CT透视技术的发展和放射线剂量分析

近10年来,随着滑环扫描、亚秒旋转时间和计算机图像重建技术的进步,TC技术取得了突飞猛进的发展.今天的TC扫描机已经可以几乎实时地提供TC横断图像,这种技术被称为CT透视(TC fluoroscopy,CTF)或实时TC扫描(real-time TC),TC透视技术在非血管介入技术领域得到广泛应用,包括全身各部位的穿刺活检和部分液性病灶的引流治疗.TC透视引导下介入操作的优点是定位准确、操作时间短、与常规TC引导相比病人受照射剂量低.由于TC透视操作时放射线医师和病人同时处在扫描室内,并且TC透视使用的kVp值和mAs值都远大于常规X线透视所用的值,在相同时间内TC透视较常规X线透视产生更大的射线剂量[1],因此操作过程中病人和操作者受到射线损伤的风险加大,如何避免病人和手术操作者的射线损伤和加强射线剂量的管理已越来越受到许多学者的重视[2].     

螺旋CT透视下经皮穿刺活检在肺部小结节病变中的应用

目的　评价螺旋CT透视引导下肺小结节病变经皮穿刺术的准确性及临床应用价值。方法　对 2 3例病灶直径为 0 5～ 2 0cm平均 (1 7± 0 4)cm的小结节 ,共做了 2 9次穿刺 ,所采组织同时作细胞学和组织学检查。全部病例经手术病理与穿刺结果对照 ,其余经临床随访而明确诊断。结果　 2 3例中恶性肿瘤 10例 (原发支气管肺癌 9例 ,转移癌 1例 ) ,穿刺阳性者共 8例 ,2例假阴性 ,无假阳性。穿刺确诊 13例良性病变 ,并经手术病理和随访证实。良恶性结节总的准确度为 91% (2 1/ 2 3 )。其中 8例(3 4 78% )发生气胸 ,1例经抽气处理。结论　螺旋CT透视引导下肺小结节经皮肺穿刺术具有很高的敏感性和特异性 ,且临床价值大 ,值得推广     

CT导引下肺部穿刺活检的扫描技术探讨

非血管介入的开展在目前已广泛运用于全身各部位,T引导下的肺部穿刺活检由于其易行、效果显著而最为普及.在穿刺过程中,T扫描的参数设置、病灶定位的准确性及CT透视的参数设置都与穿刺能否成功,同时也和受检病人及穿刺医生的射线防护密切相关[1].本研究就我们在肺部穿刺活检扫描时的简易定位器的自制和使用,扫描及透视相关参数的调整设置作了一些探讨和研究.     

CT引导肝癌介入中患者有效辐射剂量的研究

目的 探讨肝癌患者在5种CT引导介入操作中接受的有效辐射剂量。方法 回顾性分析2014年9月至12月在首都医科大学附属北京佑安医院肝病肿瘤介入治疗中心进行CT引导介入诊断和治疗的390次肝癌患者的检查资料。介入操作包括肝穿刺、化学消融、射频消融、微波消融、冷冻消融5种方法。记录患者所接受的介入操作方式、扫描时间、照射量、容积CT剂量指数、剂量长度乘积。有效辐射剂量根据转换公式进行计算。结果 肝穿刺、化学消融、射频消融、微波消融、冷冻消融平均扫描时间分别为(49.7±23.4)s、(88.9±21.3)s、(89.5±40.6)s、(106.0±43.5)s和(87.7±27.6)s;平均有效辐射剂量分别(19.5±14.9)mSv、(30.0±10.2)mSv、(34.2±17.6)mSv、(38.1±19.9)mSv和(33.1±13.1)mSv。肝穿刺组患者的有效剂量明显低于消融治疗组。有效剂量与管电流、扫描时间、照射量、容积CT剂量指数均存在明显的正相关关系。结论 CT引导下单次介入操作有效辐射剂量相对较小,引起辐射损伤及后续合并症的危险小,是相对安全的;但多次介入治疗累积的有效辐射剂量可能会较大,需要引起重视。     

