对甜菜夜蛾具有杀虫活性的Bt菌株cry1Ca基因研究

根据已报道的14个cry1Ca基因,设计能够扩增cry1Ca全长基因的简并引物。利用该引物对本实验室分离的472株Bt菌株进行筛选。PCR扩增发现22株菌含有cry1Ca基因。对22株菌株进行cry基因多样性分析,结果获得5种类型酶切图谱,表明这些菌株分为5种类型。SDS-PAGE结果显示22株菌均表达约130ku的蛋白。Western Blotting结果证实这些株菌中cry1Ca基因均正常表达。提取菌株的晶体蛋白,经胰蛋白酶活化,对甜菜夜蛾[Spodoptera exigua(Hübner)]进行初步生测,结果表明22株菌中活化的Cry蛋白对甜菜夜蛾均表现出很强的毒杀作用。进一步从5个类型的菌中各挑选一株毒力较高的菌株进行LC_(50)的测定,结果证实它们均具有很高毒力,其中,T1-E12(0.087μg/g)、B16-C8(0.103μg/g)、T1-B8(0.202μg/g)的活性与阳性对照菌株G03(0.090μg/g)相当,具有生产应用潜力。本研究为新型高效Bt菌株的挖掘奠定了基础。     

桂林喀斯特地貌分布区苏云金芽孢杆菌菌株的分离鉴定

从桂林喀斯特地貌分布区采集了165份天然土壤样品,从中分离出10株苏云金芽孢杆菌。光学显微镜观察发现有菱形、球形、不规则等晶体类型。通过核酸电泳比对其大质粒DNA的图谱来区分菌株的类型,发现该批菌株有良好的多样性。对这10株菌进行cry1、cry11、cry2、cry3、cry4、cry5、cry6、cry7、cry8、cry9、cry10类基因的PCR-RFLP鉴定,在8株菌中分别发现含有cry1、cry11、cry2、cry3等基因类型,而G4、G6菌株中不含有已知基因。SDS-PAGE分析了10株野生菌株的杀虫晶体蛋白表达谱,发现有10株表达约130kD蛋白,有3株既表达130kD蛋白又表达60kD蛋白。对大猿叶甲、小菜蛾进行了杀虫活性测定,发现了一株对大猿叶甲具有较高毒力的菌株G8,其LC50为48.2μg/ml,置信区间为9.6～1.4ml;有6株菌株对小菜蛾有高活性。     

对大黑鳃金龟甲幼虫高效的苏云金芽胞杆菌筛选及cry基因鉴定

为获得对大黑鳃金龟甲幼虫具有较高杀虫活性的菌株,利用拌土法测定了本实验室分离的500株苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)对大黑鳃金龟甲的杀虫活性,建立Bt菌株比较鉴别技术来进行多样性分析,并对菌株的晶体形态及幼虫感染Bt后的中肠组织切片进行观察。结果显示,从500株Bt菌株中筛选到42株对大黑鳃金龟甲幼虫具有不同程度活性的菌株,分属于14个菌株类型;其中有10株校正死亡率大于60%,261-1菌株杀虫活性最高,7 d校正死亡率达100%。从14个菌株类型中各选取1个代表菌株进行基因鉴定,仅P65-1、1126-1、FCD114和78-2菌株分别含有cry8Ma、cry8Ca、cry8Ab、cry8Ga、cry8Ea共5个cry8类新基因,其它10个菌株均不含cry3、cry8、cry18、cry23、cry37、cry43等对鞘翅目害虫有效的杀虫基因。14个菌株中,78-3、127-2和1198-1菌株能产生双锥体型晶体,261-1、FCD114、P65-1、FTL84、78-2和1126-1菌株能产生球形晶体。幼虫感染261-1、1198-1、FCD114、1126-1、QDL40-2菌株后,中肠组织发生明显的病理变化:2 d时肠壁细胞明显出现空洞化,排列疏松,4 d时受到严重破坏并脱离底膜。表明筛选到的Bt菌株具有防治大黑鳃金龟甲幼虫的潜力。     

