复合阴极材料发射特性分析

 基于对爆炸发射点火机制的分析,提出了介质增强场致爆炸发射的设想,研制并实验研究了金属-介质复合阴极的电子发射特性;同时,基于对表面闪络爆炸发射机制的分析,研制出了石墨-碳纤维复合阴极并进行了初步实验研究。研究结果表明,金属-介质复合阴极与石墨 碳纤维复合阴极电子发射密度均超过17 kA/cm²,使用寿命预计超过10⁵次。     

碳纤维阴极的电子发射机制

 建立了金属阴极和碳纤维阴极的电子发射机制模型,发射后的阴极和碳纤维阴极的微观照片证实了模型的正确性。实验结果与分析表明：一种优化的阴极应该具备多种电子发射机制,整个阴极的电子发射更均匀,碳纤维阴极的电子发射不仅具有尖端的场发射,而且伴随着侧向的表面闪络(随纹)。此外和金属阴极相比较,处理后碳纤维阴极具有较慢的等离子体膨胀速度(≤1 cm/μs)并使该实验用微波源具有较宽的微波脉冲输出(≥200 ns)。     

氢化非晶碳薄膜瞬态复合发光特性

本文介绍了对辉光放电法制备的氢化非晶碳薄膜的时间分辨瞬态光致复合发光衰减的研究,分析了它对沉积温度、发射能量和激发能量的依赖关系,结果表明非晶碳薄膜复合发光行为符合定域激子复合机制,氢含量改变所导致的材料缺陷密度和无序度变化影响了样品复合发光行为.     

碳纤维阴极发射均匀性的实验研究

 分别用自制浸渍碘化铯（CsI）针式环状碳纤维阴极和环状不锈钢阴极所产生的电子束轰击尼龙目击靶,研究碳纤维阴极发射均匀性。在碳纤维阴极电子束轰击的目击靶上得到了均匀的烧蚀痕迹,而不锈钢阴极电子束轰击的目击靶上烧蚀痕迹不均匀,表明碳纤维阴极发射电子束的均匀性优于不锈钢阴极。分析认为两阴极不同的发射机制及其所特有的材料性质和结构导致其发射电子束均匀性的差异。用光学显微镜和电子显微镜对不锈钢阴极尖端和碳纤维阴极尖端和侧面进行扫描,发现不锈钢阴极仅尖端处被烧蚀,而碳纤维阴极尖端和侧面都有烧蚀痕迹,验证了碳纤维阴极由场发射和表面闪络共同作用的发射机制的假设分析。     

平面二极管爆炸发射阴极特性实验研究

 在电压0.6~1.0 MV,脉冲重复频率为100 Hz条件下,实验研究了爆炸发射阴极的有效发射面积、平均发射电流密度、二极管阻抗、电子束能量损耗机制等特性。结果表明：阴极有效发射面积随时间呈方波变化,在脉冲开始后5 ns内有效发射面积基本达到稳定。在碳纤维、天鹅绒、石墨、不锈钢4种阴极材料中,碳纤维阴极有效发射面积最大且变化相对稳定,并且碳纤维阴极具有最大的平均发射电流密度。二极管阻抗随着阴阳极间隙的增加并非呈平方关系增加,而是呈线性增长,阻抗失配是降低电子束能量传输效率的主要机制。     

碳纤维阴极对输出脉宽及能量的影响

 在反射三极管实验平台上，通过浸渍碘化铯(CsI)碳纤维阴极与不锈钢阴极实验对比，研究了碳纤维阴极对虚阴极振荡器输出微波脉宽及能量的影响。实验得出碳纤维阴极虚阴极振荡器输出微波脉宽约200 ns，较不锈钢阴极虚阴极振荡器增加了30%；对输出微波脉宽面积近似积分，得出碳纤维阴极虚阴极振荡器与不锈钢阴极虚阴极振荡器的输出微波脉宽面积比值约为2.273，表明碳纤维阴极虚阴极振荡器输出微波能量是不锈钢阴极虚阴极振荡器的2倍左右。分析认为碳纤维阴极的材料特性及其综合发射机制导致阴阳极间等离子体膨胀速度及温度降低，延缓了阴阳极间隙的闭合，从而增加了输出微波脉宽，提高了微波输出能量。     