移植肾穿刺活检在肾移植术后的临床应用

目的 :探讨移植肾活检在肾移植术后的临床应用价值 .方法 :3 4 (男 2 8,女 6)例均为同种异体肾移植患者 ,平均年龄 3 4 6岁 (18～ 5 2岁 ) ,其中 2 0例术后尿素氮和肌酐正常 ,10例临床诊断为急性排斥反应 ,4例为肾功能延迟恢复 .分别在彩色B超 (2 6例 )和CT引导 (8例 )下行移植肾活检 .结果 :3 4例患者共行穿刺 3 7人次 .一次穿刺成功率为 :B超 89% ,CT 10 0 % .2例术后出现轻度肉眼血尿 ,余无其他并发症 .B超组 (n =2 9)与CT组 (n =8)比较 ,肾小球数 :(13 9± 3 2 )vs(11 1± 4 7) ;动脉数 :(2 6± 0 7)vs (2 1± 1 1) ;不合格标本 :3 (10 3 % )vs 0 ;穿刺时间 :(1.0± 0 5 )minvs(5 0± 1 0 )min(P <0 .0 1) .根据Banff97分类 :肾功正常组 (n =2 0 )中 18例为正常 ,2例为临界改变 .临床诊断为急性排斥反应 (n =10 ) ,急性排斥反应为 7例 ,其中IA2例 ,ⅡA 3例 ,ⅡB 1例 ,Ⅲ 1例 .2例为环孢素A中毒 ,1例为急性肾小管坏死 .肾功能延迟恢复组 (n =4 )中 2例为急性肾小管坏死 ,1例为环孢素A中毒 ,1例为急性肾小管坏死合并急性排斥反应 .临床诊断正确率为 73 5 % .结论 :移植肾穿刺活检能够及时准确地对肾移植术后肾功能异常者进行诊断和疗效判断 .CT介导移植肾活检的穿刺标本质量优于B超     

CT导引下胸部病变穿刺活检影响诊断正确率因素分析

目的 :探讨影响CT导引下胸部病变穿刺活检诊断正确率的因素。方法 :复习有手术病理、临床和影像学随访的胸部病变CT导引下穿刺活检 2 4 4例 ,依据手术病理、治疗反应及临床随访结果对活检病灶作出最终诊断 ,观察因素包括患者相关因素 (性别、年龄、有无肺气肿 )、病灶相关因素 (病灶大小、位置、有无空腔及病灶深度 )和操作相关因素 (患者的体位 )。结果 :胸部病变CT导引下穿刺活检诊断正确率为 82 .4 % ( 2 0 1 /2 4 4)。活检诊断正确率与病灶大小有关 ,诊断正确组和非正确组病灶大小分别为 3 .97± 1 .80cm和 3 .1 1± 1 .4 4cm(P <0 .0 5 )。患者性别、年龄、有无肺气肿、病灶位置、深度、有无空腔及患者体位对穿刺活检诊断正确率的影响无统计学意义。结论 :病灶大小是影响CT导引下胸部病变穿刺活检诊断正确率的主要因素     

C臂CT引导经皮靶向穿刺术在非血管介入诊疗中的应用

目的探讨C臂CT引导下靶向穿刺技术在非血管介入诊疗中的应用价值。方法 33例患者在DSA引导下行经皮穿刺活检术或经皮穿刺介入治疗,观察分析临床效果、并发症等。结果经皮穿刺介入治疗15例,均取得成功,另外18例为经皮穿刺病理活检,17例取得明确病理结果。结论 C臂CT引导下靶向穿刺技术实现了CT和X线透视优势互补,达到精确、高效、安全的非血管介入诊疗要求,值得推广应用。     

计算机X线断层扫描引导细针穿刺活检诊断肺部小病灶

目的探讨计算机X线断层扫描(CT)引导下经皮细针穿刺活检诊断肺部周边小病灶的准确度和安全性。方法2000年6月至2003年11月共45例患者行CT引导下经皮肺部周边小病灶穿刺,男34例,女11例,年龄31～81岁,平均为(61.8±13.7)岁。病灶直径7～20mm,平均为(16.3±4.5)mm。孤立病灶39例,多发病灶6例。结果恶性病变19例(42.2%);良性病变17例(37.8%);组织学检查阴性6例,其中1例为假阴性;无诊断价值3例。其准确度为91.1%(41/45例),灵敏度为95%(19/20例)。并发气胸4例(8.9%)。2例(4.4%)患者合并病灶周围少量出血。讨论CT引导下细针穿刺肺部良、恶性病灶是相当安全和准确的诊断方法,其准确度和安全性与病灶大小和进针深度有关,小病灶准确度低于大病灶。该方法除气胸外无其他严重并发症,值得临床广泛推广。     

影响CT导引下胸部病变穿刺活检诊断正确率的因素分析

目的　探讨影响CT导引下胸部病变穿刺活检诊断正确率的因素。方法　收集 2 4 4例曾行胸部病变CT导引下穿刺活检病人的手术病理和临床随访资料 ,采用单因素统计分析和多元逐步Logistic回归分析方法 ,分析病人相关因素 (性别、年龄、有无肺气肿 )、病灶相关因素 (病灶的良恶性、大小、位置、深度及有无空腔 )和操作相关因素 (病人的体位 )对活检诊断正确率的影响。结果2 4 4例胸部病变最终诊断 16 5例为恶性、79例为良性 ,CT导引下穿刺活检诊断正确率为 82 4 % (2 0 1/2 4 4 )。单因素统计分析显示CT导引下穿刺活检对良、恶性病变诊断正确率分别为 6 9 6 % (5 5 / 79)和88 5 % (14 6 / 16 5 ) ,χ2 =13 0 96 ,P <0 0 1;诊断正确组和非正确组病灶大小分别为 4 0cm± 1 8cm和3 1cm± 1 4cm ,F =8 80 5 ,P <0 0 1。多元逐步Logistic回归分析显示病灶良恶性 (回归系数为0 32 0 ,Waldχ2 =7 12 6 ,P <0 0 1)和病灶大小 (回归系数为 1 114 ,Waldχ2 =4 95 1,P <0 0 5 )被列入回归方程。结论　病灶的良恶性和大小是影响CT导引下胸部病变穿刺活检诊断正确率的主要因素。     

