率提高9.3~11.7kg/mm,可溶性固形物含量提高1.8~2.1个百分点。     

不同氮钾含量水溶肥对袋培甜瓜果期养分吸收及产量、品质的影响

在基质袋式栽培条件下,以薄皮甜瓜品种‘玉美人’为试材,在甜瓜果实发育期,设T1(mN∶mP∶mK=3∶1∶6)、T2(mN∶mP∶mK=2∶1∶2)、T3(mN∶mP∶mK=2∶1∶1)3个不同氮钾含量水溶肥处理,山崎甜瓜营养液(mN∶mP∶mK=5∶1∶6)作为对照,通过水肥一体化的滴灌施肥方式,研究了不同处理下甜瓜生长发育、产量品质及养分吸收的变化规律,筛选出适合基质袋培甜瓜生长发育的水溶肥氮钾配方,以期为甜瓜水肥一体化生产中肥料的选择及优质高产栽培提供参考。结果表明,在果实发育期,T2处理甜瓜株高和茎粗优于其他处理,处理第8天时,较CK相比分别显著升高了14.89%和8.15%。T3处理根系活力最大,处理第16天时,根系活力较CK相比显著升高了26.85%。T1处理的叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率和胞间CO2浓度均最大,处理第24天时,叶绿素a含量较CK显著升高了5.81%,净光合速率较CK升高了6.88%。产量和品质的指标表现为T1处理最优,甜瓜单果质量、单株产量、可溶性固形物含量、维生素C含量、可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量和糖酸比均最高,其中单果质量、单株产量较CK分别提高了32.98%和9.75%。T1处理甜瓜的可溶性固形物含量、维生素C含量、可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量和糖酸比分别比CK提高了31.87%、25.00%、61.20%、21.01%和28.14%。植株中全N和全K积累量T1处理最高,植株全P含量T2处理最高。综合分析表明,在基质袋栽培条件下,甜瓜果实发育期T1处理水溶肥可显著提高果实产量和品质,适于果期通过水肥一体化方式施用。     

硫酸钙对大蒜生长发育和产量的影响

以宋城大蒜为试验材料,研究在土壤中增施硫酸钙对大蒜生长发育、产量及品质的影响。结果表明:667m2施用硫酸钙40kg、分两次施入效果最显著,植株表现出根系发达,茎秆粗壮,叶面积大,叶片增厚,叶绿素含量高,不发生二次生长,蒜头增大增重,蒜皮鲜亮,不易散瓣,产量增幅达到30.3%。     

肥水耦合对西瓜苗期植株干物质积累、膨瓜速度及产量的影响

为建立西瓜高产的肥水耦合模式,以三倍体西瓜品种‘黑帝’为试验材料,在伸蔓期和膨瓜期设置不同肥水组合,探讨其对西瓜苗期植株干物质积累、膨瓜速度及产量的影响。结果表明,处理T3(灌水2次,每次灌水量225 m~3·hm~(-2),冲施复合肥112.5 kg·hm~(-2)有利于西瓜苗期植株干物质积累,明显提高了西瓜果实生长速度,日平均膨瓜量为122.91 cm~3;其产量最高,可达59 894.6 kg·hm~(-2),显著高于其他处理。在总灌水量和施肥量相同的条件下,处理T3的肥水耦合方式可起到以水调肥的协同作用,提高西瓜膨瓜速度和产量。试验结果为实际生产中肥水耦合模式的建立提供了理论依据。     

枣树营养坑配方滴灌水肥对产量和品质的效应试验

探讨了干旱缺水的阿克苏地区绿洲枣园的最佳灌水量和施肥量,对10年生灰枣树进行了营养坑滴灌水肥试验,设生长季每666.7m~2灌水分别为632、421、316m~3,配方追施氮、磷、钾肥纯量分别为120、80、60kg,分7个物候期施完,对照灌水量1249m~3,施化肥纯量149kg。结果表明,灌水量421m~3、施肥80kg,氮、磷、钾肥纯量配比N∶P_2O_5∶K_2O=28∶35∶17的处理效果最好,产量为988.0kg,显著高于对照的863.1kg,果实的总糖、还原糖、维生素C含量,糖酸比等品质指标均显著提高,节水66.3%、节肥46.3%,产量增加14.5%,达到了节水节肥增加产量改善品质的目的。     