对甜菜夜蛾具有高毒力的Bt菌株筛选

依据对夜蛾科具有高毒力cry基因的序列,设计特异性引物对实验室保存的对鳞翅目害虫高效的菌株资源进行筛选。通过比较质粒图谱,对其多样性进行了研究。进一步测定Bt菌株对甜菜夜蛾的杀虫活性,筛选出高毒力的菌株。从192株菌株中筛选出15株对夜蛾科害虫具有高活性的菌株,包含的基因类型有:cry1A、cry1C、cry2A、cry9和vip3A类基因,晶体形态包含:双锥体形、方形、球形;其中2株菌表达130ku和60ku的蛋白,1株菌表达130ku和70ku的蛋白,其余菌株均表达约130ku的蛋白;这15株菌通过质粒图谱分析分为8种类型;3株菌对甜菜夜蛾幼虫具有高毒力,其中菌株PS3-C2对甜菜夜蛾LC50为1.87μg/mL。本研究成功筛选出对甜菜夜蛾具有高毒力的菌株3株,其中PS3-C2菌株与对照菌株KN11活性相当,为新型杀虫基因分离克隆与制剂的研发奠定了基础。     

北京植物园苏云金芽胞杆菌菌株的分离鉴定

[目的]从北京植物园采集的土壤样品中分离高毒力的苏云金芽胞杆菌.[方法]采用温度法筛选Bt菌株,比对大质粒DNA图谱,区分不同类型的Bt菌株,PCR-RFLP方法对cry1～cry40类基因型进行鉴定,SDS-PAGE分析杀虫晶体蛋白,测定Bt分离株对大猿叶甲、小菜蛾幼虫的杀虫活性,筛选出高毒力的菌株.[结果]从149份土壤样品中分离出147株Bt,分为12种类型,含有菱形、方形、球形和不规则等晶体类型;6株菌中分别含有fry1Aa、cry1Ab、cry1Ac、cy1Ah、cry1Ba、cry1Be、cry1Ia、cry1La、cry2Ab和cry7Aa等基因类型,其余6株中不含有已知基因.有9株表达约130 ku蛋白,1株表达约70 ku蛋白,2株表达约150 ku蛋白,有3株既表达130 ku蛋白又表达60 ku蛋白;发现一株对大猿叶甲具有较高毒力的菌株ZWY-7,1株对小菜蛾有高毒力的菌株ZWY-9,2株菌都没有检测到已知基因型.[结论]北京植物园中Bt分布广泛,类型多样,其中发现两株高毒力的菌株,有望获得新的杀虫基因.     

苏云金芽孢杆菌BtC008杀虫晶体蛋白基因鉴定、克隆及杀虫活性分析

苏云金芽孢杆菌BtC008对棉铃虫、小菜蛾和甜菜夜蛾等鳞翅目害虫具有高毒力。本文分析了其杀虫基因类型包括cry1Ab、cry1Ca、cry1Ia、cry2Ab和一种新的cry1类基因,SDS-PAGE分析其至少2种cry1类基因获得了表达,在分子水平说明了该菌株高毒力的原因。在此基础上克隆了1种cry1Ab类杀虫晶体蛋白(insecticidalcrystalproteins,ICPs)基因,并被Bt杀虫晶体蛋白基因命名委员会命名为cry1Ab20。序列分析显示该基因所编码蛋白与已知的Cry1Ab13有1个氨基酸不同。将cry1Ab基因毒性片段(1.95kb)插入表达载体pET-21b,转化EscherichiacoliRosetta(DE3)菌株,表达的包涵体蛋白对小菜蛾和棉铃虫幼虫具有杀虫活性,LC50分别为100.74μg/mL和29.87μg/mL,进一步明确了Cry1Ab20蛋白的杀虫活性区。     