腘动静脉介入应用解剖学研究及临床意义

目的 :为动脉、静脉顺、逆行穿刺提供解剖学依据。方法 :在 2 1具经福尔马林固定的成人尸体标本上 (男 1 4具 ;女 7具 )观察了胫神经血管鞘的位置关系 ;动脉、静脉的伴行关系及管径 ;首次以股骨下端连线为标志测量了有关长度和距离 ( cm)。结果 :( 1 )胫神经在窝上部位于血管鞘外侧 ,在中部与血管鞘前后重叠 ,在下部则位于血管鞘内侧。 ( 2 )动、静脉由上而下的伴行关系可分为两型。 型 :先并列后重叠再并列 ,占 73.81 %。 型 :先重叠后并列 ,占 2 6.1 9%。 ( 3)血管直径及上方并列段有关数值 :动脉上端直径 ( cm) :男 0 .73± 0 .1 9,女 0 .64± 0 .1 9。动脉下端直径 :男 0 .54± 0 .1 1 ,女 0 .52± 0 .1 2 ;静脉上端直径 :男 0 .92± 0 .1 5,女 0 .72± 0 .1 9;上方并列段长度 :男 5.0 7± 2 .0 5,女 5.80± 2 .63。到标志线距离 :最高点　男 1 1 .94± 1 .70 ,女 1 0 .99± 1 .62 ;中位点　男 9.30± 1 .75,女 8.0 9± 1 .59;最低点　男 6.69± 2 .2 2 ,女5.1 8± 2 .43。结论 :后入路的动、静脉穿刺只适于 型。结合上方并列段的有关数值可在动脉的体表投影上准确确定穿刺点的位置。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Electro-Acupuncture Combined with the Trigger Point Needle-Embedding for Treatment of Primary Trigeminal Neuralgia in 31 Cases

In recent years, the author of this essay has applied electro-acupuncture combined with the trigger point needle-embedding for treatment of primary trigeminal neuralgia in 31 cases, yielding satis- factory results as reported in the following.     

Investigation of Matrix Metalloproteinase -1, 2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 in Endometriosis

Objective： To explore the role of matrix metalloproteinase-1,2 （MMP-1, MMP-2） and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 （TIMP-1） in endometriosis. Methods： The eutopic and ectopic endometria from 40 subjects suffering from endometriosis and regular.endometria from 40 subjects （excluding endometriosis） were collected and examined by in situ hybridization technology and western blot assay. Results： Both expressions of MMP-1 and -2 were stronger in ectopic endometrium and eutopic endometrium than in normal endometrium. On the contrary, the expression of TIMP-1 in ectopic endometrium and eutopic endometrium was lower. The differences were significant （P 〈 0.01 ）. Moreover, there was no relationship among the expressions of MMP-1, 2 and TIMP-1 in ectopic endometrium. Conclusion： The expressions of MMP-1, 2 and TIMP-1 lose balance and lack of periodic changes in ectopic endometrium , which explains the biological invasive behavior of endometriosis. It was suggested-that regulating the balance between the MMPs and TIMP-1 should be an ideal therapeutic target to endometriosis.     

Shi Da-zhuo (史大卓) —An outstanding cardiologist of integrative medicine

Prof. SHI Da-zhuo, Ph.D., male, was born on March 20, 1960. Prof. SHI entered the Ph.D. program in 1990 at the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences under the supervision of Prof. CHEN Ke-ji, majoring in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. After receiving his Ph.D. degree in 1993, Prof. SHI started working at the Cardiovascular Center in Xiyuan Hospital affiliated to China Academy of Chinese Medical sciences.     

Persist in and Carry Forward the Integrative Medical Research——Speech at the 6th National General Congress of Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine by Academician CHEN Zhu,Minister of Ministry of Health

The 6th National General Congress of Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine （CALM） was convened at 19-20, April 2008 in Beijing. Academician CHEN Zhu, the minister of Ministry of Health indicated at the congress that the integration of Chinese and Western medicine is very well in keeping with the situation of our country and the general rule of development in medical science; and as a good integration of Chinese medicine and Western medicine, it is mutually beneficial and advantageous to both of them. Seeing the creativity shown in integrative medical investigation in theoretic and methodological sides, we should and must persist in and develop it.