济南市儿童少年饮食行为现况调查

目的：了解济南市城郊儿童少年饮食行为现状，为制定干预措施，培养良好的饮食行为提供依据。方法：采用分层随机整群抽样的方法，共抽取城效3－16岁儿童及家长各2534名，采用问郑调查方式调查他们的零食、快餐、早餐及饮料食用情况和相关认识。结果：95．5％的儿童少年有吃零食习惯，以水果、冰淇淋、面包及油炸食品为主，有70％以上的儿童少年了解并吃过西式快餐，但对快餐营养的认识存在片面性。大多数儿童每天吃早餐，但早餐营养及质量不高。饮料消费受大众传媒影响消费呈上升趋势。结论：济南市儿童少年饮食行为存在诸多问题，应通过有效途径和措施加强营养知识教育及良好饮食行为的培养。     

我国四城市儿童少年食用西式快餐频度和肥胖率关系的分析

目的:分析我国城市儿童少年食用西式快餐频度与肥胖率之间的关系,为制定肥胖干预措施提供理论依据。方法:采用分层整群随机抽样的方法,从广州、上海、济南、哈尔滨等4城市的城区及近郊区抽取4～16岁的儿童少年及家长进行问卷调查,共调查9356个孩子-家长对,同时收集儿童少年的身高、体重资料。结果:4城市儿童少年中每月食用西式快餐0次、≤1次和>1次的比例分别为20.3%、62.5%和17.2%,肥胖率依次为10.5%、12.0%和13.4%。每月食用西式快餐>1次儿童少年的肥胖率显著高于不吃西式快餐的儿童少年,其肥胖的危险性是不吃西式快餐儿童少年的1.282倍。结论:经常食用西式快餐是影响儿童肥胖的一个独立环境因素,它使经常食用西式快餐的儿童少年发生肥胖的危险性大于不吃西式快餐的儿童少年     

广州市儿童少年零食行为现况调查

目的 了解广州市儿童少年零食行为的现状,发现存在的问题,为制订有效的饮食行为干预措施提供科学依据。方法 用三阶段分层整群随机抽样方法抽样,通过问卷调查收集儿童少年零食行为的资料。结果 调查对象吃零食的比例为９８．７％,其中工作日上午、下午和晚上吃零食的比例分别为４２．５％、５９．６％和６９．７％,周末吃零食的比例为９４．２％,喜欢吃某些零食前５种原因是味道好、有营养、颜色好、家里人常吃和包装好。零食的最主要购买地是超主要购买地是超市,最主要准备人是母亲,不同时段吃的前２种零食都为水果和面包／饼干。结论 广州市儿童少年吃零食的现象非常普遍,零食的营养质量为高,改善零食行为的关键在于家庭和学校,母亲是饮食行为教育的重点对象。     

4城市儿童少年西式快餐消费行为10年变化分析

目的分析1998～2008年10年来广州、上海、济南、哈尔滨4城市8～14岁儿童少年西式快餐消费行为的变化,为有关部门制定相关干预策略提供理论依据。方法利用1998年(3094人)和2008年(3095人)在广州等4城市开展的儿童少年饮食行为现况调查的数据进行分析。两次调查均采用三阶段分层整群随机抽样的方法,共选取6198名8～14岁的儿童少年作为研究对象。采用问卷调查的方法收集其西式快餐消费行为的信息。结果 10年后,4城市儿童少年吃西式快餐的频次明显增加,每周至少吃1次西式快餐的比例从1998年的1.9%上升到2008年的16.2%,而1个月吃西式快餐少于两次的比例从1998年的91.7%下降到2008年的58.5%。结论儿童少年西式快餐消费呈现明显的上升趋势,需进一步加强健康教育及社会大环境的改善。     

