黑莓渗糖过程中水分和溶质扩散的数学模型

以黑莓-白糖固液体系为研究对象,研究了黑莓在不同条件糖溶液中的渗透脱水规律,得出了渗糖过程中水分和溶质扩散的数学模型。渗透液的质量分数选取40%、50%、60%,溶液的温度选取30、40、50℃,糖溶液和黑莓的质量比为10∶1,渗透脱水时间为0~5 h。利用AZUARA等提出的双组分系统数学模型得到了每种实验条件下黑莓样品最终渗透平衡状态时的失水率和固形物增加率,结果表明,在一定实验条件范围内,黑莓脱水率和固形物增加率均随渗透液浓度、渗透时间和溶液温度的增大而增大;同时使用菲克第二定律估算了每种试验条件下水分和糖的有效扩散系数,上述渗透条件下水分和糖的有效扩散系数分别在1.77×10~(-9)~2.10×10~(-9)m~2/s和1.36×10~(-9)~1.60×10~(-9)m~2/s范围内。     

莴笋渗透脱水有效扩散系数研究

以葡萄糖溶液浓度(10%～40%)和温度(35～65℃)为影响因素,研究了莴笋渗透脱水的动力学过程。分别使用Azuara模型和Fick第二扩散定律计算出了平衡时刻的失水率、固形物增加率以及相应的水分和固形物有效扩散系数。设计了均匀实验,通过曲面拟合的方法得到了水分、固形物有效扩散系数与因素的回归方程。结果表明:失水率随着葡萄糖溶液浓度增加而增大,但随着温度的升高而降低;固形物增加率随着溶液浓度和温度的增加而增加。Azuara模型可用来预测失水率和固形物增加率,通过曲面拟合得到的有效扩散系数回归方程拟合性较高。有效扩散系数反映了失水率和固形物增加率达到平衡时刻的快慢程度。     

莴笋渗透脱水传质研究及参数优化

以失水率(WLR)和固形物增加率(SGR)为实验指标,采用二次回归正交旋转设计,选取葡萄糖溶液浓度(10%～40%)、氯化钠溶液浓度(2%～5%)、温度(35～65℃)、切片厚度(3～7mm)和渗透时间(60～150min)为影响因素,研究这5因素对莴笋渗透脱水指标的影响。使用SPSS软件拟合出了指标的回归方程,并利用方差分析研究了各因素对指标的影响程度。结果表明:除氯化钠溶液浓度外,其他4因素对失水率有极显著影响,而5种因素对固形物增加率有极显著作用。由Matlab软件优化的莴笋渗透脱水回归方程各参数为:葡萄糖浓度32.5%,氯化钠浓度2%,温度35℃,厚度5mm,渗透时间139min。     

黑加仑整果微波辅助渗透脱水工艺研究

为解决微波膨化过程中黑加仑果含水率过高易爆裂、口感酸涩等问题,提出微波辅助渗透脱水新工艺。运用响应曲面法,研究微波功率、白利度、微波作用次数和渗透时间对失水率、固形物增加率和膨化率的影响,优化出黑加仑整果微波辅助渗透脱水工艺:微波功率800 W、白利度70°Brix、微波作用次数4次、渗透时间8 h,此时可得到43.67%的失水率、13.00%的固形物增加率和126.92%的膨化率。渗透过程中白利度、渗透时间、微波作用次数增加,失水率、固形物增加率和膨化率随之增加。微波功率增加,失水率、固形物增加率和膨化率先减小后增加。研究结果可以为表皮渗透性差的小浆果整果的渗透脱水工艺提供参考。     

超声波强化紫薯渗透脱水工艺

分别以蔗糖质量分数、渗透温度、渗透时间和超声波功率为单因素,研究其对紫薯超声波渗透脱水的脱水率和固形物增加率的影响。以各因素为自变量,以脱水率和固形物增加率为因变量,对紫薯渗透脱水进行响应面工艺研究,得出最优工艺参数。结果表明：影响脱水率和固形物增加率的主次顺序均为渗透时间＞渗透温度＞糖液质量分数＞超声波功率;响应面优化最优工艺参数为糖液质量分数56.29%、渗透液温度65℃、渗透时间2.46h、超声波功率142.33W。结合实际操作,响应面优化的最优工艺调整为糖液质量分数56%、渗透液温度65℃、渗透时间2.5h、超声波功率140W,经验证,此条件下脱水率为40.79%,固形物增加率为8.33%。     

