[例15]高速电弧喷涂技术在机件再制造中的应用

正高速电弧喷涂是在普通电弧喷涂枪的基础上,通过特殊设计的高压气体喷嘴产生的超音速气流将熔化的金属材料雾化成微滴,并高速沉积到工件表面形成致密涂层的表面工程技术。喷涂铁基熔滴速度在喷枪出口附近由传统喷涂的100m/s,提高到250m/s,结合强度平均提高约10MPa。该技术     

低压条件下的等离子射流特性分析

低压等离子喷涂由于具有特殊的射流特性,以及可以沉积组织均匀的特殊结构涂层而备受关注.涂层的形成受到等离子射流特性的影响,比如焓值、温度、速度等.研究中利用热焓探针技术在环境压力为3 kPa的条件下,测量了Ar-H₂等离子体不同轴向位置射流中心的焓值和压力,并且进一步计算了射流的温度和速度,以及表征等离子体对粉体加热能力的努森数.结果表明,等离子射流在距离喷嘴出口12.5 mm处的温度为11 000 K;400 mm处降为7 000 K;等离子射流速度在喷嘴出口处25 mm左右达到最大值,约为2 000 m/s;喷嘴外部等离子射流的努森数处于过渡区,对粉体的加热能力较低.     

喷枪扫描速度对等离子喷涂Mo/8YSZ梯度 热障涂层温度场的影响规律研究

目的 突破新型动力热障涂层高温环境易剥落的技术瓶颈,揭示等离子喷涂过程中,喷枪扫描速度对梯度热障涂层温度分布的影响规律。方法 利用ANSYS有限元仿真模拟软件,建立了等离子喷涂Mo/8YSZ梯度热障涂层温度场的仿真模型,模型中考虑了材料热物性参数随温度的变化情况及材料的相变潜热。 结果 当喷枪扫描速度由550 mm/s增加至1000 mm/s时,喷枪与基体或已沉积涂层间交互作用的时间缩短,在喷涂构件自身热传导及喷涂构件与外界环境对流换热等综合因素作用下,致使喷涂作业结束时,喷涂构件的最高温度由475 ℃降低至371 ℃,涂层厚度方向的最大温度梯度由2.15×107 ℃/m降低至2.05×107 ℃/m。由于喷涂构件的温度、温度梯度及等离子射流热源用于粉末粒子直接温升的比例均与材料的热物性参数密切相关,致使在喷涂作业结束时,喷涂构件各部分最高温度及涂层厚度方向的最大温度梯度均呈现陶瓷层最高、过渡层次之、粘结层最低的分布规律。由于等离子喷涂过程中,先沉积的涂层对后沉积的涂层存在一个预热作用,故伴随着涂层厚度的增加,喷涂构件的最高温度增加。结论 在等离子喷涂过程中,通过增大喷枪扫描速度,可在牺牲涂层最高温度的条件下,降低喷涂构件的最大温度梯度。热障涂层采用梯度结构,可实现涂层厚度方向材料热物性参数的连续梯度变化,进而实现对喷涂构件空间温度分布的有效调控。     

应用守恒法预测等离子喷枪出口温度和速度

通过混合等离子气热焓和密度计算,基于质量和能量守恒,提出了一种预测直流等离子喷枪出口温度和速度的方法。该方法考虑了等离子气压力、喷嘴直径、等离子形成气体性质以及喷涂功率的影响。计算结果与相关试验符合较好。应用该方法分析了喷涂工艺对喷枪出口最大温度和速度的影响规律,可用于指导等离子喷涂工艺的选择。     

反极性等离子切割的流场及温度场数值模拟

通过建立反极性等离子切割的数值模型,模拟了不同参数下的等离子体热力学和动力学特征。结果表明,等离子体在枪体内被加热加速并在压缩孔道内达到峰值,而在扩散区域和工件切割腔内等离子体的温度和速度基本保持恒定;等离子枪体的几何尺寸(喷嘴直径和压缩孔道长度)和工艺参数(电流、离子气流量和喷嘴高度)对等离子体的温度和速度具有重要的影响。     

改进型等离子喷枪的粒子飞行特性

对非转移型等离子喷枪改进设计,并用SprayWatch-2i喷涂粒子速度温度测试仪对喷涂粒子速度进行测试,比较了喷枪改进前后和不同喷嘴对ZrO2粒子速度和温度的影响.研究表明,改进型喷枪使粒子速度明显提高,超过音速;减小喷嘴孔径有助于提高粒子速度;随着粒子速度的提高,粒子加热时间缩短,粒子温度有所降低.     