碳纤维天鹅绒阴极与化纤天鹅绒阴极的比较

研制了一种碳纤维天鹅绒阴极,并对碳纤维天鹅绒阴极和化纤天鹅绒阴极进行了初步的比较研究。比较结果表明:碳纤维天鹅绒阴极比化纤天鹅绒阴极启动稍慢。在相同的驱动电压条件下,碳纤维天鹅绒阴极产生的微波输出功率有可能优于化纤天鹅绒阴极。但是,由于纤维脱落导致碳纤维天鹅绒产生微波的性能显著下降。在高电压运行中,化纤天鹅绒的纤维尖端由于高温烧蚀而膨胀、弯曲,从而影响了其运行寿命;但碳纤维天鹅绒的纤维尖端在实验运行后没有出现因高温烧蚀而膨胀、弯曲的现象。因此,碳纤维天鹅绒阴极的运行寿命应优于化纤天鹅绒。     

阴极强流多脉冲发射特性研究

实验研究了几种阴极的强流猝发多脉冲发射特性. 研究结果表明, 天鹅绒阴极产生的猝发强流双脉冲电子束亮度优于1×10⁸A/(m.rad)², 而直立碳纤阴极产生的强流三脉冲电子束的亮度也优于3×10⁷A/(m.rad)², 并有进一步提高的可能. 新型的冷场致发射阴极如纳米金刚石膜阴极和纳米碳管阴极也具有强流发射能力, 实验得到的发射电流密度大于50A/cm².文中还给出的大发射面储备式热阴极的实验结果, 并对相关阴极实现稳定强流多脉冲发射的研究方向和应用前景进行了分析.     

白碳纳米晶薄膜及其场致电子发射特性

利用微波等离子体化学气相沉积方法,以甲烷、氢混合气体为反应气体,具有钛镀层的玻璃作为衬底,制备了具有sp¹杂化结构的白碳纳米晶薄膜。利用X射线衍射、俄歇电子能谱,以及扫描电子显微镜对薄膜结构进行了表征。以白碳纳米晶薄膜为阴极,以镀有ITO透明导电薄膜玻璃为阳极,采用二极管结构,测试了白碳纳米晶薄膜的场致电子发射特性。开启电场为2.5 V/μm,在电场为5 V/μm时的电流密度为200μA/cm²。对白碳纳米晶薄膜生长机理,以及其场致电子发射机制进行了讨论。     

电化学刻蚀制备的荧光碳纳米颗粒

以纯石墨作电极、乙二胺四乙酸二钠溶液作电解液制备了具有荧光性质的碳纳米颗粒。利用紫外-可见分光光度计和荧光分光光度计分析了碳纳米颗粒的光吸收和荧光发射特征,利用透射电镜和电子能谱分析了碳纳米颗粒的尺寸、晶体状态和成分。结果表明,碳纳米颗粒仅有几纳米,呈分散状态;在325 nm附近具有强的光吸收并表现出强的蓝光发射特征。研究了电解质溶液的种类、浓度等对碳纳米颗粒荧光发射的影响,讨论了碳纳米颗粒的荧光发射机理。     

High-field electron emission of carbon nanotubes grown on carbon fibers

Carbon nanotubes with uniform density were synthesized on carbon fiber substrate by the floating catalyst method. The morphology and microstructure were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The results of field emission showed that the emission current density of carbon nanotubes/carbon fibers was 10 μA/cm² and 1 mA/cm² at the field of 1.25 and 2.25 V/μm, respectively, and the emission current density could be 10 and 81.2 mA/cm² with the field of 4.5 and 7 V/μm, respectively. Using uniform and sparse density distribution of carbon nanotubes on carbon fiber substrate, the tip predominance of carbon nanotubes can be exerted, and simultaneously the effect of screening between adjacent carbon nanotubes on field emission performance can also be effectively decreased. Therefore, the carbon nanotubes/carbon fibers composite should be a good candidate for a cold cathode material.     