我国7城市中小学生西式快餐消费行为调查

目的分析我国城市中小学生西式快餐消费现状，为制订有效的干预措施提供科学依据。方法采用三阶段分层随机整群抽样的方法，从北京等7个城市选取9194名中小学生作为研究对象，使用问卷调查收集他们西式快餐消费率情况及对快餐营养的认识。结果西式快餐消费率以小学生为最高，为65．0％，初中生和高中生分男0为58．5％和53．6％（P〈0．01）；小学生、初中生和高中生，均表现为女生西式快餐消费率高于男生（P〈0．01）。认为西式快餐的食物搭配合理的比例以高中生最低，为17．9％，小学生和初中生分别为41．7％和33．5％（P〈0．01）；认为西式快餐营养价值高的比例以初中生最高，为22．8％，小学生和高中生分别为17．5％和18．8％（P〈0．01）；认为西式快餐的能量含量合理的比例以小学生最高，为46．2％，初中生和高中生分别为22．8％和18．8％（P〈0．01）；小学生、初中生、高中生中，认为快餐食物搭配合理、营养价值高、能量含量合理的比例男生均高于女生（P〈0．05）。结论城市中小学生吃西式快餐的比例较高，大多数学生对西式快餐营养的认识存在误区，应针对学生及其家长开展营养教育，促进学生建立健康的饮食行为。     

我国4城市儿童少年食物好恶及其影响因素调查

目的：了解我国城市儿童少年食物好恶现状及其影响因素，为制订营养教育措施提供科学依据。方法：采用三阶段分层随机整群抽样的方法，从广州、上海、济南和哈尔滨等4城市抽取10216名儿童少年作为调查对象，采用问卷调查的方法收集数据。结果：92．3％的学龄前儿童、87．0％的小学生和68．8％的中学生中有食物喜好，他们最喜欢吃的前5种食物依次为水果、肉类、甜食、米饭和西式快餐，食物的味道和气味是影响他们食物喜好的主要因素。分别有64．3％的学龄前儿童、68．5％的小学生和67．4％的中学生厌恶某些食物，他们不喜欢吃的前4种食物是肥肉、鱼、苦瓜和绿叶蔬菜，食物的味道是他们厌恶这些食物的主要原因。结论：大多数城市儿童少年有食物好恶，这会影响他们的膳食摄入，应制订有效的营养教育措施以培养儿童少年健康的饮食行为。     

2457名城镇儿童少年零食行为现况调查

目的了解安乡县城关地区儿童少年零食行为的现状,发现存在的问题,为制订有效的饮食行为干预措施提供科学依据。方法整群抽样,通过问卷调查收集儿童少年零食行为的资料。结果调查对象吃零食的比例为98.7%,其中上学日上午、下午和晚上吃零食的比例分别为42.5%、59.6%和69.7%,周末吃零食的比例为94.2%。喜欢吃某些零食前5种原因是味道好、有营养、颜色好、家里人常吃和包装好。零食的最主要购买地是超市,最主要准备人是母亲。不同时段吃的前2种零食都为水果和面包/饼干。结论安乡县城关地区儿童少年吃零食的现象非常普遍,零食的营养质量不高,改善零食行为的关键在于家庭和学校,母亲是饮食行为教育的重点对象。     

4城市儿童少年早餐行为及其相关因素分析

目的：了解城市儿童少年早餐行为及主要相关因素,为制定有效的干预措施提供科学依据。方法：用三阶段分层整群随机抽样的方法从广州、上海、济南和哈尔滨抽取样本１０２７６名儿童少年,通过问卷调查收集早餐行为及相关因素的资料,结果：８３．０％的儿童１周每天都吃早餐,有时不吃早餐的主人直接原因是没有食谷（４６．１％）和没有单吃（４４．２％）;是否每天吃早餐的主要相关因素为母亲化程度,居住地、父亲职业和儿童少年的学习阶段等。儿童少年早餐营养质量良好占９．５％,一般占３５．５％,较差占５５．０％,影响早餐营养质量的主要原因有母亲化程度、居住地、儿童少年的学习阶段和父亲的职业。结论：城市儿童少年有时不吃早餐的现象比较普遍,早餐的营养质量也不高,父母和居住地是影响儿童少年早餐行为的最主要因素,改善儿童少年早餐行为的关键行为的     