等离子喷涂过程基体温度场分布的数值模拟

等离子喷涂的热源温度高,涂层成形区域温度梯度大、热量累积快,涂层中常存在较大的残余应力。研究通过数值模拟并辅以必要的试验测试研究了等离子喷涂过程基体表面热量累积行为：建立了二维静态喷枪加热模型,研究了在不同喷涂距离时基体表面温度场分布规律;建立了移动热源加热模型,研究了在不同喷枪移动速度和扫描遍数时基体热量累积规律。结果表明：在静态喷枪加热作用下,基体温度场呈中间高两端低的对称分布状态;随着喷涂距离减小,基体表面最高温度与平均温度显著升高,温度梯度变化明显,高温区域半径显著增大。在动态喷枪加热过程中,基体左右边界热量累积现象明显,且喷枪移动速度越快,基体表面热量累积越少,温度分布梯度越小;随着喷枪扫描遍数的增加,基体中心区域温度呈波浪式上升,温度增长幅度逐渐变小。     

新型高速电弧喷涂枪的开发研究

详细介绍了开发研制的新型高速电弧喷涂枪：分析测定了新型喷枪和普通喷枪出口的雾化气流速度,同时采用A1和3Cr13作为对比试验材料,对涂层进行性能研究并观察了其组织结构。结果表明：新型喷枪的雾化气流速度的捌试计算值在距枪口80mm的范围内仍然能保持在600m／s左右,比普通喷枪的雾化气流速度有显著地提高：高速电弧喷滁熔融的金属粒子雾化充分,涂层组织致密,层状结构十分明显,并且结合强度值和硬度值均较高：新型高速电弧喷涂枪,结构简单,工作性能稳定。高速电弧喷涂是一种优质、高效、低成本的热喷涂方法。     

等离子喷枪的注气方式对电弧不稳定性的影响

基于局域热力学平衡假设,建立三维非稳态的磁流体动力学模型,在给定气流量和工作电流的条件下,采用数值模拟方法研究不同注气方式对直流非转移弧等离子喷枪内Ar-H2等离子电弧的波动行为和等离子特性的影响。结果表明,与直流进气相比较,采用旋转方式进气时,喷枪内等离子体流的流线呈现出明显的螺旋状分布,电弧波动信号呈现出更高的平均电压和较高波动频率,电弧附着随时间变化呈现出圆周运动现象;喷枪内等离子体的最大温度出现在阴极尖端附近,采用旋转方式注气时等离子平均最大温度较低,而等离子体的速度沿中心轴方向呈现出先增加后减小的趋势。喷枪出口处等离子体的温度与速度同样显示出波动分布,两种进气方式得到的温度分布基本相似,采用旋转方式注气时等离子平均最大速度分布相对较高。     

提高摩托车塑料制品涂着效率的方法

目的提高摩托车ABS部品涂着效率,达到节约成本、降低环境负荷的效果。方法从涂装设备、涂装方法、涂装作业者等因素出发,采用低压空气喷涂、分业涂装方式、手工静电喷涂、自动涂装设备导入、增加单位涂装面积等方法,逐一验证提高涂着效率的效果。结果经过近几年的改善,与传统手工空气喷涂相比,低压空气喷涂配合分业涂装可以提高ABS部品涂着效率5%~10%,静电喷枪配合空气喷枪可以提高10%~15%,自动涂装机可以提高20%~25%。根据部品形状的差异,ABS部品的综合平均涂着效率可以提高约10%。结论涂着效率受综合因素的影响,在作业者、喷涂设备、喷涂方法、挂装方式等方面进行改进,都可以提高涂着效率。但是由于摩托车ABS部品的尺寸普遍存在差异,若单纯采用某一种改善方式,涂着效率的提高幅度不大。从QDC综合因素考虑,针对面积大的部品,应采用手工静电喷枪配合低压空气喷涂的方式;针对面积小的部品,应采用增加挂装数量、提高喷涂面积配合低压空气喷枪等方式。     

低功率等离子体炬生产钛合金粉末的理论与实验研究

探讨使用低功率等离子体炬生产钛合金金属粉末的可能性.设计一种氩气直流非转移电弧等离子体炬,并对其等离子体射流特性和导线温度进行数值分析.喷嘴附件内的最高射流速度为838～1178 m/s,不同气体流速下顶点处的射流速度为494～645 m/s.等离子体气体流速对有效等离子体射流长度无显著影响.利用等离子体射流的温度和速...     

Three Dimensional Modeling of the Plasma Spray Process

Results of simulations of three-dimensional (3D) temperature and flow fields inside and outside of a DC arc plasma torch in steady state are presented with transverse particle and carrier gas injection into the plasma jet. The results show that an increase of the gas flow rate at constant current moves the anode arc root further downstream leading to higher enthalpy and velocity at the exit of the torch anode, and stronger mixing effects in the jet region. An increase of the arc current with constant gas flow rate shortens the arc, but increases the enthalpy and velocity at the exit of the torch nozzle, and leads to longer jets. 3D features of the plasma jet due to the 3D starting conditions at the torch exit and, in particular, due to the transverse carrier gas and particle injection, as well as 3D trajectories and heating histories of sprayed particles are also discussed.     