对绿盲蝽具有杀虫活性Bt菌株的筛选及Cry15Aa蛋白活性的研究

Bt棉有效控制了棉田主要害虫棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera),然而原来处于次要地位的刺吸式口器害虫盲蝽(Heteroptera:Miridae)为害逐年加重,目前对绿盲蝽(Apolygus lucorum Meyer-Dür)有效的抗虫基因未见报道。本研究以本实验室保存的Bt杀虫基因和菌株为材料,对绿盲蝽进行杀虫活性筛选。利用本实验室先前克隆的Mtx类杀虫基因cry15Aa表达产物进行绿盲蝽杀虫活性测定,研究结果显示Cry15Aa蛋白对绿盲蝽具有一定的杀虫活性。通过杀虫活性测定,获得对绿盲蝽有效的Bt菌株20株;对这些菌株表达蛋白进行质谱鉴定,LC-MS/MS质谱鉴定结果显示,这些菌株可能含有Cry1Aa、Cry1Ab、Cry1Ac、Cry1Ae、Cry1Af、Cry1Ag、Cry1Ah、Cry1Ba、Cry1Be、Cry8Ha等十余种对鳞翅目、鞘翅目害虫有杀虫活性的蛋白片段,并且有4株Bt菌株样品中检出了Mtx类杀虫蛋白Cry15Aa的片段。但是进一步基因鉴定结果表明,这4株菌株并不含有cry15Aa全长基因,推测这些菌株中含有Cry15类的新基因。上述研究结果表明这些菌株中可能存在对盲蝽有效的新型杀虫蛋白。本研究在发现了cry15Aa基因所表达的蛋白对绿盲蝽具有杀虫活性的同时,获得了对绿盲蝽具有杀虫活性的Bt新菌株,对绿盲蝽的生物防治具有重要的意义。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌BtC008杀虫晶体蛋白基区鉴定、克隆及杀虫活性分析

苏云金芽孢杆菌BtC008对棉铃虫、小菜蛾和甜菜夜蛾等鳞翅目害虫具有高毒力。本文分析了其杀虫基因类型包括cry1Ab、cry1Ca、cry1Ia、crygAb和一种新的cry1类基因，SDS-PAGE分析其至少2种cry1类基因获得了表达，在分子水平说明了该菌株高毒力的原因。在此基础上克隆了1种cry1Ab类杀虫晶体蛋白（insecticidal crystal proteins，ICPs）基因，并被Bt杀虫晶体蛋白基因命名委员会命名为cry1Ab20。序列分析显示该基因所编码蛋白与已知的Cry1Ab13有1个氨基酸不同。将cry1Ab基因毒性片段（1．95kb）插入表达载体pET-21b，转化Escherichia coli Rosetta（DE3）菌株，表达的包涵体蛋白对小菜蛾和棉铃虫幼虫具有杀虫活性，LC60分别为100．74μg／mL和29．87μg/mL，进一步明确了Cry1Ab20蛋白的杀虫活性区。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌GS8菌株的生物学特性及其cry基因型鉴定

采用桑叶浸渍法和饲料表面覆盖法测定发现,从土壤中分离的一株苏云金芽胞杆菌菌株GS8对家蚕Bombyx mori、甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua和棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera初孵幼虫均表现出较高的杀虫活性,经形态学和生理生化反应鉴定该菌株为东北亚种(Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.tohokuensis)。聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)分析结果表明,GS8菌株的杀虫蛋白晶体主要由分子质量为130、81和60 kDa的蛋白组成。聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)鉴定结果显示,GS8菌株含有 cry1Aa、cry1Ab、cry1Ib、cry2Ab和cry9Ba 等基因。     

基于聚合酶链式反应-高通量测序(PCR-HTS)联用的cry2A基因鉴定方法

cry2基因对多种鳞翅目害虫具有高毒力,且与cry1A类基因无交互抗性,具有重要的应用价值。为了提高苏云金芽胞杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)cry2杀虫基因资源的筛选和鉴定效率,本研究分析了所有已报到的cry2A基因的保守区,设计了4对通用引物,对2000株Bt菌株基因组DNA混合样品进行了PCR扩增,并利用454高通量测序仪对这些混合扩增产物进行了测序。测序总量有280704条Reads,序列分析结果表明,这些Bt菌株中含有已知的所有9类cry2类基因,其中包括cry2Ae和cry2Ai这2类在国内Bt菌株中未见报道的基因;同时,发现了新型cry2类基因的片段;随后设计特异性引物,扩增获得了半长基因片段cry2-1和cry2-2,进一步利用重叠PCR法获得了全长新基因cry2X,该基因的编码区为1902 bp,编码633个氨基酸;其氨基酸序列与Cry2Ab13蛋白的相似性最高,为93%,属于第三等级的模式基因。建立聚合酶链式反应-高通量测序(polymerase chain reaction-high throughput sequencing,PCR-HTS)联用的基因鉴定方法,具有快速、灵敏、准确、高通量、覆盖范围广等优点,不仅可以对Bt菌株中已知杀虫基因进行鉴定,而且能够发现新的基因,将在Bt基因鉴定、发掘中发挥重要的作用。     

