木薯对氮、磷、钾、镁、锌、硼的吸收特性及施肥效应

【目的】研究氮、磷、钾、镁、锌、硼肥对木薯养分吸收及生长的影响。【方法】采用田间试验,设最佳施肥处理OPT（N+P+K+Mg+Zn+B）、减氮施肥OPT-N、减磷施肥OPT-P、减钾施肥OPT-K、减镁施肥OPT-Mg、减锌施肥OPT-Zn、减硼施肥OPT-B处理和不施肥处理,测定各处理木薯产量以及块根、茎、叶养分吸收量和养分吸收强度。【结果】OPT处理木薯所吸收的N、P、K、Zn养分主要累积在茎部,Ca、Mg养分主要累积在叶片和茎部,B养分主要累积在叶片部位中。木薯对N、P、K养分的吸收强度呈抛物线状,在块根膨大期前呈逐渐提高,块根膨大后,木薯对N、P、K养分的吸收强度逐渐下降。增施N、P、K、Mg肥,木薯产量分别提高38.01%、13.09%、23.14%和8.99%;增施1 kg N、P2O5、K2O、MgO木薯产量分别增加101、54、22和49 kg;OPT处理产值最高（13217元/ha）。【结论】施肥均可提高木薯的养分吸收量,但K、Za、B肥会抑制Mg的吸收。不同施肥条件对木薯产量有显著的影响。     

营养配施对木薯生长及养分吸收的影响

为了探讨氮钾钙铁锌5种营养元素及其交互作用对木薯产量、养分含量及5种营养元素吸收转运相关基因表达量的影响，以氢氰酸含量较低的食用型木薯品种SC9为试验材料，在盆栽与田间2种栽培条件下，设计N、K、Ca、Fe、Zn五因素两水平施肥配比的正交试验。通过比较各处理间木薯产量、叶绿素含量、大中微量元素累积量的差异及5种元素吸收转运相关基因表达量的变化，筛选出木薯N、K、Ca、Fe、Zn的最佳配施范围。结果显示：综合盆栽与大田下T5(N₁K₁Ca₂Zn₁Fe₂)处理均能获得较高木薯产量。其中在盆栽条件下高氮能够促进叶绿素的合成，但施用高水平的大量元素会显著降低木薯产量，施用高水平的中微量元素则能提升木薯产量。在田间条件下高水平氮素既利于叶绿素的合成又能提高产量。块根养分累积量方面，盆栽下低氮、低钾处理的块根6种元素(N、P、K、Ca、Fe、Mg)平均累积量显著高于高氮、高钾处理；高钙处理的块根3种元素(P、K、Zn)平均累积量显著高于低钙处理；高锌处理的块根4种元素(N、K、Ca、Zn)...     

施肥对甜瓜生长、养分吸收及产量品质的影响

[目的]明确不同施肥条件下露地栽培甜瓜干物质量、养分吸收利用规律及产量品质特点,为制定科学施肥方案提供理论依据.[方法]以新密杂36号为材料,通过甜瓜露地栽培设置不同施肥处理,研究施肥对成熟期露地甜瓜各器官干物质积累、养分吸收利用及产量品质的影响.[结果]施肥增加了各器官间干物质量差异性,促进了光合产物向果实内的转移,成熟期甜瓜对钾的吸收量最多,氮次之,磷最少,这一时期应注重钾肥的充足供应,氮、磷、钾养分分配到瓜中的含量最多,分别达1.5 ～2.7、1.2 ～2.1、3.3 ～5.9g/株,对甜瓜产量影响的养分贡献因子顺序为N＞P＞K.[结论]平衡施肥OPT处理产量最高为31 223 kg/hm2,显著高于其他处理;其折光糖(边、心糖)含量分别为9;和13.3;.     