Sulfur/microporous carbon composites for Li-S battery

A commercial carbon black with microporous framework is used as carbon matrix to prepare sulfur/microporous carbon (S/MC) composites for the cathode of lithium sulfur (Li-S) battery. The S/MC composites with 50, 60, and 72 wt.% sulfur loading are prepared by a facile heat treatment method. Electrochemical performance of the as-prepared S/MC composites are measured by galvanostatic charge/discharge tests, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), with carbonate-based electrolyte of 1.0 M LiPF₆/(PC-EC-DEC). The composite with 50 wt.% sulfur presents the optimized electrochemical performance, including the utilization of active sulfur, discharge capacity, and cycling stability. At the current density of 50 mA g^?1, it can demonstrate a high initial discharge capacity of 1624.5 mAh g^?1. Even at the current density of 800 mA g^?1, the initial capacity of 1288.6 mAh g^?1 can be obtained, and the capacity can still maintain at 522.8 mAh g^?1 after 180 cycles. The remarkably improved electrochemical performance of the S/MC composite with 50 wt.% sulfur are attributed to the carbon matrix with microporous structure, which can effectively enhance the electrical conductivity of the sulfur cathode, suppress the loss of active material during charge/discharge processes, and restrain the migration of polysulfide ions to the lithium anode.     

Three-dimensional carbon fiber as current collector for lithium/sulfur batteries

Ni foam and carbon fiber cloth were tested as three-dimensional (3D) current collectors for a sulfur/polypyrrole composite cathode in lithium batteries. The cell with the carbon fiber current collector has exhibited remarkably enhanced electrochemical performance compared with its Ni foam counterpart, delivering a high initial capacity of 1,278 mAh g^?1 and maintaining a discharge capacity at 810 mAh g^?1 after 40 cycles at 0.06 C. Furthermore, the carbon fiber-based cell demonstrated a better rate capability and delivered a highly reversible discharge capacity of 397 mAh g^?1 after 50 cycles at 0.5 C, representing an increase of 194 mAh g^?1 compared to the Ni foam counterpart. The electrochemical property investigations along with scanning electron microscope studies have revealed that the carbon fiber current collector possesses a three-dimensional network structure, provides an effective electron conduction path, and minimizes the loss of electrical contact within the deposited cathode material during cycling. These results indicate that the carbon fiber cloth can be used as a promising, effective, and inexpensive current collector for Li/S batteries.     

碳纳米管/金刚石复合材料的场发射特性

采用微波烧结方法制备了碳纳米管/金刚石复合材料。将碳纳米管和纳米金刚石粉末混合后研磨压片,然后在微波等离子气相沉积系统中采用微波烧结。利用扫描电镜对复合材料的表面形貌和微观结构进行了分析,结果显示碳纳米管比较均匀地分散于复合材料中,并在表面形成了发射微尖。利用二极管结构在动态真空室中对复合材料的场发射特性进行了研究,复合材料有较好的场发射特性,电流密度接近15mA/cm2。     

Nanoporous carbon microspheres as matrix of sulfur to prepare sulfur/carbon cathode material for lithium–sulfur battery

A high specific surface area (2798.8 m² g^?1) of nanoporous carbon microsphere (NPCM) is prepared by activated carbon microsphere in hot CO₂ atmosphere, which is used as matrix material of sulfur to prepare NPCM/sulfur composite cathode material by a melt-diffusion method. The NPCM/sulfur composite cathode material with the sulfur content of 53.5% shows high discharge capacity; the initial discharge capacity is 1274 mAh g^?1 which maintains as high as 776.4 mAh g^?1 after 50 cycles at 0.1 C current. At high current density of 1 C, the NPCM/sulfur cathode material still shows initial discharge capacity of 830.3 mAh g^?1, and the reversible capacity retention is 78% after 50 cycles. To study the influence of different sulfur content of NPCM/sulfur cathode material to the performance of Li–S battery, the different sulfur content of NPCM/sulfur composite cathode materials is prepared by changing the thermal diffusion time and the ratio of sulfur powder to NPCM. The performance of NPCM/sulfur cathode material with different sulfur content is studied at a current of 0.1 C, which will be very important to the preparation of high-performance sulfur/carbon cathode material with appropriate sulfur content.     