莴苣真空渗透脱水的二次回归正交旋转组合试验

为获得莴苣真空渗透脱水的较优工艺参数,以莴苣为原料,通过试验研究了渗透温度、切片厚度、真空度和蔗糖浓度4个因素对莴苣真空渗透脱水过程的影响;其失水率和固形物增加率随着切片厚度和真空绝对压力的增大而减少,随着渗透温度和蔗糖浓度的增大而增大。运用二次回归正交旋转组合设计方法建立了莴苣真空渗透脱水的失水率和固形物增加率回归数学模型,模型相关系数值分别为0.912和0.904。最后利用多目标非线性优化分析法对莴苣真空渗透脱水工艺进行了综合优化;优化结果表明,在试验范围内,莴苣真空渗透脱水的较优工艺参数为:切片厚度2 mm、渗透温度28℃、蔗糖浓度47%和真空度22 kPa,此时,失水率为72.16%,固形物增加率为11.82%。     

真空处理对酥梨渗透脱水率和固形物增加率的影响

渗透处理在脱水的同时也有固形物的渗入。为了探明真空处理与水果渗透脱水和固形物渗入的关系,以梨子为原料,分别在不同温度(10~55℃)、糖液浓度(30~60°Bx)条件下,进行真空(20kPa)与常压渗透处理。以原料干基重为基础计算脱水率(WL)和固形物增加率(SG)。结果在任何糖液浓度和温度条件下,真空处理(VI)的WL都显著低于常压处理(AI)(P0.01),固形物增加率显著高于AI(P0.01)。该研究表明,从脱水效率的角度真空渗透不适合梨果肉的渗透脱水。     

响应面法优化渗透脱水板栗工艺

研究了渗透脱水板栗的最佳工艺,以浓度(45%～65%)、温度(20℃～60℃)、液固比(6.25∶1～25∶1)、时间(60 min～540 min)为自变量,失水率和固形物得率为响应值,通过可旋转中心组合试验设计,得到最大失水率和最小固形物得率的条件为:糖质量浓度52.58%、温度40℃、液固比13.72∶1、渗透时间474.17 min。在此条件下失水率23.94%、固形物得率5.41%。     

不同渗透脱水处理对芒果品质的影响

研究了不同条件下渗透脱水加工对芒果品质以及质量传递的影响,渗透脱水条件是采用不同质量分数(30%,40%和50%)、不同种类的糖溶液(蔗糖,葡萄糖和麦芽糖)、温度30℃,时间2 h。结果表明,随着渗透液质量分数增大,芒果的失水率逐渐变大。在硬度、色泽、维生素C含量等其他生理指标与质量传递方面,经综合考虑得到经45%麦芽糖渗透处理后,芒果品质较好,失水率较高,为最优条件。     

樱桃番茄真空渗透预脱水工艺优化

以苏龙一号樱桃番茄作为试材,通过比较烫漂划线、针刺、划线、超声波预处理方法,确定了烫漂划线作为真空渗透预脱水的预处理方法。在该基础上,运用单因素试验研究了真空度、糖液浓度、渗透温度、渗透时间对樱桃番茄渗透预脱水效果的影响,进而确定真空度为0.080MPa,并应用响应曲面法优化其它参数,得出樱桃番茄真空渗透预脱水的最佳工艺条件为:糖度50°Brix、温度53.37℃、时间4.88h,该条件下樱桃番茄失水率与固形物增加率比值最大,为7.24。     

不同外源补充对西兰花采后贮藏品质的影响

为探索外源补充对采后西兰花保鲜的作用效果,本文以清水为对照,分别采用200 mg/L赤霉素（GA）、200 mg/L赤霉素（GA）+无机盐营养液、50 mg/L 6-苄基腺嘌呤（6-BA）、无机盐营养液、50 mg/L 6-苄基腺嘌呤（6-BA）+无机盐营养液等5种处理,通过对西兰花贮藏期外观（色差）、营养物质（维生素C、可溶性固形物、叶绿素、水分活度）及其他生理生化指标（质量损失率、相对电导率、丙二醛含量）的比较分析,结果表明：与CK相比,西兰花采后外源补充可以有效抑制质量损失率、延缓相对电导率和丙二醛含量的上升,抑制叶绿素降解,有利于西兰花采后保持较高的水分、维生素C含量和可溶性固形物含量。200 mg/L赤霉素+无机盐营养液处理的西兰花,贮藏28 d时维持最高的TSS含量（7.27%）和Vc含量（27.53 mg/100 g Fw）,较高的叶绿素含量 （5.57 mg/100g Fw）,最低的MDA（15.31 nmol/g Fw）,是5种外源补充中最好的西兰花采后保鲜方法。     