平衡施肥对春玉米产量和经济效益的影响

田间试验和方差分析表明,平衡施肥不仅可以增加玉米的产量,还可以增加玉米的经济效益。施肥处理间产量差异极显著,以最佳处理OPT产量最高,不施肥处理产量最低,影响玉米高产的主要限制因子为N、K、P,其次是Zn;由于受价格因素的影响,OPT处理虽然产量最高,但经济效益不是最高,以减硼处理经济效益最高,其次是OPT处理,无肥处理经济效益最低,各种营养元素对玉米经济效益影响从大到小的排列顺序是N〉K〉P〉Zn〉S〉B。     

平衡施肥对全膜双垄沟播春玉米产量及养分吸收规律的影响

[目的]研究干旱半干旱农作区全膜双垄沟播技术下,平衡施肥技术对春玉米产量及养分吸收规律的影响,旨在为该区春玉米高产栽培提供最佳施肥方案。[方法]以玉米品种沈单16为指示作物,通过全膜双垄沟播玉米田闯试验,研究了氮、磷、钾肥配合平衡施肥对玉米产量扣养分吸收规律的影响。[结果]全膜双垄沟播条件下,各处理中,玉米平均产量以OPT＋Zn处理最高,达到了12934．0kg／hm^2;适量增施Zn肥能有效提高玉米产量;氮磷钾养分累积均随肥料施入量的增加而增加,合理配施氮、磷、钾肥有利于养分的协调供应,提高春玉米植株体内的养分含量和吸收量。[结论]全膜双垄沟播条件下,平衡施肥显著提高了玉米的产量和经济收益;K是玉米高产的主要限制因子;生育后期养分的充足供应是玉米高产的关键。     

土施B、Zn对扁桃叶片矿质营养元素含量的影响

[目的]探明B、Zn元素对扁桃叶片中各矿质营养元素含量的影响,为新疆扁桃营养诊断平衡施肥技术提供理论参考依据.[方法]2009～2010连续2年在结果期扁桃园内萌芽前土施不同浓度梯度的B、Zn元素,在扁桃果实膨大期采集叶片,通过对其中N、P、K、Ca、Mg、B、Zn、Fe、Mn、Cu 10种矿质营养元素含量测定分析,[结果]不同浓度梯度B、Zn元累能分别提高扁桃叶片中B和Zn含量,且浓度越高含量越大,与对照相比差异达显著或极显著水平,而B和Zn元素对扁桃叶片中其它9种矿质元素的含量分别形成促进和拮抗的双重关系.[结论]B促进了B、N、Zn吸收,但与Fe、Ca、Mn发生拮抗而对P、K、Mg、Cu作用不明显;Zn促进了Zn、N、B、K、Mn、Cu吸收,但与P、Ca、Fe发生拮抗,而对Mg作用不明显.     

辣椒氮、磷、钾、镁肥效应研究

为促进辣椒平衡施肥,以田间试验方法研究辣椒对氮、磷、钾、镁4种营养元素效应,试验表明氮、钾、镁对辣椒产量有显著的影响,与OPT处理相比,OPT-N、OPT-K、OPT-Mg处理分别减产38.2%、36.6%和21.8%。施钾能显著增加辣椒果实维生素C含量。施肥影响到辣椒叶片、茎干和果实对营养成分的吸收。此试验OPT处理的N、P2O5、K2O、MgO肥料利用率分别为22.9%、2.4%、33.4%和4.0%。每形成1000kg辣椒果实吸收3.69kg的N,0.53kg的P2O5,4.15kg的K2O和0.38kg的MgO,辣椒吸收N、P2O5、K2O、MgO的比例约为1:0.14:1.12:0.10。     