Use of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Profiles to Compare Copper-Tolerant and Copper-Sensitive Strains of Pantoea ananatis

ABSTRACT A survey was conducted to evaluate differences in fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles among strains of Pantoea ananatis, causal agent of center rot of onion (Allium cepa), isolated from 15 different onion cultivars in three different sites in Georgia. Differences in FAME composition were determined by plotting principal components (PCs) in two-dimensional plots. Euclidean distance squared (ED(2)) values indicated a high degree of similarity among strains. Plotting of PCs calculated from P. ananatis strains capable of growing on media amended with copper sulfate pentahydrate (200 mug/ml) indicated that copper-tolerant strains grouped into tight clusters separate from clusters formed by wild-type strains. However, unlike copper-sensitive strains, the copper-tolerant strains tended to cluster by location. A total of 80, 60, and 73% of the strains from Tift1, Tift2, and Tattnall, respectively, exhibited either confluent growth or partial growth on copper-amended medium. However, all strains were sensitive to a mixture of copper sulfate pentahydrate (200 mug/ml) and maneb (40 mug/ml). When copper-tolerant clones were analyzed and compared with their wild-type parents, in all cases the plotting of PCs developed from copper-tolerant clones formed tight clusters separate from clusters formed by the parents. Eigenvalues generated from these tests indicated that two components provided a good summary of the data, accounting for 98, 98, and 96% of the standardized variance for strains Pna 1-15B, Pna 1-12B, and Pna 2-5A, respectively. Furthermore, feature 4 (cis-9-hexadecenoic acid/2-hydroxy-13-methyltetradecanoic acid) and feature 7 (cis-9/trans-12/cis-7-octadecenoic acid) were the highest or second highest absolute values for PC1 in all three strains of the parents versus copper-tolerant clones, and hexadecanoic acid was the highest absolute value for PC2 in all three strains. Along with those fatty acids, dodecanoic acid and feature 3 (3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid/14-methylpentadecenoic acid) also had an impact on the differences observed between copper-sensitive parents and copper-resistant mutants. Finding these changes in bacterial fatty acid composition could lead to the development of a laboratory assay to identify copper-tolerant strains using gas chromatography as well as providing clues to further elucidate the mode of action of copper tolerance.     

Genetic Diversity within the Population of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in India

ABSTRACT Xanthomonas oryzae pathovar oryzae causes a serious disease of rice in India and is endemic in all of the major rice-growing areas of the country. Sixty-seven X. oryzae pv. oryzae strains, collected mostly in 1994 and 1995, from 18 locations in India were analyzed by DNA fingerprinting methods using two separate repeat element probes from the X. oryzae pv. oryzae genome. These results show that strains belonging to a single pathogen lineage can be isolated from 16 of the 18 locations sampled; many of these locations are separated from each other by hundreds of kilometers and represent ecologically diverse rice-growing areas. Pathotyping analysis indicated that the strains in this lineage belong to pathotype 1b of X. oryzae pv. oryzae.     

甜樱桃流胶病原菌的分子鉴定和致病性检测

 为明确甜樱桃流胶病的病原菌,采用普通细菌学方法从15个病样中分离获得10个代表性菌株,对病原菌的形态学特征、生理生化特性以及致病性进行了研究。利用PCR对菌株的16S-23S rDNA转录间隔区(ITS)序列进行扩增,扩增产物克隆测序,结果显示该菌株属于丁香假单胞菌(Pseudomonas syringae)。用MegAlign构建系统发育树,结果显示该菌株与丁香假单胞菌丁香致病变种(P. syringae pv. syringae)亲缘关系最近,两者最先聚在一起。分离菌株中均可检测到syrB基因。研究结果表明P. syringae pv. syringae为甜樱桃流胶病的病原菌。     

Pectate lyases of Erwinia chrysanthemi: Pel E-like polypeptides and pelE homologous sequences in strains isolated from different plants

Pel E, one of the four major pectate lyases produced by Erwinia chrysanthemi (Echr) strain EC16, was purified to homogeneity and was found to have an apparent molecular weight of 47 500 and a pI of 10. Antibodies produced against this preparation inhibited Pel E activity, but did not affect Pel A, Pel B or Pel C activities. Immunotitration revealed that Pel E accounted for a major fraction of the total extracellular Pel activity ranging from 40–60% in culture and potato tuber tissue. Isoelectric focusing of the extracellular Pels produced by various Echr strains indicated that while the Pel profiles of strains isolated from various hosts were different, the profiles of strains isolated from the same host were very similar. A significant proportion (ranging from 39 to 74%) of the Pel activity of these strains was inhibited by the anti-Pel E antibodies. DNA hybridization under stringent conditions indicated the presence of pelE homologous sequences in the genomes of E. chrysanthemi strains. We conclude that a Pel E-like enzyme occurs in all E. chrysanthemi strains examined.     