Effect of Infusion Method and Parameters on Solid Gain in Blueberries

In order to obtain optimal processing conditions for producing infused blueberries with high solid gain, we investigated the infusion characteristics of blueberries under various processing parameters in sugar solutions with 1:1 ratio of solution and berries. Static batch constant concentration infusion and dynamic batch infusion (DBI) were tested as the alternative operations for the traditional static batch infusion. The studied parameters were solution temperature (25 to 70 °C), concentration (20 to 70°Brix), and types of osmotic agent (fructose, dextrose, polydextrose, sucrose, maltodextrin, and corn syrup). The results showed that high solid gain can be achieved by maintaining high and constant concentration of infusion solution at high temperature with dynamic infusion. For DBI, high temperature and high solution concentration resulted in fast and high solid gain. The rate of water loss increased with an increase in solution temperature and concentration. To obtain high quality sugar-infused products with high product yield, a DBI process of 50 °C and 50°Brix sugar infusion is recommended, which could have solid gain of 1.65 g/g after a 5-h infusion. Polydextrose showed higher solid gain than sucrose when infusion time was longer than 180 min, although it had lower solid gain in short-term infusion.     

Osmotic concentration of potato.

A study was conducted to determine what conditions define the equilibrium state between potato and osmosis solution for an osmosis concentration process. It was shown that at equilibrium, there is an equality of water activity and soluble solids concentration in the potato and in the osmosis solution. Rinsing the surface of the potato after osmotic concentration was shown to significantly reduce solids gain and soluble solids concentration in the potato, thus resulting in a sizeable increase in the potato water activity.
When water loss, solids gain, change of water activity and economics are considered, the optimal conditions for an equilibrium osmosis with sucrose would use a 50% solution at a solution/solids ratio of 4. Uptake of solids during sucrose-based osmosis results in 75% of the soluble solids in the equilibrated potato coming from the osmosis solution. A comparison of various osmosis solutions at a 60% total solids level shows that mixed sucrose-salt solutions give a greater decrease of water activity than the pure sucrose solution, even though the mass transport data are similar, this undoubtedly being due to the uptake of salt.
A model has been developed for calculation of osmosis mass transport data and water activity for osmotic concentration to equilibrium in sucrose solutions for the concentration range 10–70% and solutionlsolids range of 1–10. The mass transport data can be calculated with an average error < 4%. Water activity can also be predicted with good accuracy for the range of parameters normal for osmosis concentration processes. The proposed model was also able to predict osmosis mass transport data and water activity data for short, non-equilibrium osmosis times.     

Processing factors affecting the osmotic dehydration of diced green peppers

A 2^5–2 fractional factorial design was used to investigate the effect of salt (2–10%), sorbitol (0–10%) concentration, agitation (0–80 r.p.m.), tissue to solution ratio (1:3 to 1:6) and temperature (20–50 °C) on weight loss, solids gain, salt and sorbitol uptake, water activity, tissue brix and solution brix, during osmotic dehydration (OD) of diced green peppers. Results showed that salt and sorbitol concentration were the most significant factors. In the first half hour of the osmotic process, salt and sorbitol significantly increased weight loss, solids gain and tissue brix, and decreased water activity. Temperature was also a significant factor. It increased weight loss during the first 2 h of the process, and decreased water activity after 20 h of osmosis. Agitation and tissue to solution ratio were less important.     

APPLICATION OF RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY FOR THE OSMOTIC DEHYDRATION OF CARROTS

Osmotic dehydrations of carrot cubes in sodium chloride salt solutions at different solution concentrations, temperatures and process durations were analyzed for water loss and solute gain. The osmotically pretreated carrot cubes were further dehydrated in a cabinet dryer at 65C and were then rehydrated in water at ambient temperature for 8–10 h and analyzed for rehydration ratio, color and overall acceptability of the rehydrated product. The process was optimized for maximum water loss, rehydration ratio and overall acceptability of rehydrated product, and for minimum solute gain and shrinkage of rehydrated product by response surface methodology. The optimum conditions of various process parameters were 11% salt concentration, 30C osmotic solution temperature and process duration of 120 min.     

Modeling Microbial Spoilage and Quality of Gilthead Seabream Fillets: Combined Effect of Osmotic Pretreatment,Modified Atmosphere Packaging,and Nisin on Shelf Life

ABSTRACT: The objective of the study was the kinetic modeling of the effect of storage temperature on the quality and shelf life of chilled fish, modified atmosphere-packed (MAP), and osmotically pretreated with the addition of nisin as antimicrobial agent. Fresh gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) fillets were osmotically treated with 50% high dextrose equivalent maltodextrin (DE 47) plus 5% NaCl. Water loss, solid gain, salt content, and water activity were monitored throughout treatment and treatment conditions were selected for the shelf life study. Untreated and osmotically pretreated slices with and without nisin (2 × 10⁴ IU/100 g osmotic solution), packed in air or modified atmosphere (50% CO₂–50% air), and stored at controlled isothermal conditions (0, 5, 10, and 15 °C) were studied. Quality assessment and modeling were based on growth of several microbial indices, total volatile nitrogen, trimethylamine nitrogen, lipid oxidation (TBARS), and sensory scoring. Temperature dependence of quality loss rates was modeled by the Arrhenius equation, validated under dynamic conditions. Pretreated samples showed improved quality stability during subsequent refrigerated storage, in terms of microbial growth, chemical changes, and organoleptic degradation. Osmotic pretreatment with the addition of nisin in combination with MAP was the most effective treatment resulting in significant shelf life extension of gilthead seabream fillets (48 days compared to 10 days for the control at 0 °C).     