施肥与耕作技术集成对木薯养分积累、分配及淀粉含量的影响

[目的]研究施肥、盖膜集雨水及深耕等技术集成对木薯氮、磷、钾养分积累、分配及鲜薯淀粉含量的影响,为木薯优质高效栽培提供技术参考.[方法]共设4个不同施肥与耕作栽培技术集成处理,分别为生物有机肥+测土配方肥+盖膜集雨水+深耕(处理1)、生物有机肥+测土配方肥+盖膜集雨水(处理2)、生物有机肥+测土配方肥+深耕(处理3)和生物有机肥+测土配方肥(处理4),以常规施肥(单施通用高浓度复合肥)及种植方式为对照(CK).收获期分别测定地上部和块根的鲜重、干重和植株氮、磷、钾养分含量及鲜薯淀粉含量,并计算单位面积养分积累量和收获指数.[结果]不同施肥与耕作技术集成处理均能提高木薯植株干物质和养分积累量及养分在块根中的分配比例.与CK相比,地上部、块根和总干物质积累量分别提高9.47%~ 17.89%、21.97%~53.03%和16.74%~38.33%;块根中氮、磷、钾含量分别提高5.10%~21.43%、3.60%~12.61%和3.39%~8.47%;块根中氮、磷、钾养分比例分别提高14.95%~24.47%、4.79%~9.01%和5.58%~12.22%;每公顷积累的氮、磷、钾总量分别提高20.22%~38.85%、29.90%~45.76%和24.25%~38.12%,其块根氮、磷、钾积累量分别提高35.23%~68.84%、36.42%~56.98%和33.73%~52.31%;氮、磷、钾收获指数分别提高12.50%~20.83%、4.05‰6.76%和4.92%~11.48%,鲜薯淀粉含量和产量分别提高0~8.63%和24.54%~47.53%;其中处理1的干物质和养分积累量、鲜薯淀粉含量和产量均最高,增产提质效果最佳.[结论]同等养分施用量条件下,施肥与耕作技术集成处理可明显提高木薯的干物质、养分的积累与利用,并可提高鲜薯淀粉含量和产量.即生物有机肥+测土配方肥+盖膜集雨水+深耕方式为木薯的最佳施肥及耕作栽培模式.     

黄绵土营养诊断与双低油菜平衡施肥研究

采用温室盆栽与田间试验研究甘肃省高寒阴湿区黄绵土养分状况。结果表明,盆栽诊断黄绵土缺N、P、S和Zn,未表现缺B、Cu和Mn,Fe和Mo元素充足,N、P肥为大田该黄绵土种植油菜的主要限制因子,其次为S、B和Zn,土壤中不缺K,OPT中氮量适中。与OPT相比,减N、P、S、B和Zn油菜分别减产24.5%、27.1%、13.5%、16.8%和8.8%,而增加N用量则产量降低12.2%。推荐施肥N、P2O5、S、B、Zn分别为90、90、105、3.75、3.75kg·hm-2。盆栽诊断与大田平衡施肥间有很好的相关性,可用来指导大田试验。     

施肥对麻疯树幼树生长与叶片养分动态的影响

[目的]探讨麻疯树成熟叶片N、P2O5、K2O、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、B共10种营养元素含量的动态变化和相关性,为麻疯树科学施肥提供参考依据.[方法]选取长势一致的麻疯树进行每株0、0.2、0.4、0.6kg的复合肥施肥处理,在每月的中下旬取植株成熟叶片,测定其营养元素的动态变化特征,分析其相互关系.[结果]麻疯树叶片营养元素含量高低顺序为：K2O＞N＞Ca＞ Mg＞P2O5＞Mn＞Fe＞Zn＞B＞Cu.不同施肥处理对叶片营养元素含量有一定影响,其中N、K2O、Ca、Mn、Fe、Zn、B元素含量受施肥影响比较大,而P2O5、Mg、Cu受影响比较小.麻疯树的株高、总新梢生长量、地茎粗随着施肥量的增加而增加,果枝率随着施肥量的增加先增加后降低,果枝率最高的是施肥0.4 kg/株处理.[结论]施肥能促进麻疯树的生长,0.4 kg/株/年（15-15-15复合肥）时最利于麻疯树果枝的形成.麻疯树叶片的营养元素受施肥的影响,养分元素间有协同和拮抗作用,生产上要根据麻疯树的营养需求规律和需肥特性进行平衡施肥.     