小麦纹枯病菌中的dsRNA及其与菌株生物学特性的相关性

对采集自我国山东、河南、江苏、安徽4省的21株小麦纹枯病菌菌丝中的dsRNA进行了检测,研究了dsRNA条带与菌株菌落形态、生长速度、对小麦的致病力等生物学特性之间的相关性。结果表明,从16个菌株中检测到dsRNA条带,dsRNA的大小和数量存在丰富的多样性。致病力测定结果表明这21个小麦纹枯病菌菌株的致病力差异显著。目前暂未发现小麦纹枯病菌中dsRNA的类型和数量与菌株的菌落形态、生长速度及致病力等性状存在明显的相关性,但是致病力较弱的菌株中dsRNA条带的多样性更丰富。本研究为今后发掘小麦纹枯病菌中的低毒真菌病毒作了初步的探索。     

Spatial and temporal characteristics of dicarboximide-resistant strains of Monilinia fructicola and brown rot incidence in stone fruit

The spatial and temporal distribution of dicarboximide-resistant strains of Monilinia fructicola were investigated in six peach and nectarine orchard blocks in 1987–89 using a dispersion index (Lloyd's Patchiness Index, LPI), and spatial, temporal and spatio-temporal autocorrelation analyses (Moran's Coefficient, I ). The LPI values indicated that resistant strains were aggregated in all blocks in all years. Spatial correlations were not significant beyond one quadrat for any spatial proximity pattern in five of six blocks. Thus the spread of resistant strains was mostly restricted to the vicinity of the original focus. An absence of significant temporal correlation between years in five of the six blocks indicated poor persistence of resistant strains at specific locations. Only one significant temporal correlation was detected at one block and this could have arisen by chance. Significant spatio-temporal correlation was not detected, suggesting that there was no focus expansion or carry-over of resistant strain inoculum from the previous sampling date. Spatial, temporal and spatio-temporal autocorrelation analyses were consistent with previously reported laboratory results that resistant strains had not acquired all the necessary characteristics to remain in, or dominate, field populations. The spatial pattern of brown rot incidence was investigated at one block in a separate study in 1988 and 1989. There were no significant spatial correlations for brown rot incidence in 1988 for any of the spatial proximity patterns analysed. In 1989, however, significant correlations indicated ellipsoid aggregates of brown rot orientated along the orchard rows.     

拟轮枝镰孢菌EST-SSR信息分析与标记开发

为开发可用于拟轮枝镰孢菌Fusarium verticillioides及其近缘种遗传多样性分析的SSR引物,利用生物信息学方法和PCR技术,通过对从NCBI下载的87 086条拟轮枝镰孢菌的EST序列信息进行分析,设计EST-SSR引物,检测其在拟轮枝镰孢菌及其近缘种中的扩增情况,并用筛选出的多态性引物对15株拟轮枝镰孢菌进行SSR遗传多样性分析。结果表明,在EST序列中,共查找到11 952个SSR位点,592种重复基元,SSR出现频率为1.09%,重复基元出现数量最多的为三核苷酸(54.00%),其中(CAA/TTG)n基元出现频率最高。设计的25对EST-SSR引物在拟轮枝镰孢菌种内的有效扩增率和多态率分别为80.00%与32.00%,对5种近缘镰孢菌种的通用率和多态率分别为40.00%和8.00%。遗传多样性分析结果表明,在相似系数为0.664水平下,供试菌株可划分为4个SSR类群,但类群的划分与菌株的地理来源无关;不同菌株间存在明显的遗传分化。表明基于拟轮枝镰孢菌EST序列开发的SSR引物可用于拟轮枝镰孢菌及其近缘种的遗传多样性分析。