Effect of salinity and water table on growth and tolerance of plum and peach

The effects of combinations of salinity (no salt, 2000 p.p.m. or 4000 p.p.m. of CaCl₂ and NaCl, 1:1) and water table (30 cm, 60 cm or 90 cm from the soil surface), on the vegetative growth and tolerance of ‘Golden Japanese’ plum and ‘Mit Ghamre’ and ‘Balady’ peaches were studied. The plants were grown in lysimeters. The growth of the trunk, total shoot length, the increase in shoot length per cm and the fresh weight of top, root and total plant were reduced with increasing salinity of the irrigation water. The effect was accentuated when the plants were maintained at high water table level. The salinity treatments resulted in the death of 43%, 73% and 76% of the plants in the plum, and the ‘Mit Ghamre’ and ‘Balady’ peaches, respectively, indicating that the plum is more tolerant to salinity than the peach. The plants of the salinity treatments showed various symptoms of salt injury, such as leaf burn, defoliation, shoot die-back and finally death. In the peaches, salt injury started to occur in the first growing-season, whereas the salt injury appeared in the plum in the second growing-season. The symptoms were more pronounced in the 4000 p.p.m. treatment than in the 2000 p.p.m. treatment and were more pronounced at the high water table level. The salinity level was the predominant factor and the effect of the water table on the vegetative growth diminished with increase in the salinity level of the irrigation water.     

洞庭1号无籽西瓜套种棉花高产高效模式的研究与应用

根据西瓜、棉花两者生长发育特点进行套种试验,研究其高产高效栽培模式。试验示范结果表明,以西瓜行株距4.5m×0.65m,棉花行株距1.5m×0.45m的种植密度,西瓜与棉花之间互颉作用最小,西瓜和棉花的产量和产值在3个套种模式中位居第1,在5个处理中经济效益最高。     

Primary culture and identification of mouse PASMCs and effects of hypoxia on proliferation and apoptosis of PASMCs

AIM：To establish a fast, accurate and economical technique for culturing mouse pulmonary arteriolar smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), and to explore the effects of hypoxia on the proliferation and apoptosis of the PASMCs. METHODS：In sterile condition, the pulmonary artery was isolated from the male BALB/c mice by digesting with collagenase I, and the cells were cultured in fetal bovine serum-coated flask. Centrifugal procedure was not used during the cell passage. The cell morphology was observed under an inverted phase-contrast microscope. α-Smooth muscle actin was identified by immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence. The effects of hypoxia on the proliferation and apoptosis of the PASMCs were detected by CCK-8 assay and TUNEL assay. RESULTS：PASMCs were identified by the methods of immunocytochemistry, immunofluorescence staining and observation of morphology. Unlike the rat PASMCs with typical subcultured peak-vally pattern, the mouse PASMCs showed a lot different without a peak-vally pattern. The cells could be subcultured after 5 d to 7 d and there was 3 to 5 generations depending on the activity of the cells. CCK-8 assay demonstrated that the A values of PASMCs exposed to hypoxia increased after 24 h (P＜0.05) as compared with normoxia. TUNEL result showed that the apoptotic index of the PASMCs in hypoxia decreased after 24 h (P<0.05). CONCLUSION：This technique for obtaining cultured mouse PASMCs is simple, fast, accurate and economical. The digestion time is easy to control. Hypoxia promotes the proliferation and inhibits the apoptosis of PASMCs.     

世界及中国鳄梨产销概况与展望

依据联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)数据库、联合国商品贸易统计数据库(UN Comtrade)中的数据,围绕鳄梨种植面积、产量、迚出口市场、主产国生产情况、主要迚出口国贸易情况等斱面,对世界及中国鳄梨的生产与贸易迚行回顾、分析与展望,幵在此基础上,对中国鳄梨产业的发展提出建议。     

Storability of onion seeds and effects of packaging and storage conditions on viability and vigour