沈阳市1~5岁儿童饮食行为问题的现况调查

目的 了解沈阳市1~5岁儿童饮食行为问题的现况,为进行有针对性的干预提供科学依据。方法 采用多阶段抽样方法随机抽取8个社区和4所幼儿园共1 594名儿童作为调查对象,采用自填问卷的调查方法,分析包括儿童家庭背景、儿童健康状况、儿童的饮食行为、就餐环境及喂养交流四个方面的数据。结果 沈阳市1~5岁儿童饮食行为总的检出率为50.6%,检出率从高到低为:不良进食习惯33.3%、胃口差26.9%、食物偏好24.9%、父母过度关心22.0%、害怕进食2.1%、潜在疾病0.8%。 结论 沈阳地区学龄前儿童饮食行为问题较多,应该引起儿保医生的高度重视;今后对儿童不良饮食行为的干预要根据不同年龄、不同地区有针对性地进行。     

我国4城市儿童少年肥胖率评价

1997年．国际肥胖专家组(IOTF)在综合英国、巴西、香港、新西兰、新加坡和美国的6个较大规模的具有代表性的横断面调查数据基础上，确定了2～18岁儿童少年的年龄-性别-体质指数(BMI)超重肥胖的界值。该肥胖标准为比较不同国家儿童少年肥胖率提供了依据。本文利用2000年完成的“我国城市儿童少年饮食行为的现况调查”资料，根据IOTF肥胖标准评价我国儿童少年肥胖率。     

五个城市体重正常和超重儿童青少年饮食行为调查

目的 了解5个城市体重正常和超重儿童青少年的饮食状况,为制定营养教育和干预措施提供依据.方法 选择北京、厦门、广州、哈尔滨、兰州5个城市的50所中小学校,根据2005-2006年中小学生体检结果筛选体重正常和超重儿童,使用自行设计的<儿童青少年膳食状况调查问卷对7255名9～15岁学生进行问卷调查,了解儿章青少年的膳食状况等.结果 各城市学生不经常吃早餐应答率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),兰州学生不经常吃早餐应答率最高;超重学生不经常吃早餐应答率高于体重正常学生,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).各城市学生不吃早餐的原因主要为不饿或不想吃、没有足够的时间.各地区间学生不良饮食行为差异主要有睡觉前吃东西、不常喝牛奶(酸奶),喜好食用油脂和甜食、喜好食用西式快餐、喜好饮用碳酸饮料、偏食,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).超重学生不常喝牛奶(酸奶)的应答率高于体重正常学生,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 5个城市儿童青少年存在着程度不同的不良饮食行为,一些不良饮食习惯可能是超重的危险因素.应继续加强健康教育和营养教育,确保儿童青少年健康成长.     

我国4城市儿童少年零食行为的现状调查

儿童少年普遍吃零食 [1～ 6] ,在儿童少年全天能量和营养素的摄入中占一定的比例 [7]。但是 ,零食中能量含量较高 ,营养素不如正餐全面、均衡[1,2 ,5,7] 。目前 ,我国有关儿童少年零食行为的研究开展得还很少 ,已进行的调查也不够深入。为了解我国城市儿童少年零食行为现状 ,发现其中存在的问题 ,于1 999年进行了这项调查。1　对　象　与　方　法1 .1　调查对象　　采用三阶段分层随机整群抽样的方法 ,在广州、上海、济南及哈尔滨 4个城市中随机各抽取 4～ 7所幼儿园、4～ 6所小学及 4～ 6所中学 ,再从抽取的幼儿园和中小学校各年级中随机各…     

4城市儿童少年早餐行为及其相关因素分析

目的 了解城市儿童少年早餐行为及主要相关因素,为制定有效的干预措施提供科学依据。方法 用三阶段分层整群随机抽样的方法从广州、上海、济南和哈尔滨抽取样本１０２７６名儿童少年,通过问卷调查收集早餐行为及相关因素的资料。结果８３．０%的儿童少年１周每天都吃早餐;有时不吃早餐的主要直接原因是没有食欲（４６．１％）和没有时间吃（４４．２％）;是否每天吃早餐的主要相关因素为母亲文化程度、居住地、父亲职业和儿童少年的学习阶段等。儿童少年早餐营养质量良好者占９.５％,一般者占３５．５％,较差者占５５．０％,影响早餐营养质量的主要因素有母亲文化程度、居住地、儿童少年的学习阶段和父亲的职业。结论 城市儿童少年有时不吃早餐的现象比较普遍,早餐的营养质量也不高,父母和居住地是影响儿童少年早餐行为的最主要因素,改善儿童少年早餐行为的关键在于加强对父母和儿童少年的营养教育以及学校提供营养早餐。     

