爆破荷载下新型胶凝原料胶结分级尾砂充填采场的动态响应分析

某矿山在下向分层胶结充填采矿法中拟采用新型胶凝原料GSX代替水泥,为了研究爆破振动是否对新型尾砂胶结充填体顶板造成损伤,在爆破振动试验、理论基础分析、实验结果回归分析的基础上,采用FLAC3D软件模拟了回采进路巷道顶板充填体在爆破振动荷载下的动态响应,对3种方案制备的充填体(水泥胶结充填体、灰砂比为1∶6和1∶12的新型尾砂胶结充填体、灰砂比为1∶8的新型尾砂胶结充填体)的稳定性进行对比。模拟结果表明:当爆破振动荷载相同时,水泥胶结充填体和新型尾砂胶结充填体在x、y、z方向的峰值振速差别不大;灰砂比为1∶6和1∶12的新型尾砂胶结充填体的振速略大于水泥胶结充填体,且差值在6.8%以内;灰砂比为1∶8的新型尾砂胶结充填体的振速略小于水泥胶结充填体。因此,以GSX胶结剂为新型胶凝原料,选用两种充填方案,均可达到原工程爆破设计要求。     

由￣（27）Al的核磁共振谱看高岭土与针铁矿的胶结本质

通过对高岭土与针铁矿的人工胶结样的￣（２７）Ａｌ核磁田共振谱的分析，认为氢键生成是胶结本质。     

由29Si NMR谱看高岭土与针铁矿的胶结本质

通过对高岭土与针铁矿的人工胶结样的²⁹Si NMR谱的分析,认为氢键生成是胶结本质.     

套管井体胶结状态对井孔中声传播的影响

从波动方程出发,利用匹配边界条件,木文推导出套管井中由单极子和多极子声源激发的井内声场定解表达式及相应的导波色散方程．利用实轴积分法和快速傅里叶交换数值方法,具体计算了套管井中不同胶结情况时由单极子声源和偶极子声源激发的井轴上不同源距处的全波列波形。结合套管井中的轴对称导波模式,分析了胶结状况对套管井中单极子和偶极子声源激发的声场的影响．研究结果表明：仅利用普通单极子声源或偶极子声源进行套管井测井,难以区分出套管胶结良好、套管与水泥为滑移胶结和自由套管情况三种不同的胶结情况;只有把普通单极子声源测井与偶极子声源测井结合起来,才有可能准确评价套管的胶结情况。     

一种用声幅补偿来判断套管井的水泥胶结质量的方法

本文在声波水泥胶结质量测井中根据声等效衰减系数的概念和一种采用双发双收原理进行声幅补偿来判断套管井水泥胶结质量的方法。作者根据这种概念和方法建立了实验装置,进行了室内试验和声波幅度的数据测量。这种装置大大减小井下仪器在油井中的倾斜偏心,声波换能器的发射,接收灵敏度和井壁透射系数等因素对接收的声波幅度的影响,和目前国产的水泥胶结质量声波测井仪器相比较,提高了声波幅度的测量准确性,从而也就提高了水泥胶结质量声波测井的可靠性。     

分扇区水泥胶结测井胶结质量的定量评价研究*

为了实现分扇区水泥胶结测井仪(SBT)对第二界面(水泥-地层界面)的检测,本文在SBT的声系结构基础上,通过优化声源入射角提出检测水泥胶结质量的新方法。本文首先分析了不同充液条件下薄壁管激发的模态波频散特征;之后应用三维有限差分算法模拟薄壁管和实际套管井在斜入射声源激励下的声场,由计算结果提出激励速度"平台"上的模态有利于检测界面胶结质量;最后通过一系列波场模拟与分析来论证应用接收信号定量评价一二界面胶结质量的可行性。结果表明,特定的入射角可激励出对应速度"平台"处的模态,该模态波的特征较好的体现在接收信号中,可利用其幅度衰减程度判断水泥的胶结质量。该成果为套管井二界面水泥胶结质量的定量检测提供了研究基础。     

CBMT第二界面成像理论和实验研究

长期以来,固井质量测井主要利用声波法探测水泥环第一界面进而评价固井质量,水泥环第二界面是水泥封隔系统的最薄弱环节,其胶结状况评价则一直是固井质量评价的重大难点,通常只能根据声波变密度测井曲线进行定性评价,第二界面胶结评价是测井追求的目标。该文在中海油服自主研发的扇区水泥胶结成像测井仪器CBMT基础上,利用CBMT仪器测量的贴壁全波波形,采取系统的数值模拟配以适当的实验室物理模拟相结合的方式,研究了利用水泥环外侧反射波进行第二界面胶结状况评价的技术可行性及影响因素,得出了在CBMT仪器贴壁全波波形中,来自于水泥环外侧的反射波幅度与第二界面胶结差扇区大小关系明显,利用其对水泥环第二界面胶结状况进行评价是可行的结论,并对第二界面胶结差扇区分辨率、适应的水泥环厚度及地层条件进行了探讨。     