不同规格小龙虾原料加工特性研究

目的研究不同觃栺小龙虾原料加工特性。方法以湖北潜江、洪湖地区小龙虾为原料,分析测定4种不同觃栺小龙虾S(15～25 g/只)、M(25～35 g/只)、L(35～45 g/只)、XL(45～65 g/只)营养成分(水分、粗蛋白、盐溶蛋白、水溶蛋白、脂肪、灰分)与品质特性(pH值、色泽、质构特性、蒸煮损失率、加压失水率)。结果小龙虾虾肉水分含量74.35%～79.57%,粗蛋白17.68%～20.17%,盐溶蛋白9.99%～14.25%,水溶蛋白2.97%～4.36%,脂肪0.38%～1.54%,灰分1.43%～1.75%。小龙虾虾肉pH值呈中性,pH值范围7.05～7.44。S觃栺小龙虾色泽、质构特性数据较好, M觃栺小龙虾蒸煮损失率较低,而XL觃栺小龙虾加压失水率较低。结论虾肉营养成分、品质特性与小龙虾产地、觃栺存在一定差异, S、M觃栺小龙虾适合生产蒸煮虾仁、虾尾制品。本文提供小龙虾原料加工特性基础数据,为小龙虾分类加工提供科学依据。     

Evaluation of process conditions on osmotic dehydration and quality indexes of pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) and further polymeric film selection for packaging and refrigerated storage

We studied the influence of composition and concentration of solutions and product size on mass transfer kinetics during Anco pumpkin osmotic dehydration (OD). Once optimal conditions were determined, samples packed in commercial polymeric films were microbiologically analysed during refrigerated storage. The optimal OD time was 3 h, when the efficiency index WL/SG (water loss/solid gain) was stabilised. At this time, 1.0 and 1.5 cm cubes presented the highest index value (about 11) in binary solution (sucrose 55°Bx). WL was higher in 1.0 cm cubes for each dehydrating ternary salt solution tested, and no significant differences in firmness were observed with Calcium Lactate addition. Thus, optimal condition for OD in ternary solutions was 180 min and 55°Bx – 2% NaCl. Microbiological determinations were done for dehydrated (55°Bx without/with 2% NaCl) and untreated samples, packaged in different polymeric films. The combination with lowest mesophilic and psychrophilic counts at day 10 was: samples dehydrated with ternary solution of sucrose-salt packed in Polypropylene film.     

Osmotic dehydration of pomegranate seeds: mass transfer kinetics and differential scanning calorimetry characterization

Osmotic dehydration of pomegranate seeds was carried out at different temperatures (30, 40, 50 °C) in a 55°Brix solution of sucrose, glucose, and mixture sucrose & glucose (50:50, w/w). The most significant changes of water loss and solids gain took place during the first 20 min of dewatering. During this period, seeds water loss was estimated to 46% in sucrose, 37% in glucose and 41% in mix glucose/sucrose solution. The increase of temperature favoured the increase of water loss, weight reduction, solids gain and effective diffusivity. Differential scanning calorimetry data provided complementary information on the mobility changes of water and solute in osmodehydrated pomegranate seeds. The ratio between % frozen water and % unfreezable water decreased from 5 to 0.5 during the process. That involving the presence of very tightly bound water to the sample, which is very difficult to eliminate with this process. It also appeared that glass transition temperature depends on the types of sugar.     

Modelling of mass transfer and texture evaluation during osmotic dehydration of melon under vacuum

The influence of vacuum time and solution concentration on mass transfer and mechanical properties of osmodehydrated melon cubes has been studied. Pulsed vacuum osmotic dehydration (PVOD) was carried out at 30 °C for 4 h, using sucrose solutions (40, 50 or 60°Brix) and applying a vacuum pulse (100 mbar for 5, 10 or 15 min). Kinetics of water loss, solid gain and stress at rupture were analysed, as well as effective diffusivities using the hydrodynamic model. The increase in solution concentration favoured water removal, but no significant effect of vacuum time was observed. The use of less concentrated solutions coupled to the action of vacuum pulse resulted in greater solid uptake. Samples subjected to PVOD using 60°Brix sucrose solution presented greater water loss, lower sugar uptake and better maintenance of fresh fruit texture throughout the process. Diffusion coefficients estimated by the hydrodynamic model showed a good fit to the experimental data.