Translation and Modification of a Mindful Eating Questionnaire for Children Assisted by Item Response Theory in Chinese Children and Adolescents

Mindful eating has gained attention in studies on healthy eating. However, measurement of it is scarce, particularly in pediatrics. This study aimed to translate and modify the 12-item Mindful Eating Questionnaire for Children (MEQ-C) using techniques based on both classical test theory (ICC) and item response theory (IRT) in Chinese children and adolescents. Of the 426 participants enrolled and randomly grouped, the test (n = 223) and validation (n = 203) subsamples were well-matched in age, gender, body mass index z score (BMIz), and waist to height ratio (WHtR) (p > 0.556). Three items were eliminated due to deviating from the mindful eating concept (content validity index < 0.71) and presenting as an independent dimension in parallel analysis, or yielding a poor distribution (−4.331 < b < −0.111). The final 5-item Mindless Eating and 4-item Awareness subscales were identified with sound Cronbach’s α of 0.802 and 0.779, respectively. The remaining items functioned well (a > 1, −3 < b < 3), and the Mindless Eating subscale was accurate for the low-to-medium range (−2 to 0) of the mindful eating measure. The Awareness one was reliable for the relatively high range (0 to 2). Participants’ mindful eating characteristics should be taken into consideration in practice.     

Eating Disorders and Disturbance in Children and Adolescents With Cystic Fibrosis

People with cystic fibrosis are considered at risk for developing anorexia (Raymond et al., 2000), but studies have used methodologically flawed measures. Using improved methodology, the current study examines the prevalence of eating disorders/disturbance in adolescents with CF. Method: 55 adolescents with CF, age range 11-17 years (mean 14.2 years) randomly selected were administered the Child Eating Disorder Examination (Bryant-Waugh, Cooper, Taylor, & Lask, 1996). Results: No participant met full criteria for a diagnosis of anorexia or bulimia. Of those with a BMI ≤ 17.5, 5% avoided weight gain. Fifty-three percent demonstrated disturbed eating attitudes and 16% disturbed eating behaviours. Discussion: The study finds that gold standard diagnostic methods indicate the prevalence of disturbed eating attitudes and behaviors in CF.     

Eating Disorders and Disturbance in Children and Adolescents With Cystic Fibrosis

Although perceived social support is associated with positive outcomes and chronic illness, summer camps strive to provide social support to children and families, no measures of perceived support across settings and about illness-specific issues exist. The current study provides an initial validation of a new measure for children with cancer and their siblings, the Children's Assessment of Perceived Social Support, which assesses perceived support from individuals in the home and summer camp settings and about cancer and non–cancer-related issues. The results indicate the measure has adequate validity and reliability and that perceived support across settings and individuals may differ.     

Obesity and Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents: The Bidirectional Link

Obesity, eating disorders and unhealthy dieting practices among children and adolescents are alarming health concerns due to their high prevalence and adverse effects on physical and psychosocial health. We present the evidence that eating disorders and obesity can be managed or prevented using the same interventions in the pediatric age. In the presence of obesity in the pediatric age, disordered eating behaviors are highly prevalent, increasing the risk of developing eating disorders. The most frequently observed in subjects with obesity are bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorders, both of which are characterized by abnormal eating or weight-control behaviors. Various are the mechanisms overlying the interaction including environmental and individual ones, and different are the approaches to reduce the consequences. Evidence-based treatments for obesity and eating disorders in childhood include as first line approaches weight loss with nutritional management and lifestyle modification via behavioral psychotherapy, as well as treatment of psychiatric comorbidities if those are not a consequence of the eating disorder. Drugs and bariatric surgery need to be used in extreme cases. Future research is necessary for early detection of risk factors for prevention, more precise elucidation of the mechanisms that underpin these problems and, finally, in the cases requiring therapeutic intervention, to provide tailored and timely treatment. Collective efforts between the fields are crucial for reducing the factors of health disparity and improving public health.     