通过滤波检测水泥胶结质量的超声反射法

为防止流体沿井轴向窜槽,水泥与套管和地层的胶结必须是良好的。在固井质量检测中,超声反射法因具有较强的方位指向性而被广泛使用。但套管的高声阻抗导致了套管后的反射波信号比较微弱,使得水泥胶结质量的判别变得困难。为提高超声反射法的识别能力,我们以套管的共振频率为中心频率对反射全波进行滤波,降低套管的前表面反射波幅度,凸显套管后面携带水泥胶结信息的反射波。滤波后的波形呈现出数个波包,不同胶结情况下这些波包的幅度存在明显差异,通过这些差异可以判断水泥胶结质量。我们还利用有限声束模型计算了斜入射时的反射全波,探讨了入射角对超声反射波的影响。     

通过滤波检测水泥胶结质量的超声反射法

为防止流体沿井轴向窜槽,水泥与套管和地层的胶结必须是良好的。在固井质量检测中,超声反射法因具有较强的方位指向性而被广泛使用。但套管的高声阻抗导致了套管后的反射波信号比较微弱,使得水泥胶结质量的判别变得困难。为提高超声反射法的识别能力,我们以套管的共振频率为中心频率对反射全波进行滤波,降低套管的前表面反射波幅度,凸显套管后面携带水泥胶结信息的反射波。滤波后的波形呈现出数个波包,不同胶结情况下这些波包的幅度存在明显差异,通过这些差异可以判断水泥胶结质量。我们还利用有限声束模型计算了斜入射时的反射全波,探讨了入射角对超声反射波的影响。      

光学结构胶胶结法的应用原则及设计问题

<正> 光学镜片与金属座子传统的固定方法是压圈法和辊边法,这两种方法一直为设计者所采用。光学结构胶胶结法就是将光学镜片用光学结构胶直接胶结在金属座子里,这种方法具有金属座子加工简单、零件少、光学镜片应力小的优点,因此国内外厂家大都用光学结构胶胶结法来替代传统的方法。     

高岭土与针铁矿胶结样中27Al、29Si NMR谱与其原子电荷关系

由NMR谱实验得高岭土与针铁矿胶结样中²⁷Al、²⁹Si的化学位移较单一高岭土分别正移了2.7ppm和2.33ppm.由CNDO/2方法计算得到胶结样中Al、Si原子电行比高岭土分别减少了0.0787和0.0286.胶结样中Al、Si原子电荷的减少与²⁷Al、²⁹Si NMR谱化学位移相吻合,可以认为在高岭土与外铁矿的界面上形成了氢键而呈现胶结态.     

低温热处理刚玉实验中含水矿物包裹体的特征研究

近年来,低温热处理刚玉出现在宝石交易市场,由于其特征容易与天然刚玉混淆,如何鉴定低温热处理刚玉成为宝石实验室的研究热点。在弱氧化氛围,360,610和650 ℃条件下,先后对9粒刚玉进行了热处理实验,并采用显微拉曼定性分析刚玉中的包裹体、显微镜下观察包裹体形貌、显微红外光谱分析含水矿物包裹体中羟基的特征峰等方法,对刚玉低温热处理前后的特征进行了对比研究。热处理实验揭示：600 ℃左右温度、弱氧化氛围已能有效去除刚玉中的蓝色调,并增强红色,可达到热处理改善或改变刚玉颜色的目的。研究结果表明：针铁矿、高岭石、勃姆石等含水矿物包体主要存在于刚玉的开放裂隙中,硬水铝石、磷灰石、云母等含水矿物包体主要存在于刚玉晶体中。针铁矿热处理前红外光谱可显示与羟基相关的3 435 cm-1吸收峰,并伴有以3 185 cm-1为中心的吸收宽带,经360 ℃热处理后相关吸收消失,其颜色由亮黄色变为红色;高岭石热处理前红外光谱在3 620,3 648,3 670和3 698 cm-1附近显示一组与羟基相关的吸收峰,经610 ℃热处理后相关吸收峰消失;勃姆石热处理前红外光谱显示与羟基相关的3 086和3 311 cm-1吸收峰,经610 ℃热处理后相关吸收峰消失。硬水铝石包裹体通常呈针状,热处理前红外光谱显示与羟基相关的1 980和2 110 cm-1吸收峰,经610 ℃热处理后相关吸收峰消失,但仍保持针状晶形假像;磷灰石包体通常呈透明柱状或粒状晶形,由于OH与F相互作用,红外光谱在3 550 cm-1附近显示与羟基相关的吸收峰,610 ℃热处理后相关吸收峰仍然存在,磷灰石包体的形貌未见改变;白云母呈近透明无色片状晶形分布于刚玉中,红外光谱在3 624 cm-1附近显示与云母中羟基相关的吸收峰,650 ℃热处理后这一吸收峰仍然存在,云母的形状未见变化,透明度略微降低。通过实验,证明含水矿物包裹体对于鉴定低温热处理刚玉具有重要作用。     