线性变压器源驱动相对论速调管放大器的初步实验

 利用新研制的紧凑型线性变压器驱动源（LTD）脉冲功率源二极管产生的电子束源,开展了S波段长脉冲相对论速调管放大器（RKA）的初步实验研究。采用无箔空心阴极和0.9 T恒流源引导磁场从LTD二极管引出了电压600 kV、束流6 kA、脉宽150 ns的环形电子束,该电子束经过1个同轴输入腔和2个同轴调制腔的调制后,产生了幅度5 kA、脉宽110 ns的基波调制束流,采用该调制束流驱动同轴微波提取腔,辐射输出了峰值功率820 MW/110 ns的辐射微波,效率28％,增益36 dB。同时,开展了重复脉冲RKA和相位特性的实验研究,重复频率10 Hz运行时,辐射微波达到800 MW/100 ns,相位抖动小于 20°。     

丝网印刷制备碳纳米管阴极的强流脉冲发射特性研究

采用丝网印刷法制备了一种大面积的碳纳米管阴极,表征了阴极表面碳纳米管的形貌及分布.研究了该阴极在不同脉冲条件下的高压脉冲发射特性,分析了发射时阴极面等离子体产生和发射点的分布.研究表明：碳纳米管阴极的脉冲发射机制为爆炸电子发射,在平均场强为16.7V/μm的单脉冲电场下,阴极的最高发射电流密度为99 A/cm².在平均场强为15.4 V/μm的双脉冲电场下,阴极的最高发射电流密度为267 A/cm².碳纳米管阴极可以作为强流电子束源在高能微波器件中得到应用. 关键词： 强流脉冲电子束 碳纳米管 阴极 丝网印刷     

Improvement in the discharge characteristics of zinc–carbon primary cells: a comparative study with various carbon additives

The discharge capacity of zinc–carbon cells (Leclanche cell) is limited by the performance of the cathode material (MnO₂) and physical properties of carbon powder added to MnO₂. Acetylene black, Vulcan XC 72, Black Pearls 2000, and a carbon composite (consisting of 50% acetylene black and 50% Black Pearls 2000®) were evaluated as cathode additives in test cells and were compared. The study indicated that cathode mixture with Black Pearls 2000®showed improvement in performance than acetylene black, the most commonly used carbon in commercial zinc–carbon cells. The performance of the test cells was found to have a correlation with the physical properties of the carbons used.     

碳纳米管阴极的强流脉冲发射性能研究

采用丝网印刷和涂敷方法制备了两种碳纳米管阴极，并研究了两种阴极的强流脉冲发射特性，表征了阴极表面碳纳米管的形貌及分布.研究结果表明在脉冲宽度为100 ns、电压为1.64×10⁶ V的脉冲电场下，涂敷法制备阴极的场发射电流最高达5.11 kA，最高发射电流密度达260 A/cm².丝网印刷法制备阴极的场发射稳定性优于涂敷法制备阴极，但其发射电流低.阴极表面发射体的形貌与分布影响了阴极的脉冲发射性能.碳纳米管阴极的脉冲发射机理为爆炸电子发射.碳纳米管阴极可以作为强 关键词： 碳纳米管 阴极 脉冲发射 强电流     

强流多注电子束高效率引入的模拟研究

强流相对论多注速调管相对于单注速调管具有导流系数低,输出功率高和效率高的优点,并且可以明显降低引导磁场强度,因此得到快速发展。但是其多注电子束引入漂移管效率低的问题,影响了多注速调管的整管效率,限制了其稳定高效运行和应用推广。论文采用粒子仿真软件CHIPIC对多注速调管二极管爆炸发射过程进行仿真研究,寻找影响多注速调管引入效率的主要因素,并对阴极结构进行了优化,设计出三种两段式新型多注阴极结构并进行冷阴极爆炸发射模拟研究。研究结果表明:给定参数下,常规结构由于底座边缘的不必要的环形电子束发射,只能达到82%的引入效率,而三种新型阴极结构通过抑制不必要电子发射,引入效率都可以提高至95%以上,最高达到99%。