Gender Differences in Food Preferences of School-Aged Children and Adolescents

BACKGROUND: Schools have the opportunity, through the National School Lunch Program and Local School Wellness Policies, to have a significant impact on healthy eating behaviors. An understanding of children's and adolescents' food preferences in relation to gender and age will facilitate the successful creation of both healthy and financially viable school menus. The purpose of this study was to identify food preferences with respect to gender of school-age children and adolescents in an Ohio school district.
METHODS: A survey was administered to 1818 3rd- to 12th-grade students in 1 rural northeast Ohio school district. Students filled out an anonymous questionnaire about their preferences for 80 different foods using a 5-point rating scale. The student data were grouped according to school level attended: elementary (3rd-6th), middle (7th-8th), and high school (9th-12th). An exploratory factor analysis identified entrée and side dish factors. Cronbach's alpha was used to measure each factor's internal reliability. Differences in mean scores by gender and grade for each of the entrée and side dish factors by gender and grade were identified using analysis of variance (ANOVA).
RESULTS: Boys preferred the meat, fish, and poultry foods over girls; girls preferred fruits and vegetables over boys (p < .05). Furthermore, gender differences in preferences were also demonstrated with respect to school level.
CONCLUSIONS: Food preferences differed between genders and these gender differences varied among elementary, middle, and high school students. Gender differences should be considered when providing food choices to boys and girls at all ages.     

中国4城市青少年生殖健康就诊意愿及影响因素分析

目的探讨青少年对青春期健康服务利用的意愿以及相关影响因素,为发展和改善相应的保健服务提供依据.方法选取生殖健康状况与保健水平为中等及以上的北京市、济南市、广州市、武汉市作为研究现场.采用整群分层抽样和入户调查方法,对4市4 980名10～24岁青少年进行研究.结果研究发现在被调查总体人群中,52.9%的青少年表示愿意"因青春期健康问题去医院就诊",而不愿意寻求服务者达47.1%.青少年"不愿意就诊"的原因依次是"自认为没有必要"(42.2%),"不好意思"(40.7%),"时间不合适"(14.2%),"地点不合适"(12.6%),"服务内容不能满足个人需要"(9.8%),"医务人员态度不好"(8.9%)等.青少年就诊意愿明显受青少年的个体特征、青少年对生殖健康的认知、态度、经历、父母的文化婚姻状况以及环境和社会支持等因素影响.结论建议加强青少年的性与生殖健康教育,提高其对自身生殖健康的关注,自觉自愿地利用正规的卫生保健资源.同时改善卫生服务方式和内容,提高服务的人员整体素质,发展更加适合青少年需求的友好服务.     

Eating Habits and Food Additive Intakes Are Associated with Emotional States Based on EEG and HRV in Healthy Korean Children and Adolescents

Purpose: Recent study suggests that psychological issues and eating habits are closely related. In this study, we aimed to find the association between eating habits and intakes of artificial sweeteners with emotional states of schoolchildren using quantitatively analyzing objective biosignals.

Methods: The study was conducted at the National Standard Reference Data Center for Korean EEG as a cross-sectional study. Three hundred eighteen healthy children who have not been diagnosed with neurologic or psychiatric disorders were evaluated (168 girls and 150 boys; mean age of 11.8 ± 3.6 years). Analysis indicators were a dietary intake checklist for children's nutrition-related behavior score (NBS), consisting of 19 items; food frequency questionnaires (FFQs), consisting of 76 items; the Child Depression Inventory (CDI); State–Trait Anxiety Inventory–State (STAI-S); State–Trait Anxiety Inventory–Trait (STAI-T); electroencephalograph (EEG); and heart rate variability (HRV).

Results: Higher scores on the CDI, STAI-S, and STAI-T indicate negative emotions, and these scores were significantly decreased from the first to the fourth quartiles. The HRV results showed that the standard deviation of all normal-to-normal (SDNN) intervals was significantly higher in the first quartile than in the fourth quartile (p < 0.05). The intakes of artificial sweeteners and processed foods such as hamburgers correlate with higher theta/beta ratios, and intakes of natural foods such as legumes and fruits correlate with lower theta/beta ratios (p < 0.05).

Conclusions and Implications: From this result we confirmed a link between overall nutritional behavior, food additive intakes, and emotion in apparently healthy children and adolescents.