网纹红土中铁矿物与粘土矿物赋存关系的X射线衍射证据

高纯度的粘土矿物样品是粘土矿物学重建古气候的关键,然而,土壤中的铁矿物(如针铁矿和赤铁矿等)和有机质的存在导致粘土矿物与非粘土矿物相互包裹,使富集的粘土矿物样品常含有其他矿物杂质。土壤沉积物中有机质去除的研究已较为充分,但铁矿物在土壤沉积物中的赋存状态倍受争议,制约了高纯度粘土矿物样品的制备。该研究将以长江中下游九江网纹红土作为研究对象,通过逐级分离试验对网纹红土中铁矿物与粘土矿物的赋存关系进行研究,为土壤沉积物中铁矿物的去除提供一定的启示。试验结果表明,针铁矿和赤铁矿等铁矿物可能主要呈现被膜状吸附在羟基间层蒙脱石和伊利石的表面,也有部分被高岭石吸附。     

Mössbauer Study of Nanocrystalline ε-Fe3−x Co x N System

Five clays from four different deposits in the Ivory Coast (Adattié, Nieki, Grand-Bassam, Nigui-Saff) were studied by ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) at room temperature. Their chemical compositions were determined by X-ray fluorescence and the most important crystalline phases were identified by X-ray diffraction. In these natural clays, kaolinite is the dominant mineral phase with minor amounts of other minerals including quartz, haematite, goethite, lepidocrocite and illite. Room-temperature ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectra of the samples from Nieki, Adattié and Nigui-Saff show mainly a broad quadrupole-split doublet which indicates that iron is essentially present as Fe(III). Samples from Grand-Bassam contain important amounts of goethite (α-FeOOH) and lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH). Some samples from Nigui-Saff contain large amounts of haematite. Clays from Nieki and Adattié are characterised by very low concentrations of iron oxides or hydroxides, and by small amounts of structural Fe(II) in the kaolinite lattice. Oxidation states and lattice sites of structural iron in the kaolinites were determined by ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectra recorded after iron extraction with dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (DCB). The results were confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements.     

Soils from the Jabal Al‐Akhdar region of North East Libya: Characterisation of the iron using chemical methods and Mössbauer spectroscopy

Soils from North East Libya have been investigated by X‐ray diffraction, chemical analysis and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Quartz, kaolinite and illite were the main components identified by XRD in all specimens. Total and poorly ordered iron oxides were estimated using dithionite–citrate–bicarbonate (DCB) and oxalate extraction methods, respectively; in all cases, the oxalate‐extractable iron represents a relatively minor fraction. Mössbauer spectroscopy showed the presence of substantial quantities of haematite and goethite, both in microcrystalline forms, but there was no systematic relationship between the relative proportions of these phases and the geographical origins of the soils.     

Crystal chemistry and Mössbauer spectroscopic analysis of clays around Riyadh for brick industry

A total of 30 clay samples were collected from the area around Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. A complete chemical analysis was carried out using different techniques. X-ray diffraction studies showed that the clay samples were mainly of the smectite group with traces of the kaolinite one. The samples studied were classified as nontronite clay minerals. One of the clay fraction has been studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy as raw clay fraction and after being fired at 950–1,000 °C. The Mössbauer spectra showed accessory iron compounds in the form of hematite and goethite. The structural iron contents disintegrate on firing transforming into magnetic iron oxide and a paramagnetic small particles iron oxide.     

Mössbauer study of the Fe mineralogy in two different Argentine soils

Two Argentine soils featuring different characteristics and compositions (mollisols and ultisols) have been studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The first type has a weakly developed profile with a solum thickness of 40 cm; the Fe oxyhydroxides are present in low concentrations in mixtures with other slightly weathered minerals (e.g., quartz, feldspars, 2 : 1 phyllosilicates, etc.). The second one is a typic kandihumult, which is a highly weathered red coloured, deep soil. The Fe oxyhydroxides are abundant, mixed mainly with kaolinite clay minerals. Analyses of iron mineralogy show hematite and goethite in both soils. Their ratio is low in the first case and high in the last case. Magnetite–maghemite are also present in both situations, but in the mollisol their content is much lower than in the ultisol. The mineralogy found is related to the different lithological characteristics and processes of pedological evolution on both soils.     

THE ADSORPTION OF ANIONIC AND CATIONIC SURFACTANTS BY THE DIFFERENT CLAY MINERALS: FTIR SPECTROSCOPIC STUDY

The adsorption of an anionic surfactant LABS (Linear alkyl benzene-sulphonate) and a cationic surfactant DDAC (Distearly dimethyl ammonium chloride) by kaolinite, bentonite and sepiolite clays was investigated by vibrational spectroscopy. The samples prepared at different concentrations, and clay-surfactant spectra in the natural state, were recorded. The spectroscopic results indicate that the LABS and DDAC adsorbed on sepiolite and kaolinite. Bentonites are coordinated to either surface hydroxyls by H-bonding interacti on (sepiolite) or to exchangeable catoins (kaolinite, bentonite) through both sulphur and nitrogen atoms as ligands. Interactions of both surfactants showed similarities, in that LABS was coordinated on clay surfaces with broken ends, and the DDAC molecule was adsorbed on the clay surface.