Fresh onion seeds desiccated to 6.0% seed moisture content (SMC) were stored in various packaging materials under different storage conditions. Seeds packed in aluminum-laminated pouches beside those stored with silica gel at 25 °C maintained satisfactory germinability and vigour after 12 months. Desiccated seeds stored in moisture impervious containers produced more vigourous seedlings. Germination potential of onion seeds increased with reduced SMC besides storage in moisture impervious packets along with desiccants as physiological and biochemical attributes are regulated. Seed viability and vigour decreased with accelerated ageing due to increased lipid peroxidation, decreased activities of several free radical and peroxide scavenging enzymes. Electrical conductance of seed leachates also increased with ageing. Thus, adoption of appropriate storage temperature and moisture control techniques would significantly affect onion seed quality, which was due to minimum accumulation of free peroxide radicals and enhanced activity of free radical scavenging enzymes.     

小檗碱和壳聚糖抗蔬菜病原真菌活性测定及复合膜制备

研究了小檗碱和壳聚糖对几种常见蔬菜病原真菌的抑制活性,以及以小檗碱和壳聚糖为主料制备复合膜的方法,并测定了该膜的药物释放效果。试验表明:低浓度(0.234 mg/mL)小檗碱即可抑制辣椒炭疽病菌(Vermicularia capsici)等5种蔬菜病原真菌的生长。20 mg/mL浓度壳聚糖对番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)的抑制率高达65%,而对其余4种果蔬病原真菌也有一定的抑制作用。为了集成这2种天然化合物的优点,制备了小檗碱-壳聚糖复合膜,该膜具有缓释功能,在模拟外部环境(磷酸缓冲液,pH 6.8)条件下,20 d小檗碱累计释放率接近25%,提示其在果蔬贮藏抗菌中的应用价值。     

西瓜与粮油菜套种栽培试验

近年来,我省西瓜发展速度较快,到2004年全省西瓜栽培面积已达3万hm^2.由于我省耕地面积有限,大幅度扩大西瓜单种面积,不仅造成我省西瓜与粮油菜争地的矛盾,而且土地也未能得到充分有效的利用.为了解决这一生产中存在的实际问题,我们从2002年开始,进行了西瓜与粮油菜套种的栽培试验.历经4年的试验、示范,取得了显著的经济效益和社会效益.现将试验结果报告如下.     

热处理对果蔬采后品质及病虫害的影响

采后热处理是近年来快速发展的果蔬采后处理技术,广泛应用于改善果蔬贮藏期间的品质、增强抗逆性等 方面。从果蔬贮藏期间的生理生化、采后品质及防治病虫害等方面阐述了热处理的机理,讨论了热处理对果蔬衰老 方面的生理特征如色泽、风味、硬度(软化)、失重、呼吸、乙烯释放、酶活性等变化及与抗逆性有关的诱导蛋白质合成 及基因表达的影响,较全面阐述了热处理防治果蔬贮藏期间病虫害的机理如直接作用于病菌、害虫与提高果蔬的抗 病虫性等。     

陕西冬枣黑斑病和炭疽病病原菌的分离鉴定及特征比较

以大荔县冬枣种植区采集的发病枣果为试材,采用常规组织分离法进行病原菌的分离纯化,通过柯赫氏证病法则、形态学观察及分子生物学分析,研究鉴定了冬枣黑斑病和炭疽病的病原菌种类,并采用田间调查法对2种病害为害特征进行比较分析,以期为田间有效区分冬枣黑斑病和炭疽病为害症状,并快速判断其病原类型,及进一步深入开展精准防控提供参考和指导.结果表明:陕西大荔冬枣黑斑病的病原菌为细极链格孢(Alternaria tenuissima),炭疽病的病原菌为胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides).2种病害均主要为害枣果实,在枣果果腰或果肩上形成黑褐色病斑,可能同时存在且症状相近极易混淆,但在病斑表面、皮下及久置表型3个方面存在明显区别.     

钾肥在小白菜和萝卜上的施用效果

采用盆栽试验方法研究了施用钾肥对小白菜、萝卜生长发育、产量、品质及钾素含量的影响。结果表明 ,施用钾肥对小白菜和水萝卜的株高、叶片数无显著的影响 ,但可提高水萝卜块根的产量 ,提高幅度为 31.0 4 %～ 97.93%。施用钾肥可提高小白菜和萝卜的蛋白质和VC含量 ,降低硝酸盐含量 ,增加植株的钾素含量