Influence of gas flow on argon microwave plasma jet at atmospheric pressure

Many kinds of an atmospheric-pressure plasma jet have been developed and used for widespread applications such as a surface treatment and modified. This study focused on the argon atmospheric-pressure microplasma jet generated by discharging of RF power of 2.45 GHz microwave. The plasma jet shows sensitivity to surrounding environment: pressure, temperature and gaseous species. It is therefore absolutely imperative that a nature of atmospheric-pressure plasma jet should be understood from a point of fluid dynamics. This study, therefore, focused on the interrelationship between the plasma jet and the working gas. Motion of the plasma jet and the working gas was evaluated by velocity measurement and fast photography. As a result, the unsteady sinusoidal waving motion in the radial direction of a torch was observed. Advection velocity of the plasma in just downstream region of the torch exit increases with the supplying flow rate, and the velocity ratio is in the range of 0.75-0.87.     

In Flight Properties of W Particles in an Ar-H<Subscript>2</Subscript> Plasma

An in-flight properties measurement performed on W particles, injected into thermal plasma generated by an inductively coupled RF plasma torch, is presented. The measured surface properties of the particles along the centerline of the plasma plume are expressed by means of temperature and velocity maps, within the domain formed by individual particle’s diameters and their distances from the torch exit. The influence of some of the processing parameters (plate power, carrier gas flow rate, spray chamber pressure) on particle properties is discussed for both individual particles and the resultant integral spray plume characteristics. The results so obtained appear to confirm the suitability of the RF plasma process for the deposition/production of W coatings/deposits.     

Characteristics of a Plasma Torch Designed for Very Low Pressure Plasma Spraying

Unlike atmosphere plasma spraying (APS), very low pressure plasma spraying (VLPPS) can only weakly heat the feed materials at the plasma-free region exit of the nozzle. Most current VLPPS methods have adopted a high power plasma gun, which operates at high arc currents up to 2500?A to remedy the lower heating ability, causing a series of problems for both the plasma torch and the associated facility. According to the Kundsen number and pressures distribution inside of the nozzle in a low-pressure environment, a plasma torch was designed with a separated anode and nozzle, and with the powder feed to the plasma jets inside the nozzle intake. In this study, the pressures in the plasma gas intake, in the nozzle intake and outside the plasma torch were measured using an enthalpy probe. For practice, SUS 316 stainless steel coatings were prepared at the plasma currents of 500-600?A, an arc voltage of 50?V and a chamber pressure of 1000?Pa; the results indicated that coatings with an equiaxed microstructure could be deposited?in proper conditions.     

Simulation of Arc Root Fluctuation in a DC Non-Transferred Plasma Torch with Three Dimensional Modeling

It is well known that the coating quality of plasma spraying is strongly influenced by the instability of jets in the plasma spray, which is due to arc root fluctuation. Three dimensional (3D) unsteady-state modeling was employed in this research to analyze the arc root fluctuation in a DC non-transferred plasma torch. Numerical calculations on the distributions of gas temperature and velocity in the plasma torch were carried out using argon as the plasma gas. The electrical current density and potential were also discussed. The results indicate that the fluctuation of arc inside the plasma torch is mainly induced by the movement of the arc root on the anode surface. The arc root moves downstream with the flow of gas, and simultaneously the arc is bent by electromagnetic force. When the arc bends close enough to the anode boundary, a new arc root is formed somewhere upstream of the current attachment. In this paper the nature of the arc root fluctuation is presented, and also it is demonstrated that the voltage-drop calculated is larger than that measured experimentally because the plasma inside the torch has some deviation from the local thermodynamic equilibrium state hypothesis used in the current study.     

Computational study and experimental comparison of the in-flight particle behavior for an external injection plasma spray process

A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis using Fluent V5.4 was conducted on the in-flight particle behavior during the plasma spraying process with external injection. The spray process was modeled as a steady jet issuing from the torch nozzle via the heating of the are gas by an electric are within the nozzle. The stochastic discrete model was used for the particle distribution. The particle temperature, velocity, and size inside the plasma plume at a specified standoff distance have been investigated. The results show that carrier gas flow rate variation from 2 standard liters per minute (slm) to 4.0 slm can increase the centerline particle mean temperature and mean velocity by 10% and 16%, respectively, at the specified standoff distance. A further increase of the carrier gas flow rate to 6 slm did not change the particle temperature, but the particle velocity was decreased by 20%. It was also found that an increase in the total arc gas flow rate from 52 slm to 61 slm, with all other process parameters unchanged, resulted in a 17% higher particle velocity, but 6% lower particle temperature. Some of these computational findings were experimentally confirmed by Kucuk et al. For a given process parameter setting, the kinetic and thermal energy extracted by the particles reached a maximum for carrier gas flow rate of about 3.5–4.0 slm.