Segregation of form, color, movement, and depth: anatomy, physiology, and perception

Anatomical and physiological observations in monkeys indicate that the primate visual system consists of several separate and independent subdivisions that analyze different aspects of the same retinal image: cells in cortical visual areas 1 and 2 and higher visual areas are segregated into three interdigitating subdivisions that differ in their selectivity for color, stereopsis, movement, and orientation. The pathways selective for form and color seem to be derived mainly from the parvocellular geniculate subdivisions, the depth- and movement-selective components from the magnocellular. At lower levels, in the retina and in the geniculate, cells in these two subdivisions differ in their color selectivity, contrast sensitivity, temporal properties, and spatial resolution. These major differences in the properties of cells at lower levels in each of the subdivisions led to the prediction that different visual functions, such as color, depth, movement, and form perception, should exhibit corresponding differences. Human perceptual experiments are remarkably consistent with these predictions. Moreover, perceptual experiments can be designed to ask which subdivisions of the system are responsible for particular visual abilities, such as figure/ground discrimination or perception of depth from perspective or relative movement--functions that might be difficult to deduce from single-cell response properties.     

Mineralogy, petrology, and surface features of lunar samples 10062,35, 10067,9, 10069,30, and 10085,16

The primary rocks are a sequence of titanium-rich basic volcanics, composed of clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and ilmenite with minor olivine, troilite, and native iron. The soil and microbreccias are respectively loose and compacted mixtures of fragments and aggregates of similar rocks, minerals, and glassy fragments and spheres. Impact events are reflected by the presence of shock metamorphosed rock fragments, breccias, and glasses and their resulting compaction to form complex breccias, glass-spattered surfaces, and numerous glass-lined craters. Chemistry of the glasses formed by the impact events is highly variable, and the high iron and nickel content of a few moundlike features suggests that at least some of the projectiles are iron and nickel-rich meteorites.     

Research and development, productivity, and inflation

R & D, through its effects on the rate of productivity increase, can significantly restrain the rate of inflation in the medium and long run. High rates of inflation damage the workings of the price system and impair the efficiency of practically all economic activities, including R & D. Findings suggest that the percentage increase between 1969 and 1979, in total real R & D expenditures, has been exaggerated due to the inadequacy of the gross national product deflator as applied to R & D.     

Fiber, food, fuel, and fungal symbionts

Virtually all plants of economic importance form mycorrhizae. These absorbing organs of higher plants result from a symbiotic union of beneficial soil fungi and feeder roots. In forestry, the manipulation of fungal symbionts ecologically adapted to the planting site can increase survival and growth of forest trees, particularly on adverse sites. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae, which occur not only on many trees but also on most cultivated crops, are undoubtedly more important to world food crops. Imperatives for mycorrhizal research in forestry and agriculture are (i) the development of mass inoculum of mycorrhizal fungi, (ii) the interdisciplinary coordination with soil management, plant breeding, cultivation practices, and pest control to ensure maximum survival and development of fungal symbionts in the soil, and (iii) the institution of nursery and field tests to determine the circumstances in which mycorrhizae benefit plant growth in forestry and agri-ecosystems.     

Atmospheric halocarbons, hydrocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride: global distributions, sources, and sinks

The global distribution of fluorocarbon-12 and fluorocarbon-11 is used to establish a relatively fast interhemispheric exchange rate of 1 to 1.2 years. Atmospheric residence times of 65 to 70 years for fluorocarbon-12 and 40 to 45 years for fluorocarbon-l1 best fit the observational data. These residence times rule out the possibility of any significant missing sinks that may prevent these fluorocarbons from entering the stratosphere. Atmospheric measurements of methyl chloroform support an 8-to 10-year residence time and suggest global average hydroxyl radical (HO) concentrations of 3 x 10(5) to 4 x 10(5) molecules per cubic centimeter. These are a factor of 5 lower than predicted by models. Additionally, methyl chloroform global distribution supports Southern Hemispheric HO levels that are a factor of 1.5 or more larger than the Northern Hemispheric values. The long residence time and the rapid growth of methyl chloroform cause it to be a potentially significant depleter of stratospheric ozone. The oceanic sink for atmospheric carbon tetrachloride is about half as important as the stratospheric sink. A major source of methyl chloride (3 x 10(12)grams per year), sufficient to account for nearly all the atmospheric methyl chloride, has been identified in the ocean.